Bacteria associated with Urinary system and Reproductive system

Transcription

1 Bacteria associated with Urinary system and Reproductive system VETERINARY BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY ( ) 1 st semester 2012 Assistant Prof. Dr. Channarong Rodkhum Department of Veterinary Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Channarong_CU@hotmail.com Channarong.R@Chula.ac.th

2 Animal reproductive and respiratory systems 2

3 3 Microbial flora of Urinary system Limited to distal urethra, external genitalia Mycoplasma sp. Alpha and Beta hemolytic streptococci Lactobacilli Coagulase negative Staphylococci

4 4 Transient bacteria which are derived from rectum and perinium Escherichia coli Coagulase positive Staphylococci Proteus sp. Enterococci Pseudomonas aeruginasa

5 5 Defenses of the urinary tract The flow of urine Restric colonization of the lower uninary tract by transient microorganisms The glycoprotein slime layer covering the epithelium ---some bacterial adhesion Neutrophilic inflammatory response to bacterial colonization aid in clearing the bladder wall of invaders. Urine has certain antimicrobial properties (high osmolality, extremes ph, antibacterial effects, IgA)

6 6 Urinary tract infection (UTI) ( I ) Virulence determinant - adhesins (Pyelonephritis associated pilus, Pap) - hemolytic activity - O-antigen Agents : - E. coli (Uropathogenic E. coli, UPEC) - Pseudomonas sp. - Coagulase positive staphylococci - Proteus mirabilis

7 7 Urinary tract infection (UTI) ( II ) Host factors associated - Interference with the free flow of urine and with complete emptying of the bladder (tumors, prolyps, calculi, anatomic anormalies) - Vesico-Urethral reflux, the re-entry of urine into the ureters during urination, causes bladder urine to reach the renal pelvis (carrying bacteria into susceptible area) - endocrine disturbances : Diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing s disease), long term use of corticosteroid

8 8 Routes of infection 1. The ascending route via urethra 2. Hematogenous infection of the urinary tract - occur secondarily to bacterimia - primary effects the kidneys - Leptospirosis

9 9 Leptospira sp. family Leptospiraceae. The genus Leptospira is divided into 20 species based on DNA hybridization studies. Pathogenic Leptospira Leptospira interrogans Leptospira kirschneri Leptospira noguchii Leptospira alexanderi Leptospira weilii Leptospira genomospecies Leptospira borgpetersenii Leptospira santarosai Leptospira kmetyi Intermediates or opportunistic Leptospira Non-pathogenic Leptospira

10 10 Leptospira sp. grouped into serovars according to their antigenic relatedness. There are currently over 200 recognized serovars. the Committee on the Taxonomy of Leptospira of the International Union of Microbiological Societies approved the following nomenclature for serovars of Leptospira. Genus and species must of course be italicized, with the serovar name not italicized and with an upper case first letter. Genus species serovar Serovar_name For example: Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc

11 11 Leptospira sp. all members of the genus have similar morphology. Leptospira are spiral-shaped bacteria that are 6-20 μm long and 0.1 μm in diameter spirochetes. motile, obligate, slow-growing anaerobes.

12 12 Habitat High humidity and neutral ( ) ph are essential for their survival in the environment stagnant water reservoirs - bogs, shallow lakes, ponds, puddles, etc. - being the natural habitat for the bacteria.

13 13 Leptospirosis flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, myalgias, intense headache).

14 14 Diagnosis of leptospirosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The MAT (microscopic agglutination test) a serological test, is considered the gold standard in diagnosing leptospirosis. Leptospira can be cultured in Ellinghausen- McCullough-Johnson-Harris medium, which is incubated at 28 to 30 C. The median time to positivity is 3 weeks with a maximum of 3 months. This makes culture techniques useless for diagnostic purposes, but is commonly used in research.

15 15 The genus ureaplasmas Characteristics : Family Mycoplasmataceae Small colony: mm Differentiate them from mycoplasma because the ability to hydrolyze urea Ureaplasma diversum, Ureaplasma cati, Ureaplasma felinum, Ureaplasma canigenitalium, Ureaplasma gallorale, and Ureaplasma parvum

16 16 Diseases Ureaplasma canigenitalium : Canine urinary tract infection

17 17 Bacteria associated with reproductive system Microbial flora of reproductive system : The female genital tract possesses a resident microbial flora caudal to the external cervical os Gram positive, Gram negative, Mycoplasma sp., Ureaplasma sp. During luteal phase, receptor of E. coli are expressed----cystic endometrial hyperplasia The prepuce and the distal urethra of the male genital tract possesses a resident flora.

18 18 Defense of reproductive system Hormone Number of polymorphoneoclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the cervix and uterus Lymphoid follicles in the submucosa of caudal cervix Immunoglobulin

19 19 Bacteria associated with reproductive diseases Ureaplasma diversum : Commom inhabitant of bavine vagina, uterus and oviduct : Cause of granular vulvitis in cow and heifers Campylobacter sp. Brucella sp. Taylorella equigenitalis

20 20 Campylobacter fetus Family Campylobacteraceae Gram-negative motile bacteria with a characteristic "S-shaped" rod morphology similar to members of the genus Vibrio Like other members of the Campylobacter genus, C. fetus is oxidase-positive causing some cases of abortion in cattle and sheep C. fetus is an opportunistic human pathogen and can cause bacteremia

21 Abortion in cattle caused by C. fetus 21

22 22 Brucella sp. Family Brucellaceae Gram negative They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm) non-motile, non-encapsulated coccobacilli facultative intracellular parasites Brucella is the cause of brucellosis, which is a zoonosis

23 23 Transmission It is transmitted by ingesting infected food, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. Transmission from human to human, for example through sexual intercourse or from mother to child, is exceedingly rare, but possible. Minimum infectious exposure is between organisms. Brucellosis primarily occurs through occupational exposure (e.g. exposure to cattle, sheep, pigs), but also by consumption of unpasteurized milk products.

24 24 Species associated with diseases There are a different species of Brucella, each with slightly different host specificity. B. melitensis which infects goats and sheep B. abortus which infects cattle B. suis infects pigs B. ovis infects sheep B. neotomae infect marine mammals

25 Hosts range 25

26 26 Brucellosis The placental lesions in BRUCELLOSIS include necrosis and edema with inflammatory cell infiltrates.

27 27 Brucellosis ABORTION FIBRINOUS PLEURITIS BRUCELLOSIS

28 28 Diagnosis ( I ) Brucella is isolated from a blood culture on Castaneda medium. Prolonged incubation (up to 6 weeks) may be required as they are slow-growing, but on modern automated machines the cultures often show positive results within seven days. On Gram stain they appear as dense clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli and are exceedingly difficult to see. molecular diagnostic techniques based on the genetic component of the pathogen have become more popular

29 29 Diagnosis ( II ) Serological test - Slide Agglutination test Brucella abortus antigen

30 30 Taylorella equigenitalis Family Alcaligenaceae Gram negative rod with flagella There are two species of Taylorella: Taylorella equigenitalis: causes the Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) in horses. Taylorella asinigenitalis: was isolated in the genital tract of donkeys and is obviously nonpathogenic.

31 31 Transmission Infected stallions are asymptomatic and act as the principal source of infection as they mate with numerous mares the carrier status may persist for many months or even years.

32 Contagious equine metritis (CEM) 32

33 33 Diagnosis PCR or culturing the organism from urethral fossa, urethra and semen of stallions and also clitoral sinus and clitoral fossa of mares. Swabs transferred in AMIES transport media with charcoal at 4 C to a laboratory