The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC

Transcription

1 ITALY The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS AND FEEDINGSTUFFS IN 2006 including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenic microbiological agents

2 INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM Country: Italy Reporting Year: 2006 Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring: Laboratory name Description Contribution IZSBS Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'emilia Romagna IZSPA Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia NRCEPID National reference center for epidemiology IZSPD Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie IZSPG Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'umbria e Marche IZSSS Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna IZSTO Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'aosta IZSTE Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'abruzzo e del Molise IZSRM Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana IZSNA Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno IZSFG Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e Basilicata NRCSALM National reference center for Salmonellosis NRCANTI National reference center for antimicrobial susceptibility NRCBRUC National reference center for animal Brucellosis Italy 2006

3 PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/ 99/ EC 1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Italy during the year The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole European Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that is published each year by EFSA. 1 Directive 2003/ 99/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/ 424/ EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC, OJ L 325, , p. 31 Italy 2006

4 LIST OF CONTENTS 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 1 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS SALMONELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Salmonellosis in humans Salmonella in foodstuffs Salmonella in animals Salmonella in feedingstuffs Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Campylobacteriosis in humans Campylobacter in foodstuffs Campylobacter in animals Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates LISTERIOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Listeriosis in humans Listeria in foodstuffs Listeria in animals E. COLI INFECTIONS General evaluation of the national situation E. Coli Infections in humans Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES General evaluation of the national situation Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans Mycobacterium in animals BRUCELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Brucellosis in humans Brucella in foodstuffs Brucella in animals YERSINIOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Yersiniosis in humans Yersinia in foodstuffs Yersinia in animals TRICHINELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Trichinellosis in humans Trichinella in animals 216 Italy 2006

5 2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Echinococcosis in humans Echinococcus in animals TOXOPLASMOSIS General evaluation of the national situation Toxoplasmosis in humans Toxoplasma in animals RABIES General evaluation of the national situation Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals QFEVER General evaluation of the national situation Coxiella (Qfever) in animals INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIAL 230 RESISTANCE 3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC General evaluation of the national situation Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS HISTAMINE General evaluation of the national situation Histamine in foodstuffs ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII General evaluation of the national situation Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS General evaluation of the national situation Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 256 Italy 2006

6 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of the animal population in the country. Italy

7 Table Susceptible animal populations Animal species Cattle (bovine animals) * Only if different than current reporting year Category of Number of herds or Number of holdings Number of Livestock numbers animals flocks slaughtered animals (live animals) Year* Year* Year* Year* mixed herds dairy cows and heifers meat production animals calves (under year) in total Ducks in total 360 Gallus gallus broilers 5168 (fowl) laying hens 2131 in total 7886 Geese in total 245 Goats meat production animals mixed herds milk goats 3886 in total Pigs in total Sheep milk ewes mixed herds meat production animals in total Solipeds, domestic horses in total Turkeys in total 1146 Footnote Data on cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry (Gallus gallus, goose, turkeys, and ducks) supplied by the National Animal Identification and Registration database, set up by the Italian Ministry of Health and located at the CSN of the IZS Abruzzo and Molise. Other animal species: National Institute of Statistics. Italy

8 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses. Italy

9 2.1. SALMONELLOSIS General evaluation of the national situation A. General evaluation History of the disease and/ or infection in the country Salmonella in foodstuffs. Surveillance of Salmonella spp. contamination in foodstuffs in Italy is carried out by official veterinarians, which have the task of supervising or performing inspections in plants and sampling. All samples taken within the activity of the National Health Service, which is organised in Local Health Units (LHU), are examined by the laboratories of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali (IZS), that periodically transmit their result to the Regional Governments, which produce the reports for the Ministry of Health. Salmonella in Gallus gallus breeding flocks. In 2006 in Italy the National Programme for Control of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium in breeder flocks of Gallus gallus has been approved by the Commission with the Decision 2005/ 873/ EC. Salmonella in turkey, geese, ducks, pigs, cattle. There is not a national control programme in place. Salmonella serovars and phagetypes distribution. In Italy the official control in the veterinary field (animals, food of animal origin) is carried out by IZS, which are part of the National Health system, and are present on all the national territory with 10 central centers and numerous peripheral laboratories at provincial level. The peripheral centers take care of the isolation of salmonellae from various matrices, while the typing of the isolates is performed by the central laboratories, that annually participate in a quality control study of salmonella serotyping organized by the National Reference Laboratory. The phage typing of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is executed from the National Reference Laboratory, that regularly participates in collaborative studies organized by CRL Salmonella in Bilthoven. Since the beginning of 2002 a structure parallel to the Enternet system has been activated at national level, that regards the data collection on Salmonella spp. isolations from samples of veterinary origin, and is called EnterVet. The nodes of the EnterVet net are IZS, coordinated by the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella. The Institutes send to the Reference Laboratory data concerning Salmonella typing through a computerized system, together with some strains (Enteritidis and Typhimurium in particular) for the phage typing. All the data are sent from the NRL to the Italian coordination of the Enternet, at Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates. The previously described EnterVet system collects also data concerning antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella. A selection of the strains serotyped by the central laboratories of IZS are submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test, by agar diffusion, following CLSI recommendations, and with a panel of 16 molecules (CL: Colistin (10 mcg); SXT: Sulphamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim (23,75 + 1,25 mcg); K: Kanamycin (30 mcg); GM: Gentamicin (10 mcg); N: Neomicin (30 mcg); CTX: Cefotaxime (30 mcg); AMC: Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic Acid ( mcg); NA: Nalidixic Acid (30 mcg); TE: Tetracycline (30 mcg); AM: Ampicillin (10 mcg); S: Streptomycin (10 mcg); S3: Triple Sulfa (0,25 mg) C: Chloramphenicol (30 mcg); CF: Cephalothin (30 mcg); ENR: Enrofloxacin (5 mcg); CIP: Ciprofloxacin (5 mcg); G: Sulfisoxazole (250 mcg). Italy

10 Additional information The disease is notifiable in humans and animals. There is a national surveillance programme on compound feedingstuffs and on raw material for feed of vegetable origin (National Plan on Animal Feed). The Ministerial Decree of provides the sampling procedure. The methods of analysis are: ISO 6579:2002 or other validated methods foreseeing one phase of preenrichment of 1620 hours at 37 C of a sample of 50 g taken from the previewed final champion (Ministry of Health Decree of ). All isolates of Salmonella must be subjected to sierologic types in compliance with the Kauffman/ White scheme and to antibiogramme by the CLSI standard. A baseline study was carried out in accordance with the new Zoonoses legislation (EC/ 2160/ 2003) in order to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in broiler flocks. The objectives, the sampling frame, the diagnostic testing methods as well as the collection of data, evaluation, reporting and timelines of this baseline study are specified in Commission Decision 2005/ 636/ EC. In 2006 two baseline studies have begun in accordance with the new Zoonoses legislation (EC/ 2160/ 2003) in order to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in flocks of turkeys and herds of slaughter pigs. The objectives, the sampling frame, the diagnostic testing methods as well as the collection of data, evaluation, reporting and timelines of these baseline studies are specified in Commission Decision 2006/ 662/ EC and in Commission Decision 2006/ 668/ EC. Italy

11 Salmonellosis in humans Table Salmonella in humans Species/ serotype distribution Cases Cases Inc. Autochthon cases Autochthon Inc. Imported cases Imported Inc. Unknown status Salmonella S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp Footnote Provisional data. Data from National reporting System of Communicable Diseases MOH. Italy

12 Table Salmonella in humans Age distribution S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. Age Distribution All M F All M F All M F <1 year to 4 years to 14 years to 24 years to 44 years to 64 years years and older Age unknown Total : Footnote Provisional data. Data from National reporting System of Communicable Diseases MOH. Italy

13 Table Salmonella in humans Seasonal distribution S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. Month Cases Cases Cases January 669 February 389 March 396 April 463 May 557 June 524 July 696 August 932 September 1038 October 889 November 763 December 672 not known 0 Total : Footnote Provisional data. Data from National reporting System of Communicable Diseases MOH. Italy

14 Salmonella in foodstuffs A. Salmonella spp. in food Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Surveillance of Salmonella spp. contamination in foodstuffs in Italy is carried out by official veterinarians, which have the task of supervising or performing inspections in plants and sampling. All samples taken within the activity of the National Health Service, which is organised in Local Health Units (LHU), are examined by the laboratories of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, that periodically transmit their results to the Regional Governments, which produce the reports for the Ministry of Health. The sampling scheme can vary in different LHUs; all samples are examined in laboratories accredited according to ISO 17025, following the method prescribed by ISO 6579:2002 or modifications of this method, that have been fully validated and proven to give equivalent results. Italy

15 Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) fresh single (Sampling unit: batch) batch minced meat intended to be eaten cooked single meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked single meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single (Sampling unit: batch) batch cooked, readytoeat single Meat from turkey fresh single (Sampling unit: batch) batch minced meat intended to be eaten cooked single (Sampling unit: batch) batch meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked single meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single cooked, readytoeat single mechanically separated meat (MSM) single Meat from duck single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Meat from geese batch Meat from other poultry species (Meat from pigeon) single Italy

16 Meat from poultry, unspecified single Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

17 Table Salmonella in milk and dairy products Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Milk, cows' raw single intended for direct human consumption single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single raw milk for manufacture intended for manufacture of raw or low heattreated products single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single intended for manufacture of pasteurised/ UHT products single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single pasteurised milk single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Milk, goats' raw single intended for direct human consumption Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single single raw milk for manufacture Italy

18 intended for manufacture of pasteurised/ UHT products single pasteurised single Milk, sheep's raw single raw milk for manufacture intended for manufacture of raw or low heattreated products single pasteurised single Cheeses made from cows' milk single soft and semisoft single made from raw or low heattreated milk single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single made from pasteurised milk single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single unspecified Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Cheeses made from goats' milk single soft and semisoft single made from raw or low heattreated milk single Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry made from pasteurised milk single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Cheeses made from sheep's single milk soft and semisoft single made from raw or low heattreated milk single Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry made from pasteurised milk single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Italy

19 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry Dairy products (excluding cheeses) single single butter made from raw or low heattreated milk single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single cream made from raw or low heattreated milk single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single milk powder and whey powder single (Sampling unit: batch) batch icecream single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single dairy products, not specified single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single yoghurt single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single dairy desserts single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single (Bovine curd) single Milk from other animal species or unspecified raw single (Milk, buffalos') Cheeses, made from unspecified milk or other animal milk (Cheeses made from buffalos' milk) Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single single Italy

20 Cheeses, made from mixed milk from cows, sheep and/ or goats unspecified single Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

21 Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Meat from pig fresh single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single minced meat intended to be eaten raw single (Sample weight: 10 g) single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single single intended to be eaten cooked Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry meat preparation single intended to be eaten raw Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry single intended to be eaten cooked Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single (Sample weight: 10 g) single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single single cooked, readytoeat Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry (Sample weight: 1 g) Italy

22 mechanically separated meat (MSM) single Meat from bovine animals fresh single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single minced meat single intended to be eaten raw Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry intended to be eaten cooked single (Sample weigh: 10 g) single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single meat preparation single intended to be eaten raw Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry single intended to be eaten cooked Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry single cooked, readytoeat Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry mechanically separated meat (MSM) single Meat from sheep fresh single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Meat from horse fresh single single minced meat Meat from other animal single species or not specified Italy

23 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single meat products single unspecified, readytoeat Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single fresh (Meat from Buffalo) single Meat from rabbit single Meat from wild game land mammals fresh single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

24 Table Salmonella in other food Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Eggs single table eggs single at packing centre single at retail single at packing centre batch (Sampling unit: batch) at packing centre single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry at retail (Sampling unit: batch batch) at retail Surveillance single HACCP or own checks by industry raw material (liquid egg) for egg products single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Egg products single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Crustaceans single unspecified single cooked Surveillance HACCP single or own checks by industry raw single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Molluscan shellfish single Italy

25 cooked single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single raw single (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Live bivalve molluscs single unspecified (Sampling unit: batch) batch Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Sprouted seeds single readytoeat single Fruits and vegetables precut single readytoeat batch Juice fruit juice unpasteurised single vegetable juice unpasteurised single Infant formula dried intended for infants below 6 months single Foodstuffs intended for special nutritional uses dried dietary foods for special medical purposes intended for infants below 6 months batch Vegetables (Fresh vegetables) single (Cooked vegetables) single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Fish (Whole fish or chunks of fish) single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry (Whole fish or chunks of fish ) single Fishery products, unspecified readytoeat single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Italy

26 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Confectionery products and single pastes Other processed food products and prepared dishes unspecified single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single containing raw egg single (Preserves with fish, crustaceans, molluscan shellfish) single Other food single Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

27 Salmonella in animals A. Salmonella spp. in turkey breeding flocks and meat production flocks Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) There is not a national control programme for Salmonella spp. in turkeys. In the Veneto Region, in a new monitoring campaign has carried out in turkeys at slaughter. Starting from the prevalence detected in a previous monitoring campaign (49%), the scheme for was designed in order to allow the detection of a bilateral variation in prevalence of 12%, with a IC of 95% and a power of 95% (225 slaughter batch to be sampled). 30 cloacal swabs are taken per batch. Samples are examined in 6 pools, using the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. B. Salmonella spp. in geese breeding flocks and meat production flocks Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Breeding flocks There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. Meat production flocks There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. C. Salmonella spp. in ducks breeding flocks and meat production flocks Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Breeding flocks There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. Meat production flocks Italy

28 D. Salmonella spp. in pigs There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Fattening herds There is not a national control programme for Salmonella spp. in pigs. In the Veneto Region, in a new monitoring campaign has carried out in pigs at slaughter. Starting from the prevalence detected in a previous monitoring campaign (25,43%), the scheme for was designed in order to allow the detection of a bilateral variation in prevalence of 12%, with a IC of 95% and a power of 95% (171 slaughter batches to be sampled). One sample of ileocaecal lymph nodes (35 for each animal) are taken per animal (a total of 15 animals per batch). Samples are examined using the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. E. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place There is not a national control programme for Salmonella spp. in cattle. In the Veneto Region, in a new monitoring campaign has carried out in cattle at slaughter. Starting from the prevalence detected in a previous monitoring campaign (1,52%) the scheme for was designed in order to allow the detection of an increase in prevalence of 4%, with a IC of 95% and a power of 95% (101 slaughter batches to be sampled). One faecal sample is taken per animal (a total of 15 animals per batch). Samples are examined using the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. F. Salmonella spp. in animal Gallus gallus breeding flocks, unspecified Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place In 2006 in Italy the National Programme for Control of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium in breeder flocks of Gallus gallus has been approved by the Commission with the Decision 2005/ 873/ EC. For the isolation of Salmonella from samples collected on farms or in hatcheries the ISO method 6579:2002 has to be used or in alternative the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. For every positive sample at least one suspect colony has to be submitted to complete serological typing, performed according to Kauffman and White scheme. All Italy

29 strains have to be sent to the National Reference Laboratory that keeps a collection, submits them to antimicrobial resistance (according to CLSI standards) and phage type S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium according the method suggested by HPA. Italy

30 Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Other serotypes Gallus gallus (fowl) parent breeding flocks, unspecified (Control programme) flock Footnote Data source: NRCSALM Italy

31 Table Salmonella in other poultry (Part A) Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Thompson S. Derby S. Infantis S. Heidelberg S. Veneziana S. Hadar S. Kedougou S. Virchow S. Corvallis Other serotypes S. Kimuenza S. Blockley S. Bredeney Gallus gallus (fowl) flock laying hens during rearing period Monitoring official flock sampling during production period animal Monitoring official flock sampling (flock) flock 20 0 (single) (3) single 46 0 (single) (2) single Monitoring official sampling flock (unspecified) animal 41 0 (unspecified unit: flock) flock (unspecified unit: holding) (4) holding Italy

32 broilers single during rearing period Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study (5) animal 40 0 slaughter batch flock unspecified holding Monitoring official holding sampling unspecified flock during rearing period Monitoring official flock sampling during production period (1) holding (unit: single) single Monitoring official sampling holding (unit: single) single (unit: flock) flock (unit: holding) holding Ducks animal meat production flocks single Monitoring official sampling animal 16 0 unspecified Monitoring official sampling animal 18 0 (unit: single) (6) single Italy

33 Geese animal meat production flocks animal (unit: holding) holding 3 0 flock 6 0 unspecified breeding flocks, unspecified Monitoring official sampling animal Turkeys animal meat production flocks animal (unit: flock) flock Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (9) animal 3 0 slaughter batch unspecified (unit: flock) flock 8 0 (unit: single) (7) single Monitoring official sampling animal 3 0 (1) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (2) : Single = sample (3) : Single = sample (4) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : Single = sample (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single slaughter batch more serotypes may be present. (9) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Italy

34 Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

35 Table Salmonella in other poultry (Part B) S. Emek S. Mbandaka S. Brandenburg S. Orion S. Agona S. Saintpaul S. Rissen S. Gallinarum S. Livingstone Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens 1 during rearing period Monitoring official sampling during production period Monitoring official sampling (flock) (single) (3) (single) (2) Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) (unspecified unit: flock) (unspecified unit: holding) (4) 2 broilers during rearing period Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) Italy

36 sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study (5) unspecified Monitoring official sampling unspecified during rearing period Monitoring official sampling during production period (1) (unit: single) Monitoring official sampling (unit: single) (unit: flock) (unit: holding) Ducks meat production flocks Monitoring official sampling unspecified Monitoring official sampling (unit: single) (6) Geese meat production flocks (unit: holding) unspecified breeding flocks, unspecified Italy

37 Monitoring official sampling Turkeys meat production flocks (unit: flock) Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (9) unspecified (unit: flock) (unit: single) (7) Monitoring official sampling (1) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (2) : Single = sample (3) : Single = sample (4) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : Single = sample (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single slaughter batch more serotypes may be present. (9) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

38 Table Salmonella in other birds Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Abony S. enterica subsp. enterica S. 4,5,12:i: S. Gallinarum S. Thompson S. Corvallis S. Livingstone S. Bredeney S. Veneziana S. enterica subsp. houtenae Pigeons animal (unit: flock) flock Monitoring official sampling animal 37 0 (unit: single) (1) single Guinea fowl animal (unit: flock) flock Monitoring official sampling animal 1 0 Quails animal 16 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 3 0 (unit: flock) flock (unit: single) (2) single 27 0 Pheasants animal Italy

39 Monitoring official sampling animal 2 0 (unit: single) single (unit: flock) flock Partridges animal 7 0 (unit: flock) flock 1 0 (unit: single) (3) single Ostriches animal 12 0 (unit: flock) flock 1 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 2 0 Birds (cage birds) animal wild animal Monitoring official sampling animal 20 0 (unit: single) (4) single (research plan) animal Other poultry animal 18 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 6 0 (1) : Single = sample (2) : Single = sample (3) : Single = sample (4) : Single = sample Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

40 Table Salmonella in other animals (Part A) Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. enterica subsp. arizonae S. Paratyphi S. Livingstone S. London S. Kottbus S. enterica subsp. houtenae S. Hadar S. Abortusequi S. Kedougou S. Blockley S. Virchow S. Panama S. Heidelberg Cattle (bovine animals) animal 29 0 calves (under 1 year) animal (unit: holding) holding adult cattle over 2 years animal 61 0 (unit: holding) holding 23 0 Monitoring (Veneto Region) (7) slaughter batch (unit: holding) holding Monitoring official sampling animal 21 0 single (unit: single) unspecified animal (unit: animal) (2) (unit: holding) holding Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) holding 12 0 Italy

41 Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) animal (research plan) animal 12 0 Sheep animal (unit: holding) holding (unit: single) (3) single Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) holding 23 0 animal 50 0 Goats animal (unit: holding) holding (unit: single) (4) single Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) holding animal 4 0 Pigs (1) single fattening pigs animal (unit: holding) holding unspecified animal Monitoring official sampling animal (unspecified) (5) holding Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) animal 18 0 slaughter batch Solipeds, domestic animal (unit: holding) holding Italy

42 Monitoring official sampling animal 29 0 Foxes animal Monitoring official sampling animal (research plan) animal 15 0 Other mustelides animal Cats animal 47 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 6 0 Reptiles animal Dogs animal (unit: single) (6) single Monitoring official sampling animal 24 0 Rabbits animal (unit: holding) holding Monitoring official sampling animal 4 0 Wild boars animal Monitoring official sampling animal 15 0 Buffalos holding 4 0 Monitoring official sampling animal Rats animal (research plan) animal Other animals animal Monitoring official sampling animal Italy

43 Turtles Monitoring official sampling animal (1) : Single = sample (2) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a animal more serotypes may be present. (3) : Single = sample (4) : Single = sample (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

44 Table Salmonella in other animals (Part B) S. Abortusovis S. Oxford S. Rissen S. Anatum S. Goldcoast S. Chester S. Bredeney Other serotypes S. enterica subsp. diarizonae S. Coeln S. Derby S. Stanley S. Ridge S. Give S. enterica subsp. salamae S. Napoli S. Choleraesuis S. Brandenburg Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 1 1 (unit: holding) adult cattle over 2 years (unit: holding) Monitoring (Veneto Region) (7) (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: single) unspecified (unit: animal) (2) 3 (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) Italy

45 (research plan) Sheep (unit: holding) (unit: single) (3) Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) Goats (unit: holding) (unit: single) (4) Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) Pigs (1) fattening pigs (unit: holding) unspecified 1 Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) (5) 2 Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) Solipeds, domestic (unit: holding) 2 1 Monitoring official sampling Italy

46 Foxes Monitoring official sampling (research plan) Other mustelides Cats Monitoring official sampling Reptiles Dogs (unit: single) (6) Monitoring official sampling Rabbits (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling Wild boars 10 Monitoring official sampling Buffalos Monitoring official 2 1 sampling Rats (research plan) Other animals Monitoring official sampling Turtles Italy

47 Monitoring official sampling (1) : Single = sample (2) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a animal more serotypes may be present. (3) : Single = sample (4) : Single = sample (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

48 Salmonella in feedingstuffs Table Salmonella in feed material of animal origin Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Feed material of land animal origin dairy products single 50 gr 2 0 meat meal single 2550 gr meat and bone meal single 2550 gr 22 0 greaves single 25 gr single 2550 gr blood meal Feed material of marine animal origin single 2550 gr 9 0 fish meal other fish products single 50 gr 17 0 Other feed material single 50 gr 1 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

49 Table Salmonella in other feed matter Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Kedougou S. enterica subsp. enterica S. Worthington Feed material of cereal grain origin single 2550 barley derived gr single 2550 wheat derived gr single 2550 maize gr derived single 50 gr 1 0 single 2550 other cereal grain derived gr Feed material of oil seed or fruit origin single 2550 soya (bean) derived gr cotton seed derived single 50 gr 1 0 sunflower seed derived single 2550 gr linseed derived single 50 gr other oil seeds derived single 50 gr 1 0 Other feed material legume seeds and similar products tubers, roots and similar products single 50 gr 4 0 single 50 gr 2 0 other plants single 50 gr 5 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

50 Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Thompson S. Colorado S. Liverpool S. Livingstone S. Rideau Compound feedingstuffs for cattle process control single 2550 gr 17 0 final product single 2550 gr Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry Compound feedingstuffs for pigs single 25 gr 2 0 process control single 2550 gr 6 0 final product single 2550 gr Compound feedingstuffs for poultry (non specified) process control single 2550 gr 9 0 final product single 2550 gr Compound feedingstuffs for poultry laying hens process control single 2550 gr 37 0 Italy

51 final product single 25 gr 30 0 Compund feedingstuffs for poultry broilers process control single 25 gr 1 0 final product single 2550 gr Pet food dog snacks (pig ears, chewing bones) single 25 gr (Cat) single 50 gr 25 0 Compound feedingstuffs for single 2550 gr 58 0 rabbits Compound feedingstuffs for sheep Compound feedingstuffs for fish Compound feedingstuffs for turkeys Compound feedingstuffs for horses single 50 gr 16 0 single 2550 gr single 25 gr single 25 gr 3 0 Other feed material (Goats) single 50 gr 3 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy

52 Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in the chapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype and phagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections in humans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animals may indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of human infections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections, conclusions have to be drawn with caution. Italy