Threat to the Indian Artemia biodiversity by Aquaculture and chemical industries: Need for Artemia genome conservation

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Norma Anastasia Dennis
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1 Institute for Artemia Research and Training (IART) Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Threat to the Indian Artemia biodiversity by Aquaculture and chemical industries: Need for Artemia genome conservation Dr M. PETER MARIAN Professor and Head Centre for Marine Science and Technology M.S University, K.K district, TN, India

2 Study area Tuticorin & K.K District India Tamaraikulam Tuticorin District

3 Chennai Kelambakkam 13 05'N-79 07'E Kulasekarapandian et al. (1992) Vedaranyam 10 01'N-79 50'E Basil et al. (1987) Tuticorin Harbour 8 50'N-78 08'E Ramamoorthi & Thangaraj (1980) Karsewar Island 8 50'N-78 10'E Achari (1971) Pattanamaruthur 8 55'N-78 08'E Ramamoorthi & Thangaraj (1980) Saltwater springs 8 50'N-78 08'E P A. par Royan et al. (1970; 1978); Lal Mohan (1980); Ramamoorthi & Thangaraj (1980) Spic Nagar 8 50'N-78 08'E Ramamoorthi & Thangaraj (1980) Thirespuram 8 50'N-78 08'E Ramamoorthi & Thangaraj (1980) Veppalodai 8 59'N-78 08'E Royan et al. (1970) Kanuakumari Thamaraikulam 8 04'N-77 68'E P A. par Present study

4 Rajasthan Didwana 27 03'N-74 05'E P A. par*. Bhargava et al. (1987) Sambhar Lake Baid (1958) Gujarat Balamba salterns 23 42'N-70 17'E P A. par Royan et al. (1987) Gulf of Kutch 23 20'N-71 00'E P A. par Royan (1979) Jamnagar 22 30'N-70 08'E Royan (1979; 1980) Mithapur 23 00'N-70 10'E P A. par Royan (1979; 1980) Mumbai Bahinder 18 55'N-72 50'E Dwivedi et al. (1980) Bhayander 18 55'N-72 50'E P A. par Kulkarni (1953); Bohra (1980) Vadala 18 55'N-72 50'E Royan et al. (1978)

Concentration of heavy metals in the reservoir pond of the saltpans from Tuticorin Metal Saltpan Copper (µg/ml) Zinc (µg/ml) Cadmium (µg/ml) Mercury (ng/ml) Lead (µg/ml) Vembar

5 Concentration of heavy metals in the reservoir pond of the saltpans from Tuticorin Metal Saltpan Copper (µg/ml) Zinc (µg/ml) Cadmium (µg/ml) Mercury (ng/ml) Lead (µg/ml) Vembar BDL Veppalodai BDL Arasadi BDL Threspuram Karapad BDL

Concentration of heavy metals in the condenser pond of the saltpans from Tuticorin Metal Saltpan Copper (µg/ml) Zinc (µg/ml) Cadmium (µg/ml) Mercury (ng/ml) Lead (µg/ml) Vembar

6 Concentration of heavy metals in the condenser pond of the saltpans from Tuticorin Metal Saltpan Copper (µg/ml) Zinc (µg/ml) Cadmium (µg/ml) Mercury (ng/ml) Lead (µg/ml) Vembar BDL Veppalodai BDL Arasadi BDL Threspuram BDL Karapad BDL

7 Average diameter of hydrated and decapsulated cysts, chorion thickness and size of newly hatched nauplii (instar-i) of Artemia sp. populations from Tuticorin Locality Cyst diameter (µm) Decapsulated cyst diameter (µm) Chorion thickness (µm) Naupliar size (µm) Vembar Veppalodai Arasadi Threspuram Karapad

8 Biometrics of adult Artemia from Vembar Characteristics MaleFemale Total length 5.35 G mm 7.2 G 1.03 mm 2 Abdominal length 2.95 G mm 4.3 G 0.85 mm 3 Abdominal width G mm 0.43 G 0.12 mm 4 Furcal length 0.16 G mm 0.15 G mm 5 No. of setae on the left furca 8 G G No. of setae on the right furca 8.8 G G Head width 0.85 G mm 0.83 G mm 8 Eye separation 1.63 G mm 1.15 G 0.22 mm 9 Eye diameter 0.41 G mm 0.15 G mm 10 1st Antennal length 1.01 G mm 0.56 G mm 11 Ovisac width G mm 12 Length of last abdominal segment G mm 0.35 G mm 13 Ratio AL/TL x G 4.96 mm 60.0 G 3.32 mm

9 Biometrics of adult Artemia from Karapad Characteristics Male Female Total length 7.16 G mm 7.8 G 1.25 mm 2 Abdominal length G mm 5 G 1.0 mm 3 Abdominal width G mm 0.48 G 0.03 mm 4 Furcal length 0.23 G mm 0.17 G 0.08 mm 5 No. of setae on the left furca G G No. of setae on the right furca G G Head width G mm 0.87 G 0.03 mm 8 Eye separation 2.00 G mm 1.59 G 0.05 mm 9 Eye diameter 0.4 G 0.03 mm 0.27 G 0.03 mm 10 1st Antennal length G mm 0.78 G mm 11 Ovisac width G 0.30 mm 12 Length of last abdominal segment G 0.05 mm 0.93 G mm 13 Ratio AL/TL x G mm 63 G 2.70mm

10 Biometrics of adult Artemia from Threspuram Characteristics Male Female Total length 7.45 G mm G mm 2 Abdominal length G mm G 0.32 mm 3 Abdominal width G mm G mm 4 Furcal length G 0.04 mm 0.20 G mm 5 No. of setae on the left furca 9.91 G G No. of setae on the right furca G G Head width G mm G mm 8 Eye separation G mm 1.27 G mm 9 Eye diameter G mm 0.27 G 0.02 mm 10 1st Antennal length G mm G mm 11 Ovisac width G mm 12 Length of last abdominal segment0.701 G mm G 0.09 mm 13 Ratio AL/TLD G mm G 2.71 mm

11 Biometrics of adult Artemia from Vepalodai Characteristics Male Female Total length G 0.80 mm 5.5 G 0.71 mm 2 Abdominal length 3.75 G mm 2.9 G 0.48 mm 3 Abdominal width 0.51 G mm 0.32 G 0.07 mm 4 Furcal length G mm G 0.01 mm 5 No. of setae on the left furca 8 G G No. of setae on the right furca G G Head width G mm 0.52 G 0.10 mm 8 Eye separation 1.59 G mm 0.95 G 0.17 mm 9 Eye diameter G mm 0.2 G 0.03 mm 10 1st Antennal length 1.05 G mm 0.54 G mm 11 Ovisac width G 0.23 mm 12 Length of last abdominal segment G mm 0.56 G 0.05 mm 13 Ratio AL/TL x G 1.78 mm 53.5 G 2.42 mm

12 Biometrics of adult Artemia from Arasaradi Characteristics Male Female 1 Total length 8.71 G mm G 0.29 mm 2 Abdominal length G mm 5.25 G 0.29 mm 3 Abdominal width G mm 0.78 G mm 4 Furcal length 0.22 G mm 0.20 G 0.01 mm 5 No. of setae on the left furca 8.80 G G No. of setae on the right furca 8.42 G G Head width G 0.13 mm 0.9 G mm 8 Eye separation 2.02 G 0.17 mm 1.7 G 0.06 mm 9 Eye diameter G mm 0.32 G mm 10 1st Antennal length 1.27 G 0.10 mm 0.8 G 0.05 mm 11 Ovisac width G mm 12 Length of last abdominal segment 1.28 G 0.08 mm 1.3 G mm 13 Ratio AL/TLD G mm 51 G 1.15 mm

14 Percentage distribution of different Artemia cyst collected from the salt works of Tuticorin province Cyst diameter µm Cyst diameter µm Cyst diameter µm Cyst diameter µm Cyst diameter µm

15 Biometrics of Artemia KKT1 cysts and nauplii 1 Characteristics Range Mean SD Diameter of hydrated cysts (mm) Diameter of hydrated decapsulated cysts (mm) Chorion thickness (mm) Nauplii length (mm) Individual dry weight (mg) Individual naupliar dry weight (mg)

16 Table 4. Morphometric characteristics of adult Artemia KKT1 Morphometric Mean ± SD Range characteristics (mm) Total length ± Abdominal length 4.25 ± Width of ovisac 1.39 ± Length of furca ± Distance between eyes 1.26 ± Diameter of eye 0.33 ± Width of head 0.76 ± Length of first antenna 1.16 ±

17 Table 5. Biochemical composition of Artemia KKT1 Protein Carbohydrate Lipids Ash Energy (%) (%) (%) (%) Cysts 48.0 ± ± ± ± ± Nauplii 50.6 ± ± ± ± ± Adults 58.8 ± ± ± ± ± 1.932

18 Conclusion Pollution is the key problem for the decline of the native population of Artemia in Tuticorin Introduced exotic bisexual populations thrives more competence to the native population in the polluted area. Kanyakumari District has its own preserved native population since the nonpolluted nature of the ecosystem.

European Scientific Journal June 2016 edition vol.12, No.18 ISSN: (Print) e - ISSN

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