PROUD PARTNERS- BIMEDA, INC. IS A PROUD SPONSOR OF PATH!

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1 PROUD PARTNERS- BIMEDA, INC. IS A PROUD SPONSOR OF PATH!

2 Caring for Your Older Horse Due to improvements in nutrition, management, and health care, horses are living longer, more productive lives.

3 Caring for Your Older Horse Genetics play a large role in determining longevity, but proper care and good nutrition can have a major impact, also.

4 The Aging Process Systems Affected: Digestive Skeletal-bones/joints Aches/Pains Immune System Respiratory Dental Eye

5 The Aging Process Older horses are much less able to cope with environmental stresses such as cold, wet, and wind.

6 The Aging Process Hormonal changes can affect: body condition hair coat appetite energy level Cushing s Syndrome/PPID

7 Special Nutritional Needs Nutritional Considerations: Hormonal/Metabolic Changes=Less Efficient Digestion Laminitis Protein, Fiber, Phosphorus Specially Formulated Feeds Built-in roughage Palatable, Easy to swallow Adequate, Quality Protein: 12-14%

8 Total Management Program Considerations: Dental Care(>20=2X) Hoof Care Housing Nutrition Exercise Health Carevaccinations, PARASITE CONTROL Check Your Horse!

9 Major Internal Parasites of Horses

10 The 6 Major Internal Parasites of Horses Bot Fly Larvae Bot Flies lay eggs on horses legs and chest area during early and midsummer Horses lick the eggs, stimulating larvae to emerge Larvae migrate in tongue and cheek tissue, emerge and are swallowed Larvae attach to stomach, release in Spring, pupate, and emerge as bot flies, which lay eggs. Large Strongyles Rarely encountered in the US, these parasites migrate in the major blood vessels of the large and small intestines, causing damage and increasing the chances for future colics. Horses become infested by grazing pastures infested with large strongyle larvae. Small Strongyles (Cyathostomes)***** The most important parasite of horses, virtually all horses are infested with this parasite. This parasite inhabits the large bowel.

11 The 6 Major Internal Parasites of Horses Small Strongyles (Cyathostomes) Horses become infested by grazing pastures contaminated with small strongyle larvae. Roundworms (Ascarids) Roundworms usually infest younger horses, especially foals and weanlings. They can cause severe damage, as immature worms migrate through the liver and lungs. Roundworm eggs are very durable and can last for years in pastures. Pinworms Pinworms live in the anal area and emerge to lay eggs on the horse s skin They cause severe itching and infested horses will rub their tails, breaking off a great amount of hairs, a condition called broom tail. Tapeworms Until recently tapeworms were thought to be insignificant in horses, but actually

12 Tapeworm Damage and Impact Research has shown tapeworms are a leading cause of colic. Spasmodic Colic One of the most common types of colic. 22% of spasmodic colics have been attributed to tapeworms. 1 Ileal Impaction Colic Occurs when an obstruction prevents the passing of digested material. Research indicates that more than 80% of these colics are associated with tapeworms. 2 Ileocecal Intussusception Colic An extremely serious colic that requires surgical intervention. Research indicates that 100% of ileocecal intussusception colics are caused by tapeworms. 3 C.J. Proudman, N.P. French and A.J. Trees, Equine Veterinary Journal 1998; 30 (3): E.T. Lyons, S.C. Tolliver, J.H. Drudge et al. Parasites in Kentucky Thoroughbreds at necropsy: Emphasis on stomach worms and tapeworms. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1993; 44: Mercier P., Bousquet E., Sanquer A, et al. Time of re appearance of fecal tapeworm eggs in horses treated with an ivermectin praziquantel combination and left in their contaminated environment. World Association Adv. Vet Parasitol 21st International Conference August, 2007, Ghent, Belgium. C.R. Reinemeyer, A.W. Farley, S.A. Kania, B.W. Rohrbach and R.H. Dressler, 48th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, Denver, CO, July 2003.

13 How Horses get Tapeworms Mites in pastures ingest tapeworm eggs Horses ingest the mites Tapeworms released inside the horse Tapeworms release eggs Eggs released into manure

14 Risk of Tapeworm Exposure All horses in the US have the potential to be exposed to Tapeworms Multiple studies have documented Tapeworm infestation rates across the United States.

15 Tapeworm Prevalence in Canada? 60% 56%

16 Tapeworm Damage and Impact Left untreated, tapeworms can cause serious health problems Tapeworm Colonization Tapeworm Close-up Damage to the Gut Wall

17 How Can You Tell If a Horse has Tapeworms? Tapeworm-infested horses may appear in good health Signs of damage, such as dull hair coat and diarrhea are NOT good indicators

18 How Can You Tell if a Horse has Tapeworms? Fecal Tests are only 3.1% accurate Tapeworm eggs are contained in proglottids or packets, not seen in manure, d.t. digestion. They do not float well in regular fecal flotation tests. A blood test has been developed which demonstrates exposure to tapeworms. All horses no known acquired immunity All ages, usually yearlings and older Prepatent period= 6 to 16 weeks

19 Other Important Equine Parasites Stomach Worms: Habronema sp., Draschia sp. Fly maggots ingest the worm s eggs in manure. Mature flies carry larvae to mouth and nostrils and sometimes open sores of horse. Larvae are swallowed and become adults in the stomach. Intestinal Threadworms: Strongyloides westeri Incriminated in foal diarrhea. Not a problem in mature horses. Neck Threadworms: Onchocerca sp. Not really pathogenic; sometimes causes dermatitis. Larvae (microfilariae) may die after deworming, leading to a localized allergic response with swelling of face, neck, and lower midline. Lungworms: Dictyocaulus sp. Most common in donkeys May cause chronic coughing in horses, ponies, and mules

20 How Do the Different Classes of Dewormers Work? Benzimidazoles: (fenbendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole) Affect the structural integrity of both worms and eggs, killing both. Resistance issues abound: Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY Heterocyclic compounds: (piperazine) Introduced in 1953 Paralysis of worm is MOA, by depolarization of muscle membranes. Tetrahydropyrimidines: (pyrantel pamoate/ pyrantel tartrate) MOA is irreversible muscle contraction Contraindicated in severe ascarid infestation impaction. Highly effective against pinworms. Macrocyclic lactones: (ivermectin/ moxidectin) MOA is nerve interruption and paralysis of nematode Ivermectin has a broader safety profile in equine than moxidectin(>9:1) Isoquinoline pyrozines(praziquantel) Structural integrity of the worm is affected. Dead Worms not seen in feces, typically.

21 What About Parasite Resistance? RR SR SS Every time we deworm, we select for parasite resistance.(daily dewormers???) RR, SS, SR Deworm mostly RR left, some SR Refugia

22 What About Parasite Resistance? Current Equine Parasitologists Opinions: Drug Rotation vs. No Rotation Test (FEC) and Treat Method : High, Medium, Low groups >500 / / <200 EPG How to determine parasite resistance on a ranch/farm: FERT: FEC Treat 14d. FEC (GOAL= >95% reduction) Your Veterinarian is your BEST source for proper deworming information for YOUR horse.risk Assessment.

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24 What Is the Best Deworming Program? Risk Assessment by Your Veterinarian: Determine Approximate Parasite Load-FEC Determine Probability of Reinfestation Discuss Management Techniques to Reduce Parasites-Dragging Pastures, Horse Concentrations, etc. Test (FEC) and Treat Method vs Regular Deworming Rotation?? No standard program fits all farms and all horses.

25 Frequently Asked Questions NEW HORSES??? PREGNANT MARES??? FOALS????.

26 OTHER EQUINE DEWORMING CONSIDERATIONS: Is it ok to give equine dewormers to dogs? NO!! Why?? Mutant MDR1 Gene: No P-glycoprotein Brain Pump About 70% of Collies 5 to 50 % of other herding/nonherding breeds Certain percentage of ALL breeds Horse=milligrams/ Dog=micrograms(1000X) Is a horse spit-out enough to poison a mutant-mdr1 dog? YES!! Answer: Watch your horse and watch your dog!!

27 BIMEDA DEWORMERS Bimectin Paste (Ivermectin 1.87%) Equimax (Ivermectin 1.87% / praziquantel 14.03%) Exodus Paste (Pyrantel Pamoate) Exodus Multi-Dose (Pyrantel Pamoate) Equell Paste (Ivermectin 1.87%)

28 Thank You