The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC

Transcription

1 GREECE The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS AND FEEDINGSTUFFS IN 2006 including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenic microbiological agents

2 INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM Country: Greece Reporting Year: 2006 Greece 2006

3 PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/ 99/ EC 1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Greece during the year The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole European Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that is published each year by EFSA. 1 Directive 2003/ 99/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/ 424/ EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC, OJ L 325, , p. 31 Greece 2006

4 LIST OF CONTENTS 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 1 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS SALMONELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Salmonellosis in humans Salmonella in foodstuffs Salmonella in animals Salmonella in feedingstuffs Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Campylobacteriosis in humans Campylobacter in foodstuffs Campylobacter in animals Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates LISTERIOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Listeriosis in humans Listeria in foodstuffs Listeria in animals E. COLI INFECTIONS General evaluation of the national situation E. Coli Infections in humans Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES General evaluation of the national situation Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans Mycobacterium in animals BRUCELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Brucellosis in humans Brucella in foodstuffs Brucella in animals YERSINIOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Yersiniosis in humans Yersinia in foodstuffs Yersinia in animals TRICHINELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Trichinellosis in humans Trichinella in animals 140 Greece 2006

5 2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Echinococcosis in humans Echinococcus in animals TOXOPLASMOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Toxoplasmosis in humans Toxoplasma in animals RABIES General evaluation of the national situation Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals QFEVER General evaluation of the national situation Coxiella (Qfever) in animals INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIAL 153 RESISTANCE 3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC General evaluation of the national situation Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS HISTAMINE General evaluation of the national situation Histamine in foodstuffs ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII General evaluation of the national situation Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS General evaluation of the national situation Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 160 Greece 2006

6 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of the animal population in the country. A. Information on susceptible animal population Sources of information: 2006 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA. GREECE SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATION: (please advise electronic tables in the EFSA Web based zoonoses system ) Source of information: Computerized Data Base from Animal Health Directorate of the Hellenic Ministry of Agriculture (2006 update figures). These statistics may vary from other national or E.U. sources of animal population records. Greece

7 Table Susceptible animal populations * Only if different than current reporting year Animal species Category of animals Livestock numbers (live animals) Number of herds or flocks Number of holdings Number of slaughtered animals Year* Year* Year* Year* Birds pet animals Cattle (bovine mixed herds animals) dairy cows and heifers calves (under year) meat production animals in total Deer farmed in total Ducks in total Gallus gallus breeding flocks for (fowl) meat production line in total laying hens broilers breeding flocks, unspecified in total mixed flocks/ holdings parent breeding flocks for meat production line breeding flocks for egg production line in total parent breeding flocks for egg production line in total Geese in total Goats in total Ostriches farmed Pigs fattening pigs breeding animals in total Quails parent flocks Sheep in total Solipeds, domestic horses in total Turkeys parent breeding flocks meat production flocks in total Wild boars farmed in total laying hens during rearing period raised under boars controlled housing conditions in integrated production system unspecified sows and gilts Greece

8 wild game birds Cats in total Sheep and goats in total Rabbits in total Dogs in total Greece

9 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses. Greece

10 2.1. SALMONELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation A. General evaluation History of the disease and/ or infection in the country DISEASE/ AGENT: Salmonella TARGETED SPECIES: Other Animals (non poultry) Surveillance system There is not any specific monitoring program in force. Data are based on the samples sporadically submitted to the laboratories. Method used The bacteriological method ISO 6579 for the detection of Salmonella spp Reporting Year 2006: During the year 2006 three (3) unspecified salmonella spp. Strains in pigs and two (2) of S. Abortus ovis in sheep were reported. Epidemiological history Reporting year 2005: In the year 2005 three (3) unspecified salmonella spp. serotypes were identified and reported. In a prospective study during , 1184 strains of Salmonella spp have been isolated from animals. The predominant serotype was S.Gallinarum. For 2002 and 2003 S. Typhimurium and S. Agona respectively had been exclusively reported based on the small sample frame tested. In the year 2004 the reported salmonella serovars were S. Typhimurium (Goats, rabbits and turtles ), S. Dublin( cattle), S. Corvallis (Cattle ), S. Litchfield (Turtles ) and Salmmonella spp non typed (Turtles ). DISEASE/ AGENT: Salmonella Targeted category : Food Surveillance system Routine examination and targeted sampling at retail level, processing plan and slaughterhouse based on National and Community legislation. Method used The ISO 6579/ 2002 is used for the detection of Salmonella in food. Summary epidemiological report for the year 2006 The 2006 Salmonella Serovars in Food reported by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Salmonellosis in Greece are presented below: I. Salmonella spp. in poultry meat and products thereof & Salmonella in red meat and products thereof : From food sample units tested under the specified category, 31 were found positive in Salmonella. The reported salmonella serovars from positive samples in food were : S. Blockley (n=8), S. Enteritidis ( n=4), S. Typhimurium ( n=4), S. Thompson (n=4), S. Indiana (n=3), S. Infantis (n=3), S. Bredeney (n=3), S. Anatum (n=1), S.Virchow (n=1). The annual ( 2006) Salmonella prevalence rate for the category I ( % positive samples) was 1,52 %. II. Salmonella spp. in milk, dairy products and other food From food sample units tested under the specified category, 4 were found positive in Salmonella. The reported salmonella serovars from positive samples in food were : S. Kottbus (n=2), S. Enteritidis ( n=1) and S. Infantis (n=1) Greece

11 The annual ( 2006) Salmonella prevalence rate for the category II ( % positive samples) was 0,20 %. The 2006 reported overall national Salmonella prevalence rate in food ( categories I and II) based on food units tested was 0,89 %. Results of 2006 monitoring Data are presented in the relevant tables of the EFSA web based electronic system for zoonoses monitoring. National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection DISEASE/ AGENT: Salmonellosis, Salmonella spp. Targeted materials: Feed samples of animal origin, plant origin and compound feedingstuffs Surveillance system The new legal requirements (new zoonoses Directive and Regulation on Salmonella) had changed the existing monitoring situation and systems at EU level and new surveillance strategies for monitoring Salmonella agents are and will be in force in fore coming years in accordance with Community targets set and approved. Rapid adaptation and compliance on the new Salmonella monitoring programmes and schemes are expected to be regulated and finalized the next years in all the EU member states. Measures in case of positive findings According to the current EU Directives. The 2006 reported Salmonella serovars, isolated and serotyped by the National Reference Laboratory for Salmaonella are presented below : Compound feedingstuffs: S. infantis, S. Umbilo, S. Paratyphi B ( from poultry final product, n=1 per each serovar ) Feed material of animal origin : S. Blockley ( from poultry offal meal, n=3 ), S.Agona (from poultry offal meal, n=3), S. Orianienberg ( from poultry offal meal, n=4) Salmonella in other feed matter (plant origin) : No positive samples were reported History Reporting Year 2005 : The 2005 reported Salmonella serovars (n=18) from feed of animal origin, isolated and serotyped by the National Reference Laboratory for Salmaonella are presented below: 1. S.Bredeney (from poultry offal meal) 2. S.Blockley (from poultry offal meal) 3. S. Carro (from poultry offal meal) 4. S.Kedougou (from poultry offal meal) 5. S.Agona (from poultry offal meal) 6. S.Oranienberg (from poultry offal meal) 7. S.Typhimurium (from poultry offal meal) The 2005 Salmonella monitoring in compound feedstuffs revealed the following Salmonella serovares (n=14) : 1. S. Bredeney (8) (from poultry meat line / final product) 2. S. Mbandaka (3) (from poultry meat line / final product) 3. S. Havana (1) (from poultry meat line / final product) 4. S. Salamae (1) ( reported on the web as unspecified salmonella serovar in some tables. Raw data identified S. salamae as S. 1,4,12,27:b:[e,n,x] from poultry meat line / final product) 5. S. Salmonella spp. (1) Reporting Year 2004 : Ten (10) different Serovars isolated and serotyped by the National Reference Greece

12 Laboratory (NRL) for Salmonellosis in Greece 1. S. Typhimurium (from poultry final product) 2. S. Carno ( from poultry offal meal) 3. S.Tomegle (from forages and roughage) 4. S. Orianienberg ( from poultry final product) 5. S. Livingstone ( from poultry final product) 6. S. Newport (from poultry final product) 7. S. Mbandaca (from poultry final product) 8. S. Agona (from Soyabean derived) 9. S. 3,15:: ( from poultry,final product) 10. S. Tenneesse ( from Fish meal and poulty final product) Additional information History. Salmonella in Food Summary evaluation for the year 2005 The 2005 Serovars in Food reported by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Salmonellosis in Greece (Located in Chalkida, Evia prefecture) are presented below: S Enteritidis, S, Blockley, S. Typhimurium, S. kottbus, S. Adamstua, S.Infantis S. Kentucky, S. Salamae, S. Schwarzengrum, S. Indiana, S. S.Livingstone, S. Heidelberg, S. Bredeney, S. Derby, S. Enterica, S.Meleagridis, S. virchow and Salmonella spp. Epidemiological report analysis from previous years: The reporting rate in 2005 remained almost stable with no significant variations compared to 2004 and 2003 respectively. The total food units (samples) tested under a targeted sampling procedure from meat, dairy, egg, fishery and other food products were The Salmonella positive food sample units found out of the total number, were 81 (isolates). Based on 2005 results, the three most frequent and predominant Salmonella reported serovars in food were: S.enteritidis, S. Livingstone and S. Blockley. The 2004 Serovars in Food reported by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Salmonellosis in Greece are: S Enteritidis, S. Amootive, S, Diarizonae, S, Blockley, S. Typhimurium, S. Indiana, S. Hadar, S. S.Livingstone, S.Meleagridis, S. virchow, S. Muenchey, S. Schwein, and S. Anatum. In 2003, an increased trend of reporting samples from food products was observed. More than a 2fold increase (7.192 units) occurred in samples tested in 2003 for Salmonella compared to 2001 report (3.064). A total number of 125 Salmonella serovars were isolated during 2003 compared to 101 in The predominant serovars in 2003, 2002 and 2001 were S. Enteritidis ( 61 Isolates ), S. Enteritidis (38 isolates) and 2001 S. Livingstone ( 34 isolates) respectively. In the year 2004 the predominant Salmonella serovar originated from breeding poultry (Gallus gallus) was S. Blockley. Greece

13 Salmonellosis in humans A. Salmonellosis in humans Relevance as zoonotic disease DISEASE/ AGENT: Salmonella AFFECTED SPECIES: Humans Surveillance system Mandatory reporting of foodborne infections and intoxications with laboratory confirmation. Hospitalized cases are the main reporting source for further epidemiological investigation. Notification is required within 24 hours after the identification of a case. Epidemiological history and evaluation Results of the 2006 zoonoses monitoring period. A total of 984 human Salmonellosis cases were reported to the competent authorities (incidence per persons = 9). The reported cases were classified as autochone (n=749), Imported (n=131) and unknown (n=104) cases respectively. The 2006 annual incidence rate reported significantly lower compared to 2004 for Salmonellosis in humans. History In 2004, 1493 ( incidence: 13,70 per inhabitants) cases of salmonella were reported including the species : S. enteritidis (309), S.typhimurium (20), S. Adaustua (2), S. Anatum (1), S.enteritica arizonae (29), S. blockley (1), S. infantis (1), S. paratyphi (2), S.Typhi (6) and the remaining Salmonella spp. ( 1121). Historically, the officially reported Salmonella cases in humans the reporting years 1998, 1999 and 2000 were 918, 221 and 206 respectively. For the year 2001, 284 human cases were reported. Human Salmonellosis cases in 2004 caused by S. Enteritidis, S, Typhimurium and other Salmonella serotypes were 1493 in total compared to 837 (2003) and 460 (2002) in previous years. According to these data an increase of Salmonella cases has been observed during 2004 in man, but in order to epidemiologically evaluate the real trends of Salmonella incidence, we must have in mind the significant underreporting practice which leads to underestimate figures providing non representative salmonella statistics. Moreover it is important to emphasize that the factor underlined above (underestimation) is considered constant for each reporting year. Results of monitoring Human Salmonella Data are presented in the relevant tables of the EFSA web based electronic system for zoonoses monitoring. Source of human infection Mainly from the consumption of infected, contaminated and croos contaminated food and poultry meat and products there of. Additional information In 2005, all Salmonella serovars derived from the Antimicrobial Resistance monitoring system are presented in the following summary list with the number of all Salmonella isolates that were serotyped. List of isolates by serotype Salmonella serovars Number of isolates Salmonella Enteritidis 732 Salmonella Typhimurium 120 Greece

14 Salmonella Oranienburg 24 Salmonella Blockley 17 Salmonella enterica ss. salamae 15 Salmonella Kottbus 13 Salmonella Bovismorbificans 9 Salmonella Typhi 9 Salmonella Bredeney 7 Salmonella Agona 5 Salmonella Muenchen 5 Salmonella Muenster 5 Salmonella Thompson 5 Salmonella Virchow 4 Salmonella Derby 3 Salmonella Infantis 3 Salmonella Kedougou 3 Salmonella Mbandaka 3 Salmonella Newport 3 Salmonella Paratyphi B 3 Salmonella enterica ss. diarizonae 2 Salmonella Hadar 2 Salmonella Anatum 1 Salmonella Bareilly 1 Salmonella Brandenburg 1 Salmonella Cerro 1 Salmonella enterica ss. houtenae 1 Salmonella Goldcoast 1 Salmonella Kentucky 1 Salmonella Litchfield 1 Salmonella Lomita 1 Salmonella Montevideo 1 Salmonella Paratyphi A 1 Salmonella Poona 1 Salmonella Rissen 1 Salmonella Tennessee 1 All 1006 Greece

15 Table Salmonella in humans Species/ serotype distribution Cases Cases Inc. Autochthon cases Autochthon Inc. Imported cases Imported Inc. Unknown status Salmonella S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp Greece

16 Salmonella in foodstuffs Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Infantis S. Blockley S. Virchow S. Thompson S. Indiana S. Anatum S. Bredeney Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) fresh at processing plant single 25 g at retail single 25 g meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked at processing plant single 25 g at retail single 25 g 39 0 at retail single 25 g 14 0 at processing plant single 25 g mechanically separated meat (MSM) at processing plant single 25 g Meat from turkey Greece

17 fresh at retail single 25 g 1 0 meat products at retail single 25 g 4 0 Greece

18 Table Salmonella in milk and dairy products Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Milk, cows' raw single 25 g 38 0 intended for direct human consumption single 25 g 25 0 pasteurised milk single 25 g 60 0 Dairy products (excluding cheeses) butter made from raw or low heattreated milk single 25 g 2 0 icecream single 25 g 74 0 yoghurt single 25 g 50 0 dairy products, not specified readytoeat single 25 g Cheeses, made from unspecified milk or other animal milk single 25 g Greece

19 Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Meat from pig fresh at processing plant single 25 g 4 0 at retail single 25 g 17 0 meat products raw but intended to be eaten single 25 g 15 0 cooked unspecified, readytoeat at processing plant single 25 g 64 0 at retail 25 g 69 0 Meat from bovine animals fresh at slaughterhouse single 25 g 2 0 at retail single 25 gr 8 0 minced meat intended to be eaten cooked single 25g 5 0 meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked at processing plant batch 25 gr 5 0 at retail single 25 g unspecified, readytoeat at retail single 25 g 3 0 mechanically separated meat (MSM) at processing plant single 25 g 15 0 at retail single 25 g 1 0 Meat from other animal species or not specified fresh at retail single 25 g 5 0 meat products Greece

20 raw but intended to be eaten cooked at retail single 25 g 8 0 unspecified, readytoeat at processing plant single 25 g 12 0 at retail single 25 g Greece

21 Table Salmonella in other food Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Kottbus S. Infantis Eggs table eggs at packing centre batch 25 g at retail batch 25 g 37 0 raw material (liquid egg) for egg products single 25 g 1 0 Egg products batch 25 g 36 0 Fishery products single 25 g 66 0 Crustaceans unspecified raw single 25 g 44 0 Molluscan shellfish single 25 g 13 0 Live bivalve molluscs batch 25 g Vegetables products canned batch 25 g 41 0 Meat from other animal species or not specified meat products unspecified, readytoeat batch 25 g 25 0 Bakery products batch 25 g 32 0 Other processed food products and prepared dishes single 25 g 54 0 sandwiches single 25 g Readytoeat salads single 25 g 78 0 Greece

22 Salmonella in animals A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus breeding flocks for egg production and flocks of laying hens National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection DISEASE/ AGENT: Salmonella TARGETED SPECIES: Poultry breeding flocks Callus gallus Susceptible population Parent stock for egg,meat and mixed production line is estimated around birds (2005 national zoonoses records). Surveillance system A control program, according to the Annex III of the Dir. 92/ 117, was already in force since Moreover, it is important to mention the implementation of the baseline study in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus supervised by the Hellenic central competent veterinary authorities which was in line with the uniform EU guidelines approved by the Commission. The results were evaluated by the Commission in order to set up the foreseen Community targets towards the reduction of Salmonella prevalence in Breeders at flock level. A new 3year national monitoring programme for Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus, gallus has recently approved and adopted to be implemented from to expected to meet the Community targets for Greece. Method used The methods ISO 6579 and ISO 6580 have been used for the detection of Salmonella spp. Measures in case of positive findings Slaughter of infected flock or prohibition of placement of hatching eggs to the hatchery for as long as the disease exists. Epidemiological and statistical report Eight (8) Salmonella Serovars isolated and serotyped during the year 2006 by the National Reference Laboratory (NRLSLocated in Chalkida, Evia prefecture) derived from 8 positive breeding flocks out of 318 flock units tested: S. Enteritidis (n=1) S. Montevideo (n=1) S. London (n=2) S. Muenster (n=1) S. Mbandaka (n=1) S. Blockley (n=1) S. Livingstone (n=1)history Year 2005 : The Serovars (n=30) isolated and identified during the year 2005 by the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella are presented below : 1. S. Enteritidis (15) 2. S. Typhimurium (1) 3. S. Seftenberg (1) 4. S. Infantis (1) 5. S. Enterica (1) 6. S. Blockley (3) 7. S. Isangi (1) Greece

23 8. S. Corvalis(1) 9. S. Kottbus (5) 10. S. Livingstone (1) Year 2004: Serovars isolated and identified during the year 2004 by the National Reference Laboratory (NRLLocated in Chalkida, Evia prefecture) for Salmonellosis are presented below : 1. S. Enteritidis 2. S. Typhimurium 3. S. Seftenberg 4. S. Tomson 5. S. Virchow 6. S. Blockley 7. S. Pullorum 8. S. London 9. S. Kottbus Looking retrospectively the reported Salmonella serovars for the years 2002 and 2003 are given below: 1. S. Braenderup 2. S. Enteritidis 3. S. Typhimurium 4. S. Meleagritis 5. S. Cauno 6. S. Virchow 7. S. Blockley 8. S. Livingstone 9. S.Anatum B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus breeding flocks for meat production and broiler flocks National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection DISEASE/ AGENT: Salmonella TARGETED SPECIES: Commercial and non commercial Poultry other than breeding flocks Surveillance system Several surveys and monitoring activities are implemented in the country based on suspected samples submitted into the laboratories for further investigation. Method used The method ISO 6579 for detecting Salmonella spp. Reporting Year 2006, Results of Salmonella monitoring : Thirty one (31) positive flocks and 13 different Salmonella Serovars were found and reported. The majority of Salmonella strains in positive poultry flocks were reported from Broilers day old chicks (n=16 flocks) following Turkeys production period (n=5) and Laying hens in the rearing period (n= 3) respectively. The five (5) most prevalent Salmonella serovars reported were S. Newport, S. Enteritidis, S. Livingstone, S.Blockley and Salmonella spp. History: Greece

24 Reporting Year 2005, Monitoring Results: One hundred ninety six (196) Strains isolated, serotyped and reported by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Salmonella in Greece during the Year The majority of Salmonella strains in positive poultry flocks were reported from Broilers at rearing period (n=46), Laying hens in the production stage (n= 105) and from one day old Broilers chicks (n= 38) respectively. Among all (n= 196, 43 different serotypes), the seven (7) most frequent and predominant Salmonella serovars are given below: 1. S. Enteritidis (n=27) 2. S. Livingstone (n=39) 3. S. Typhimurium (n= 12) 4. S. Virchow (n= 12) 5. S. Blockley (n=10) 6. S. meleagridis (n=17) 7. S. Cerro (n=11) Reporting Year 2004: Twenty two (22) different Serovars isolated, serotyped and reported by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Salmonellosis in Greece during the Year Among all (22), the predominant Salmonella serovars reported at rearing period in Broilers were S Blockley and S. Meleagridis Greece

25 Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. London S. Montevideo S. Muenster S. Mbandaka S. Blockley S. Livingstone Gallus gallus (fowl) parent breeding flocks for egg production line dayold chicks flock 11 0 during rearing period flock 5 0 flock 6 0 during production period hatching eggs at hatchery flock 8 0 parent breeding flocks for meat production line dayold chicks flock during rearing period flock flock during production period hatching eggs at hatchery flock 11 0 Greece

26 parent breeding flocks, unspecified dayold chicks flock 2 0 animal 1 0 during production period hatching eggs at hatchery single Greece

27 Table Salmonella in other poultry Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Livingstone S. Mbandaka S. Muenster S. London S. Thompson S. Gallinarum S. Newport S. Hadar S. Havana S. Blockley Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens dayold chicks flock 2 0 during rearing period flock during production period flock 17 0 broilers dayold chicks flock during rearing period flock Ducks meat production flocks flock Turkeys breeding flocks flock meat production flocks flock Greece

28 Table Salmonella in other birds Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Havana Pigeons single 6 0 Pheasants single 5 0 Partridges single Ostriches single 3 0 Parrots single 15 0 Poultry, unspecified single 1 0 Canary pet animals single 3 0 Birds wild single Greece

29 Table Salmonella in other animals Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Abortusovis Cattle (bovine animals) animal 12 0 Sheep animal Goats animal 12 0 Pigs breeding animals animal fattening pigs flock 1 0 Rabbits animal 2 0 Canary animal 1 0 Deer animal 3 0 Greece

30 Salmonella in feedingstuffs Table Salmonella in feed material of animal origin Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Blockley S. Oranienburg S. Agona Feed material of land animal origin meat and bone meal poultry offal meal Feed material of marine animal origin fish meal other fish products RLS single 10 0 RLS batch RLS single RLS single 5 0 Greece

31 Table Salmonella in other feed matter Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified Feed material of cereal grain origin wheat derived maize Feed material of oil seed or fruit origin soya (bean) derived RLS batch 1 0 RLS batch 13 0 RLS batch 3 0 Greece

32 Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Infantis S. Umbilo S. Paratyphi B Compound feedingstuffs for cattle final product Compound feedingstuffs for poultry (non specified) process control final product Compound feedingstuffs for fish final product RLS batch 4 0 RLS single 10 0 RLS single RLS batch 2 0 Footnote Routine official examination, ISO 6580, ISO 6579/ 2002 Greece

33 Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in the chapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype and phagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections in humans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animals may indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of human infections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections, conclusions have to be drawn with caution. Greece

34 Table Salmonella serovars in animals Partridges Birds wild Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers at farm Cattle (bovine animals) Serovars Sources of isolates (*) M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C Pigs Gallus gallus (fowl) Other poultry Ostriches Ducks Pigeons Sheep Turkeys Number of isolates in the laboratory N= Number of isolates serotyped N= Number of isolates per type S. Abony 4 S. Abortusovis 3 S. Anatum 5 S. Blockley S. Bredeney 11 1 S. Carno S. Derby 3 S. Enteritidis S. Fyris 1 S. Hadar 7 2 S. Halle 2 S. Havana Greece

35 S. Heidelberg 1 S. Indiana 9 S. Infantis 1 S. Kiambu 3 S. Kottbus S. Litchfield 2 S. Livingstone S. London S. Mbandaka 7 3 S. Meleagridis 8 S. Montevideo 7 1 S. Muenchen 4 S. Muenster 1 2 S. Newport 5 S. Oranienburg 1 S. Senftenberg 10 S. Szentes 1 S. Tennessee 1 S. Thompson 7 1 S. Typhimurium S. Uganda 1 S. Virchow S. Wangata 1 S. II 6,7:z29:z42 1 S. Gallinarum 3 Salmonella spp., unspecified 1 Footnote (*) M : Monitoring, C : Clinical Greece

36 Table Salmonella serovars in food Meat from bovine animals Meat from pig Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) Other poultry Other products of animal origin Serovars Sources of isolates (*) M C M C M C M C M C Number of isolates in the laboratory N= 10 Number of isolates serotyped N= Number of isolates per type S. Anatum 56 S. Blockley 4 S. Bredeney 3 S. Enteritidis 2 S. Indiana 17 S. Livingstone 28 S. Meleagridis 1 S. Typhimurium 3 Footnote (*) M : Monitoring, C : Clinical Greece

37 Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of certain microorganisms to survive or grow in the presence of a given concentration of antimicrobial agent that usually would kill or inhibit the microorganism species in question. Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains may be transferred from animals or foodstuffs to humans. A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE No official national program is in force. Efforts commenced to develop a systematic reporting system of antimicrobial resistance in various animal species. The results are limited and the only available information is mainly provided from the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella. Relevant reports for Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Animals (for both quantative and qualitative data) have been increased year per year at national level, especially for Salmonella agents. Greece

38 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Abony in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Abony Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

39 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Anatum in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Anatum Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

40 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Blockley in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Blockley Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 41 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece

41 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Bredeney in Pigs at farm animal sample quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Bredeney Pigs at farm animal sample Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

42 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Bredeney in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Bredeney Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 3 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece

43 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Carno in Pigs at farm animal sample quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Carno Pigs at farm animal sample Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

44 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Carno in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Carno Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

45 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Derby in Pigs at farm quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Derby Pigs at farm Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 3 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece

46 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Enteritidis in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Enteritidis Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 17 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece

47 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Enteritidis in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers at farm animal sample quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Enteritidis Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers at farm animal sample Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory no 2 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins 0 0 Cefotaxim Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece

48 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Enteritidis in Pigs at farm animal sample quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Enteritidis Pigs at farm animal sample Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 2 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece

49 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals n = Number of resistant isolates S. Enteritidis Cattle (bovine animals) Pigs Gallus gallus (fowl) Turkeys Isolates out of a monitoring no yes yes programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Cefotaxim Ceftiofur 5 0 Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Fully sensitive Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 1 3 Resistant to 2 antimicrobials Resistant to 3 antimicrobials Resistant to 4 antimicrobials Greece

50 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Enteritidis in Cattle (bovine animals) quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Enteritidis Cattle (bovine animals) Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory no 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

51 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Fyris in Cattle (bovine animals) quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Fyris Cattle (bovine animals) Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory no 1 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides 1 1 Greece

52 Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Hadar in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study quantitative data [Diffusion method] Number of resistant isolates (n) and number of isolates with the concentration µl/ ml) or zone (mm) of inhibition equal to S. Hadar Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study Isolates out of a monitoring programme Number of isolates available in the laboratory yes 4 Antimicrobials: N n <= >=35 Tetracyclines Tetracyclin Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Cephalosporins 3rd generation cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Quinolones Nalidixic acid Sulfonamides Sulfonamide Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin 0 Kanamycin Penicillins Ampicillin Trimethoprim + sulfonamides Greece