Chemical Restraint of Juvenile East African River Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko) at the San Diego Zoo ( 6-Sep-2001 )
|
|
- Cory Caldwell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 In: Zoological Restraint and Anesthesia, D. Heard (Ed.) Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service ( Ithaca, New York, USA. Chemical Restraint of Juvenile East African River Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko) at the San Diego Zoo ( 6-Sep-2001 ) P. J. Morris, B. Bicknese, D. Janssen, B. Loudis, A. Shima, M. Sutherland-Smith and L. Young San Diego Zoo, Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego, California, USA. Summary Chemical restraint and anesthesia of the hippopotamus has posed significant difficulties to the zoo/wildlife veterinarian due to the large size, amphibious habits, thick skin, and aggressive demeanor [1,2]. In a recent review of hippopotamus anesthesia methods, etorphine with or without xylazine or acepromazine was found to be the most commonly used drug combination for chemical restraint in this species [2]. This report summarizes the clinical data of 10 immobilizations of 1-2 year old river hippopotamus using a combination of detomidine and butorphanol (D-B). We have found that D-B produces profound sedation in this species sufficient to accomplish most noninvasive procedures. Animals can be aroused from D-B sedation if sufficiently stimulated. Supplemental ketamine given at 1 mg/kg i.v. increased the level of sedation in three of 10 cases where arousal from sedation was observe. In these cases, transient apneustia was associated with the administration of intravenous ketamine, but was not clinically significant. Supplemental oxygen was given at 8-15 l/min via nasal cannula, mask, or intubation to help prevent hypoxemia. Antagonism of D-B sedative effects is accomplished with intramuscular injections of a combination of either yohimbine and naltrexone (Y-N), or atipamezole and naltrexone (A-N). When employing this method of sedation, invasive procedures should only be attempted after induction of anesthesia provided by an inhalant anesthetic such as isoflurane via endotracheal intubation. Bradycardia and hypotension are predictable side effects resulting from the use of this combination. In all cases animals were relaxed and jaw tone was virtually nonexistent. Intubation of one juvenile river hippo was accomplished with an endotracheal tube size of 24 mm diameter, though a good assessment of the fit could not be made in this case. The tube functioned, but blow-by was observed during inhalant anesthesia. Introduction The family hippopotamidae contains two genera, the familiar Nile River hippopotamus and the pygmy hippopotamus. Adult Nile river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) weigh between kg in body weight, males weighing more than females. Individuals can be up to 14.6 feet in length [3,4]. The river hippo is reported to be one of the most dangerous animals alive, killing more humans per year than the crocodile. The pygmy hippo (Choeropsis liberiensis) is much smaller than the river hippo. Adults typically weigh kg and reach a length of 5-6 feet in length. While smaller, pygmy hippos can also cause severe bites [3,5]. Both species of hippopotamus are highly aquatic, and care must be taken to prevent sedated hippopotamus from entering water to prevent accidental drowning. Results and Discussion Clinical observations made during sedation with D-B in juvenile hippos are summarized in Table 1. Animals were given a combination of detomidine HCl at mg/kg, and butorphanol tartrate at mg/kg via dart (Telinject or Daninject) with a 60 mm-long needle (Telinject or Daninject) into the skin fold of the neck. The time from darting until initial drug effects, recumbency, and total procedure length were recorded in each case. During the procedure, hippopotamus were sufficiently sedated to allow the authors to conduct a physical examination, including an oral exam, administer injectable agents, and collect blood samples from the ventral tail and/or cephalic veins. In one case sedation was sufficient to catheterize the cephalic vein, and to conduct wound care to a severe bite to the right rear leg involving deep structures. There were no deaths and no clinically significant adverse events observed during any of the sedation events. Bradycardia and hypopnea were observed intermittently during each of the 10 sedation events. Evidence of hypoxemia was observed using a portable oximeter.
2 Table 1. Summary chemical restraint and dose data from a D-B sedated juvenile river hippopotamus 1-2 years of age collected over several sedation events. All doses are reported in mg/kg body weight. All immobilization events are reported in minutes after D-B intramuscular (dart) injection (n=10 individual sedations; SEM = standard error of the mean). Age (yrs) Wt (kg) D B A Y N I R P A Average SEM D= detomidine dose, B= butorphanol dose, A= atipamezole dose, Y= yohimbine dose, N= naltrexone dose, I= time after darting until initial effects observed, R= time after darting until recumbency, P= time after darting until administration of the antagonists, A= time after administration of antagonists until the animal regained ambulatory ability. Restraint Before planning a chemical restraint procedure, it is important to realize that some procedures can be performed without anesthesia. With proper facilities and training, some of these animals can be habituated to medically-oriented routines [6,7]. A concrete or dirt pen with stout walls high enough to discourage an animal from attempt to climb out are required for containment. In addition to avoiding access to water, it is important to be very familiar with the available housing facilities before attempting to sedate a hippo. It is inappropriate to attempt immobilization in any situation where the animal can gain access to a pool after darting [2]. Chemical Restraint The most common chemical restraint agent used in river hippos has been etorphine (1-5 mcg/kg, or 2-6 mg total dose), with or without xylazine (67-83 mcg/kg, or approximately 100 mg per adult) or acepromazine as a component with etorphine in the combination marketed in the United Kingdom as Immobilon [2,8]. In our practice, ketamine at approximately 1 mg/kg has been used to immobilize pygmy hippopotamus on several occasions, mainly for tusk trims. In general, anesthesia went well with this combination, and animals tended to recover quickly and without incident. Anesthetic agents are typically injected via dart into a skin fold of the neck (Fig. 1). A needle of approximately 60 mm is adequate to pierce the thick hide to deliver an i.m. injection [2]. Figure 1. A young female hippopotamus has been immobilized to treat an actively bleeding leg wound. A plastic bag has been fashioned into a mask to provide supplemental oxygen during the procedure. Higher oxygen flow rates are required when using this technique in order to avoid the buildup of expired CO 2. Relative hemoglobin saturation trends are being monitored by placing an oximeter probe on the ear. The animal was maintained in lateral recumbency on a cushioned mat to reduce the potential for pressure-induced nerve injury. Neck folds used as preferred sites for injection of intramuscular drugs can be seen as well. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at - Because of reported difficulties associated with the use of etorphine [2,9], young river hippos acquired by the San Diego Zoo were used in a pilot study to evaluate the use of detomidine and butorphanol as a potential sedative agent combination in this species. Surprisingly, a combination of 0.15 mg/kg butorphanol tartrate with mg/kg detomidine mixed together and given as a single injection i.m. produced profound sedation and recumbency suitable to conduct physical exams, phlebotomy and other routine procedures in three young river hippos [10]. The D-B protocol was used to immobilize a 28 year-old female hippopotamus for a dermatologic evaluation. In this case, 40 mg of detomidine and 60 mg of butorphanol were given i.m. [11]. The result was recumbency, but incomplete sedation. Access was gained to this animal through protected contact with the animal lying recumbent in a sturdy chute during the medical investigation. After 65 minutes of recumbency the animal stood without warning. Although in this case the weight estimate was 950 kg, it is more likely that an adult female hippopotamus would be approximately 1500 kg. At 1500 kg, the resulting doses would have been approximately mg/kg of detomidine and 0.04 mg/kg butorphanol, well below the doses we have used in young river hippos. This result is testimony to the potency of an alpha2-adrenergic agent and butorphanol in this species. This sedative combination can be antagonized using yohimbine at 0.3 mg/kg with naltrexone at 0.5 mg/kg or atipamezole at 5
3 mg atipamezole per each 1 mg detomidine with naltrexone at 0.5 mg/kg (Morris, unpublished results). In our practice these agents are mixed into one syringe and administered i.m. to avoid adverse reactions associated with intravenous atipamezole [12]. The D-B protocol reported here is, in the author s opinion, the combination of choice for hippopotamus. In addition to the beneficial attributes of D-B sedation in hippopotamus, most practitioners are unable to obtain etorphine on any kind of regular basis. For the interested reader, selected case reports of anesthetic events in hippopotamus are listed in the references [1,5,8,11,13-16]. Venous access is a problem in this species due to the thick skin. Venous access can be accomplished with a superficial vein lying along the medial aspect of the antebrachium and with superficial ear veins [2,9] (Fig. 2). Figure 2. The medial cephalic vein is difficult to catheterize, but can be used for venous access. In this case, a blood replacement product is being given to help fight the effects of blood loss during triage of an actively bleeding leg wound. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at - Ketamine administered at 1 mg/kg i.v. has produced additional sedation in one young river hippo sedated in our practice to treat a leg wound. Apneustia was observed in this case after the administration of intravenous ketamine, but oximetry remained unchanged. Within five minutes of ketamine administration, spontaneous respiration resumed (Morris, unpublished results). Blood can be obtained from the tail laterally at the base through a blind stick, but is not a reliable site for phlebotomy or catheterization. The caudal tail artery was not a reliable source for blood collection in the four animals used to evaluate the D-B protocol. Ultrasound imaging can be useful to locate superficial blood vessels if none can be seen or balloted in the ear or front leg. Patient Monitoring It is often difficult to monitor vital signs in river hippopotamus, mainly due to the fact that the thick hide and large size tends to complicate visualization of respirations and cardiac auscultation. A respirometer attached to an endotracheal tube inserted into a nostril helps to monitor spontaneous respiration. Relative hemoglobin saturation values can be obtained by placing an oximeter probe on the pinna, the tongue, or the vulva/prepuce. An ECG also allows monitoring of the heart rate, but interference often obscures the electrical signal emitted by the heart (Morris, unpublished results). Venous blood gases measured in 5 separate sedation events using D-B in a 1.5 year old juvenile river hippopotamus are summarized in Table 2. In the cases described here, evidence of hypoxemia was noted early on in the procedures. Table 2. Summary venous blood gas data on a 1.5 year old juvenile pygmy hippo (average = top line, SEM = bottom line, n= 5 immobilizations). Body temp (F) ph PCO 2 PO 2 Calc HCO 3 Calc BEecf Calc SO 2 Calc TCO 2 Average SEM In the author s experience hypoxemia is commonly seen when sedating zoological species, and is an expected event during recumbency of large animals [17]. The effects of sedation and recumbency tend to result in hypoventilation. In most cases this will result in hypoxemia and hypercapnea. Hypercapnea was evident during sedation in these cases, but this is a typical finding in the author s experience with most sedation events in large-bodied zoological species. Because prolonged hypercapnea can lead to metabolic problems the author uses a practical approach to dealing with hypercapnea; as a general rule of thumb, sedations are limited to less than an hour total duration from darting to administration of antagonists. In the author s experience the vast majority of routine procedures can be accomplished in this time. If sedation is required beyond an hour it is advisable to intubate and maintain the animal on inhalant anesthesia. Once this is accomplished, hypercapnea can usually be reversed by assisted ventilation efforts.
4 Table 3a. Summary of serum chemistry results of river hippos sedated with D-B (SEM in parenthesis) (n=10) Na (1.5) K 4.6 (0.3) Cl 98.5 (1.3) CO (0.5) Anion 10.8 (0.5) Ca 10 (0.2) PO (0.5) Alk 220 (68.7) AST (14.8) ALT 19.8 (0.9) LDH (205.6) CPK (1598.1) GGT 27.5 (1.3) Glu (16.8) BUN 18 (1.6) CR 1.3 (0.1) UA 0.4 (0.0) TP 6.9 (0.3) Alb 4.3 (0.2) Tbili 0.9 (0.1) Chol 10.0 (2.7) Trig 21.3 (6.3) Mg 2.0 (0.1) Amy 3.3 (0.5) Table 3b. Summary hematology results of river hippos sedated with D-B (average = top line, SEM bottom line, n=10) WBC RBC Hb PCV MCV MCH MCHC Plt PP Fib nrb Hem Seg Ban Juy Lymph Monos Eos Basos In the author s experience hypoxemia is commonly seen when sedating zoological species, and is an expected event during recumbency of large animals [17]. The effects of sedation and recumbency tend to result in hypoventilation. In most cases this will result in hypoxemia and hypercapnea. Hypercapnea was evident during sedation in these cases, but this is a typical finding in the author s experience with most sedation events in large-bodied zoological species. Because prolonged hypercapnea can lead to metabolic problems the author uses a practical approach to dealing with hypercapnea; as a general rule of thumb, sedations are limited to less than an hour total duration from darting to administration of antagonists. In the author s experience the vast majority of routine procedures can be accomplished in this time. If sedation is required beyond an hour it is advisable to intubate and maintain the animal on inhalant anesthesia. Once this is accomplished, hypercapnea can usually be reversed by assisted ventilation efforts. In field situations, oxygen can be supplemented via soft rubber cannula inserted into one nostril, or a plastic bag fashioned into a mask. Care must be taken to avoid rebreathing with a mask by setting the oxygen flow rate up high enough to significantly reduce rebreathing. A recent case of a young female hippo sedated to evaluate a leg wound is used to illustrate oxygen supplementation and oximetry trend monitoring (Fig. 1). Invasive procedures require supplemental anesthesia. For these cases endotracheal intubation is indicated. For adult hippopotamus cuffed endotracheal tubes between mm diameter are recommended, using an oxygen flow rate of approximately 15 liters/min [2]. Isoflurane has been used to supplement anesthesia in hippopotamus for various invasive procedures [9]. Propofol at approximately mcg/kg/min would also be theoretically useful as a supplement anesthetic agent to perform invasive procedures, but spontaneous arousal of a hippopotamus during a procedure would be an extremely dangerous event. In addition to this, intravenous access is difficult to achieve in this species, and once established, is easily lost if a limb is moved. Therefore, until more is reported on the use of propofol for hippos, isoflurane for maintenance anesthesia would be safest for the animal and personnel in attendance. Recovery is fairly straight forward, since the hippopotamus is built low to the ground, there is usually little harm associated with multiple attempts to rise. Access to a pool should be given only once the signs of sedation have abated. In the cases sedated with detomidine/butorphanol, animals were allowed access to a pool two hours after recovery provided there was no outward sign of sedation. Recurrent sedation following antagonism in D-B cases has not been encountered in any of the 8 events recorded in four river hippos at the San Diego Zoo.
5 Acknowledgement The author would like to thank the co-authors and the registered veterinary technicians, clinical pathology technicians, animal management staff and keepers of the San Diego Zoo who were involved with the sedation procedures described in this article. Finally, the author would like to thank Dr. Victoria Clyde for feedback on the use of D-B in an adult nile hippopotamus at the Milwaukee Zoo. References 1. Flach EJ, Furrokh IK, Thornton SM, et al. Caesarean section in a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and the management of the wound. Vet Rec 1998; 143(22): Loomis MC, Ramsay EC. Anesthesia for Captive Nile Hippopotamus. In: Fowler ME and Miller RE, eds. Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1999; Boitani L, Bartoli S. Hippopotamus (plate 355) and Pygmy Hippopotamus (plate 354). In: Anderson S, ed. Simon and Schuster s Guide to Mammals. New York: Simon and Schuster Co, 1982; plates Taylor G, Greenwood A. Hippopotamidae. In: Fowler ME ed. Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1986; Reed GT. Immobilization of two captive adult Nile hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius). In: Proceedings of the Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1978; Dumonceaux GA, Burton MS, Ball RL, et al. Veterinary procedures facilitated by behavioral conditioning and desensitization in reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). In: Proceedings of the Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1998; Krueger S, Shellabarger W, Reichard T. Hippopotamus training: Implications for veterinary care. In: Proceedings of the Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1996; Pearce PC, Knight J, Gustavo C, et al. Immobilization of a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). J Zoo Anim Med 1985; 16(3): Ramsay EC, Loomis MR, Mehren KG, et al. Chemical restraint of the Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in captivity. J Zoo Wildl Med 1998; 29(1): Morris PJ. Recent developments in anesthesia of exotic ungulates. In: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 1996; Clyde VL, Wallace RS, Pocknell AM. Dermatitis caused by group G beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in Nile hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius). In: Proceedings of the Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1998; Jalanka HH, Roeken BO: The use of medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations, and atipamezole in nondomestic mammals: A review. J Zoo Wildl Med 1990; 21: Bishop L, Stoskopf MK. Immobilization of two captive Nile hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius). J Zoo Anim Med 1978; 9 (3): Boever WJ, Miller RE. Repair of rectal stricture and prolapse in a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). J Zoo Anim Med 1983; 14(2): Robinson PT. A history of the pigmy hippo in captivity. J Zoo Anim Med 1971; 2(2): Weston HS, Fagella AM, Burt L, et al. Immobilization of a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) for the removal of an oral mass. In: Proceedings of the Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1996; Hornof, WJ, Dunlop CL, Prestage R and Amis TC. Effects of lateral recumbency on regional lung function in anesthetized horses. AJVR 1986; 47: All rights reserved. This document is available on-line at Document No. B
Dexmedetomidine and its Injectable Anesthetic-Pain Management Combinations
Back to Anesthesia/Pain Management Back to Table of Contents Front Page : Library : ACVC 2009 : Anesthesia/Pain Management : Dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine and its Injectable Anesthetic-Pain Management
More informationThis SOP presents commonly used anesthetic regimes in rabbits.
Comparative Medicine SOP #: 103. 01 Page: 1 of 7 Rabbit Anaesthesia The intent of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to describe commonly used methods to anesthetize rabbits at Comparative Medicine
More informationStanding sedation with medetomidine and butorphanol in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Standing sedation with medetomidine and butorphanol in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) I. Lüders a,b, B. Tindall c, D. Young d, G. van der Horst a,b, S. Botha e, I. Luther a,b, L. Maree
More informationGUIDELINES FOR ANESTHESIA AND FORMULARIES
GUIDELINES FOR ANESTHESIA AND FORMULARIES Anesthesia is the act of rendering the animal senseless to pain or discomfort and is required for surgical and other procedures. Criteria for choosing an anesthetic
More informationProceedings of the International Congress of the Italian Association of Companion Animal Veterinarians
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the International Congress of the Italian Association of Companion Animal Veterinarians June 8-10, 2012 - Rimini, Italy Next SCIVAC Congress: Mar. 8-10, 2013 Pisa, Italy SCIVAC
More informationAnaesthesia and Analgesia of fish
Anaesthesia and Analgesia of fish Dr Stewart Fielder Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Marine fish production and enhancement Plan of talk Who uses anaesthetics for fish Why anaesthetics are used When
More informationDOG CHEMICAL & NON-CHEMICAL CAPTURE AND HANDLING Maximizing Success and Minimizing the Fight For Animal Control Officers
DOG CHEMICAL & NON-CHEMICAL CAPTURE AND HANDLING Maximizing Success and Minimizing the Fight For Animal Control Officers -GENERAL COURSE OUTLINE- Mark R. Johnson DVM, Instructor INTRODUCTION A. Instructor:
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Narketan-10 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active substance
More informationThese are the topics typically covered in GWR courses All labs with live animals have been approved by several Animal Care and Use Committees.
WILDLIFE HANDLING & CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION FOR WILDLIFE PROFESSIONALS -GE ERAL COURSE OUTLI E- Mark R. Johnson DVM, Instructor These are the topics typically covered in GWR courses All labs with live
More informationDISSOCIATIVE ANESTHESIA
DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHESIA Adarsh Kumar Dissociative anesthesia implies dissociation from the surrounding with only superficial sleep mediated by interruption of neuronal transmission from unconscious to
More informationCAT AND DOG ANESTHESIA
Document: ACUP104.03 Issue Date: 21 SEP 17; Effective Date: 21 SEP 17 Authorization: Dr. N. Place, IACUC Chair Author: E. Silvela (Revision) CAT AND DOG ANESTHESIA 1. PURPOSE 1.1. The purpose of this Animal
More informationMark W. Atkinson, B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., Bruce Hull, D.V.M., A. Rae Gandolf, D.V.M., and Evan S. Blumer, V.M.D.
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (): 17 1, Copyright by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians REPEATED CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF A CAPTIVE GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS),
More informationT u l a n e U n i v e r s i t y I A C U C Guidelines for Rodent & Rabbit Anesthesia, Analgesia and Tranquilization & Euthanasia Methods
T u l a n e U n i v e r s i t y I A C U C Guidelines for Rodent & Rabbit Anesthesia, Analgesia and Tranquilization & Euthanasia Methods Abbreviations: General Considerations IV = intravenous SC = subcutaneous
More informationAlfaxan. (alfaxalone 10 mg/ml) Intravenous injectable anesthetic for use in cats and dogs. TECHNICAL NOTES DESCRIPTION INDICATIONS
Alfaxan (alfaxalone 10 mg/ml) Intravenous injectable anesthetic for use in cats and dogs. NADA 141-342, Approved by FDA ALFAXAN (Schedule: C-IV) (alfaxalone 10 mg/ml) Intravenous injectable anesthetic
More informationPremedication with alpha-2 agonists procedures for monitoring anaesthetic
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Premedication with alpha-2 agonists procedures for monitoring anaesthetic Author : Lisa Angell, Chris Seymour Categories :
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #110 MOUSE ANESTHESIA
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #110 MOUSE ANESTHESIA 1. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes methods for anesthetizing mice. 2. RESPONSIBILITY Principal Investigators (PIs) and their
More informationAnesthetic regimens for mice, rats and guinea pigs
Comparative Medicine SOP #: 101. 01 Page: 1 of 10 Anesthetic regimens for mice, rats and guinea pigs The intent of the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to describe commonly used methods to anaesthetize
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #111 RAT ANESTHESIA
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #111 RAT ANESTHESIA 1. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes methods for anesthetizing rats. 2. RESPONSIBILITY Principal Investigators (PIs) and their research
More informationUpdate in Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta
Update in Veterinary Medicine Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta Overview of Discussion Medical management of captive orangutans Preventative Medicine Anesthesia Protocols Vaccinations TB testing Current Health
More informationANESTHESIA, CHEMICAL RESTRAINT AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN SNAKES (SERPENTES) A REVIEW. Seven Mustafa, Nadya Zlateva
TRADITION AND MODERNITY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE, 2018, vol. 3, No 1(4): 37 44 ANESTHESIA, CHEMICAL RESTRAINT AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN SNAKES (SERPENTES) A REVIEW Seven Mustafa, Nadya Zlateva University of
More informationAustralian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Membership Examination. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Paper 1
Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Membership Examination June 2015 Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Paper 1 Perusal time: Fifteen (15) minutes Time allowed: Two (2) hours
More informationAnesthesia & analgesia in birds
Anesthesia and analgesia in birds Yvonne R.A. van Zeeland, DVM, PhD, MVR, Dip. ECZM (avian) Division of Zoological Medicine, Utrecht University Anesthesia & analgesia in birds Yvonne van Zeeland DVM, MVR,
More informationIlona Rodan, DVMDABVP. Questions and Answers from March 5 18, 2012 AAHA Web Conference
Ilona Rodan, DVMDABVP Do you have any specific recommendations for sedation or anesthesia? Limited options are available at my places of employment. There are many preferences, and whatever works in your
More informationIMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE NON-DOMESTIC HOOFSTOCK WITH CARFENTANIL
IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE NON-DOMESTIC HOOFSTOCK WITH CARFENTANIL Jack L. Allen, DVM San Diego Wild Animal Park, 15500 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, California 92027; USA Donald L. Janssen, DVM San
More informationProceedings of the International Congress of the Italian Association of Companion Animal Veterinarians
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the International Congress of the Italian Association of Companion Animal Veterinarians June 8-10, 2012 - Rimini, Italy Next SCIVAC Congress: Mar. 8-10, 2013 Pisa, Italy SCIVAC
More informationCLINICAL ESSENTIAL HUDDLE CARD. All associates must comply with their state practice acts.
CLINICAL ESSENTIAL HUDDLE CARD All associates must comply with their state practice acts. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION Where can you find information about your state practice acts? If you are unclear of what
More informationArticle Artikel. M Bush a*, J P Raath b, L G Phillips c and W Lance d
Article Artikel Immobilisation of impala (Aepyceros melampus) with a ketamine hydrochloride/medetomidine hydrochloride combination, and reversal with atipamezole hydrochloride M Bush a*, J P Raath b, L
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT NOSEDORM 5 mg/ml Solution for injection for dogs and cats [DE, ES, FR, PT] 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each
More informationIs Atipamezole better than Yohimbine for reversal of Xylazine in male C57BL/6 mice anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine?
Is Atipamezole better than Yohimbine for reversal of Xylazine in male C57BL/6 mice anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine? Chris Janssen DVM Kara Kracinovsky ALAT Joe Newsome DVM, DACLAM University of Pittsburgh
More informationDay 90 Labelling, PL LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET
LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET A. LABELLING PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGE : Carton 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Alvegesic vet. 10 mg/ml Solution for injection for Horses, Dogs
More informationGuide to Veterinary Surgery If you are like most people, you want to know what you
Guide to Veterinary Surgery If you are like most people, you want to know what you are paying for and why things cost what they do. You will find that veterinary providers are all different, and you may
More informationComparison of three anaesthetic protocols in Bennett s wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus)
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2010, 37, 207 214 doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00523.x RESEARCH PAPER Comparison of three anaesthetic protocols in Bennett s wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) Tim Bouts*,
More informationA New Advancement in Anesthesia. Your clear choice for induction.
A New Advancement in Anesthesia Your clear choice for induction. By Kirby Pasloske When using Alfaxan, patients should be continuously monitored, and facilities for maintenance of a patent airway, artificial
More informationUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Policy: Surgical Guidelines EFFECTIVE ISSUE DATE: 2/21/2005 REVISION DATE(s): 2/14/15; 3/19/2018 SCOPE To describe guidelines and considerations
More informationA COMPARISON OF CARFENTANIL/XYLAZINE AND TELAZOL / XYLAZINE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER
A COMPARISON OF CARFENTANIL/XYLAZINE AND TELAZOL / XYLAZINE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER Author(s): Brad F. Miller, Lisa I. Muller, Timothy N. Storms, Edward C. Ramsay, David A. Osborn, Robert
More informationPHYSICIAN ORDERS. Page 1 of 6. Provider Initial: Esophagectomy Preoperative [ ] Height Weight Allergies
Height Weight Allergies If appropriate for patient condition, please consider the following order sets: Hydration Order for Reducing Risk of Radiocontrast Induced Nephrotoxicity Physician Order #683 In
More information6/10/2015. Multi Purpose Canine (MPC) Restraint and Physical Examination PFN: Terminal Learning Objective. Hours: Instructor:
Multi Purpose Canine (MPC) Restraint and Physical Examination PFN: Hours: Instructor: Slide 1 Slide 2 Terminal Learning Objective Action: Communicate knowledge of Multi Purpose Canine (MPC) restraint and
More informationBUTORPHANOL AND AZAPERONE AS A SAFE ALTERNATIVE FOR REPEATED CHEMICAL RESTRAINT IN CAPTIVE WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 3(2): 96 200, 2000 Copyright 2000 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians BUTORPHANOL AND AZAPERONE AS A SAFE ALTERNATIVE FOR REPEATED CHEMICAL RESTRAINT IN CAPTIVE
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT ANESKETIN 100 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs, cats and horses Belgium: NIMATEK 100 mg/ml solution for injection for
More informationthe same safe, reliable sedation and analgesia as DEXDOMITOR. specifically made for cats that weigh 7 lb or less.
feline dosing chart DEXDOMITOR 0.1 mg/ml (dexmedetomidine) Sedation/analgesia in cats Feline 40 mcg/kg IM lb kg ml 2 4 1 2 4.1 7 2.1 3 0.5 1.0 For higher weight ranges, use DEXDOMITOR (dexmedetomidine),
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Narcostart 1 mg/ml solution for injection for cats and dogs (NL, AT, BE, CZ, EL, HU, IS, LU, PL, SK)
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised: September 2015 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Narcostart 1 mg/ml solution for injection for cats and dogs (NL, AT, BE, CZ, EL, HU, IS, LU, PL, SK)
More informationMouse Formulary. The maximum recommended volume of a drug given depends on the route of administration (Formulary for Laboratory Animals, 3 rd ed.
Mouse Formulary The maximum recommended volume of a drug given depends on the route of administration (Formulary for Laboratory Animals, 3 rd ed.): Intraperitoneal (IP) doses should not exceed 80 ml/kg
More informationReversal of Medetomidine-Ketamine Combination Anesthesia in Rabbits by Atipamezole
Exp. Anim. 53(5), 423 428, 2004 Reversal of Medetomidine-Ketamine Combination Anesthesia in Rabbits by Atipamezole Min Su KIM 1), Seong Mok JEONG 1), Jae Hak PARK 2), Tchi Chou NAM 1) and Kang Moon SEO
More informationANTAGONISM OF XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IMMOBILIZATION IN GUINEAFOWL (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS) BY YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE
ANTAGONISM OF XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IMMOBILIZATION IN GUINEAFOWL (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS) BY YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE Author: J. Andrew Teare Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23(2)
More information1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER AND OF THE MANUFACTURING AUTHORISATION HOLDER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE, IF DIFFERENT
PACKAGE LEAFLET FOR: Dormilan solution for injection for dogs and cats [FR] Dormilan 1 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs and cats [DE, PT, UK] Reanest 1 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs and cats
More informationTop 5 Short Procedure Sedation Scenarios
Top 5 Short Procedure Scenarios Khursheed Mama, DVM, DACVAA Colorado State University can be used to facilitate management of aggressive animals, completion of minor procedures (eg, biopsy, laceration
More informationA DAY IN THE LIFE OF A ZOO VETERINARY TECHNICIAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A ZOO VETERINARY TECHNICIAN Brittney Exarhos, LVT, RVT Toledo Zoo and Aquarium 2700 Broadway St. Toledo OH 43609 Everyday is different when you work in a zoo. The zoo veterinary staff
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Xylacare 2% w/v Solution for Injection 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substances Qualitative composition
More informationPain Management in Racing Greyhounds
Pain Management in Racing Greyhounds Pain Pain is a syndrome consisting of multiple organ system responses, and if left untreated will contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. Greyhounds incur a
More information! The best anaesthesia is the one you have experience with!
WILDLIFE CHEMICAL CAPTURE AND ANAESTHESIA II! C. Walzer! Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology! University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria! Wisdom 1! The best anaesthesia is the one you have experience
More informationThe UCD community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters!
Provided by the author(s) and University College Dublin Library in accordance with publisher policies., Please cite the published version when available. Title The use of epidurals in cattle Authors(s)
More informationDREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE POLICY FOR PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOR NON-RODENT MAMMALS
DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE POLICY FOR PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOR NON-RODENT MAMMALS OBJECTIVE: This policy is to ensure that appropriate provisions
More informationEQUINE ANESTHESIA. Introduction. Standing chemical restraint and preanesthetic agents. Lyon Lee DVM PhD DACVA
EQUINE ANESTHESIA Lyon Lee DVM PhD DACVA Introduction Higher morbidity and mortality associated with general anesthesia (1:100) in comparison to small animals (1:1000) or human (1: 200,000) No change of
More informationField Anesthesia Techniques in Camelids
Handling, Restraint and Field Anesthesia of Camelids David E Anderson, DVM, MS, DACVS Professor and Head Large Animal Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee While camelids are much easier to work with
More informationPOLICY ON ASEPTIC RECOVERY SURGERY ON USDA REGULATED NONRODENT SPECIES Adopted by the University Committee on Animal Resources October 15, 2014
POLICY ON ASEPTIC RECOVERY SURGERY ON USDA REGULATED NONRODENT SPECIES Adopted by the University Committee on Animal Resources October 15, 2014 The U.S.D.A Animal Welfare Act (9 CFR) requires use of aseptic
More informationNUMBER: /2005
Purpose PAGE 1 OF 7 The purpose of this policy is to describe the procedures for keeping and maintaining animal medical records. This procedure is approved by the Creighton University Institutional Animal
More informationUSE OF MEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE AS SEDATIVE IN CATTLE CALVES
ISSN 1023-1072 Pak. J. Agri., Agril. Engg., Vet. Sci., 2010, 26 (2): 87-99 USE OF MEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE AS SEDATIVE IN CATTLE CALVES 11 A. B. Kalhoro, M. Tariq, A. B. Kachiwal, R. Rind, D. H. Kalhoro
More informationPerioperative Care of Swine
Swine are widely used in protocols that involve anesthesia and invasive surgical procedures. In order to ensure proper recovery of animals, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative techniques specific
More informationComparison of anesthesia with a morphine lidocaine ketamine infusion or a morphine lidocaine epidural on time to extubation in dogs
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2016, 43, 86 90 doi:10.1111/vaa.12273 SHORT COMMUNICATION Comparison of anesthesia with a morphine lidocaine ketamine infusion or a morphine lidocaine epidural on
More informationNUMBER: R&C-ARF-10.0
1. PURPOSE PAGE 1 OF 6 This policy describes the procedures for keeping and maintaining animal medical records. This procedure is approved by the Creighton University Institutional Animal Care and Use
More informationPreanesthesia in dogs Dog Weight. Sedation/analgesia in dogs Dog Weight. Sedation/analgesia and preanesthesia in cats
Package Insert NADA 141-267, Approved by FDA. (dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) Sterile Injectable Solution 0.5 mg/ml Intramuscular and Intravenous use in Dogs Intramuscular use in Cats Sedative, Analgesic,
More informationISPUB.COM. Anesthesia Of Exotic Animals. C Wenker INTRODUCTION INSTRUMENTATION AND ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology Volume 2 Number 3 C Wenker Citation C Wenker.. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. 1997 Volume 2 Number 3. Abstract Limited access to a number of patients
More informationLarge Animal Laboratory Animal Skills List
Large Animal Laboratory Animal s List A minimum of 80% (73 of 92 skills) of the skills must be mastered. s must be cross-referenced in your case logs. Some skills may require more than one corresponding
More informationDOSE ROUTE FREQUENCYREFERENCENOTES
Published on UC Davis Safety Services (https://safetyservices.ucdavis.edu) List of Formularies Rabbit Formulary Dog Formulary Cat Formulary Guinea Pig Formulary Rat Formulary Mouse Formulary Hamster Formulary
More informationIOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Blood Collection Guidelines
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Blood Collection Guidelines Purpose To provide Iowa State University (ISU) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines
More informationHealth Products Regulatory Authority
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Ketamidor 100 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 ml contains: Active substance: Ketamine (as hydrochloride) Excipient:
More informationMedical terminology tests. Dr masoud sirati nir
Circle the term that best completes the meaning of the Following sentences : 1. A physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery a) anesthetist b) psychologist c)
More informationNon-invasive, mildly to moderately painful, procedures and examinations which require restraint, sedation and analgesia in dogs and cats.
1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Sedadex 0.1 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs and cats 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 ml contains: Active substance: Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride
More informationDepartment of Laboratory Animal Resources. Veterinary Recommendations for Anesthesia and Analgesia
Department of Laboratory Animal Resources Guideline Veterinary Recommendations for Anesthesia and Analgesia A. PRINCIPLES OF ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 1. The proper anesthetic and analgesic agents must
More informationUPEI / AVC Guidelines for Categories of Invasiveness and Rest Periods for Teaching Animals
UPEI / AVC Guidelines for Categories of Invasiveness and Rest Periods for Teaching Animals Created: 1996 Revised: April 2011 Background The UPEI Animal Care Committee (ACC) recognizes that animals can
More informationOnline Early Version
Online Early Version Prolonged chemical restraint of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) with etorphine supplemented with medetomidine David Griffiths 1 Erik W. Born 2 Mario Acquarone 3 1 Norwegian University of
More informationEXOTIC SMALL MAMMAL ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES
EXOTIC SMALL MAMMAL ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES Jody Nugent-Deal, RVT, VTS (Anesthesia) and (Clinical Practice Exotic Companion Animal) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California, Davis, CA
More informationAPPLICATION FOR LIVE ANIMAL USE IN TEACHING AT FAULKNER STATE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
APPLICATION FOR LIVE ANIMAL USE IN TEACHING AT FAULKNER STATE COMMUNITY COLLEGE MARK WITH AN X IN THE BOX FOR ONE OF THE FOLLOWING AND TYPE YOUR CURRENT PROTOCOL NUMBER IF NEEDED: X New application Amendment
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Name of the Veterinary Medicinal Product Vetofol 10mg/ml Emulsion for Injection for cats and dogs (AT, CY, EE, FI, DE, EL, LV, PT, ES) Norofol 10mg/ml Emulsion for
More informationDECISION AND SECTION 43 STATEMENT TO THE VETERINARY COUNCIL BY THE COMPLAINTS ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: CAC Dr A. (Section 39 referral/complaint)
DECISION AND SECTION 43 STATEMENT TO THE VETERINARY COUNCIL BY THE COMPLAINTS ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: CAC15-07 Dr A (Section 39 referral/complaint) Dr A B Dr C Veterinarian Clinic where Dr A works Former
More informationMass Delivery of Nonsurgical Sterilants
Neutersol - What Works? What Targets? What Next? Nonsurgical Sterilization Presentation By: Sean Hawkins, President November 11, 2006 ACC&D Annual Conference Mass Delivery of Nonsurgical Sterilants Fun
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Medeson 1 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs and cats [AT, CY, CZ, DE, EL, ES, HR, IT, LT, LV, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK] Medeson,
More informationFeline blood transfusions: preliminary considerations
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Feline blood transfusions: preliminary considerations Author : Andrea Harvey Categories : RVNs Date : September 1, 2011 ABSTRACT
More informationSOP: Blood Collection in the Horse
SOP: Blood Collection in the Horse These SOPs were developed by the Office of the University Veterinarian and reviewed by Virginia Tech IACUC to provide a reference and guidance to investigators during
More informationCanine Spay and Neuter Services At Manzini Animal Hospital
Canine Spay and Neuter Services At Manzini Animal Hospital When your dog is booked in for his/her surgical procedure it can be a very anxious time for you, but here at Manzini we strive to ensure every
More informationThe Use of Butorphanol in Anesthesia Protocols for Zoo and Wild Mammals
C H A P T E R 77 The Use of Butorphanol in Anesthesia Protocols for Zoo and Wild Mammals Mitchell Bush, Scott B. Citino, and William R. Lance Butorphanol tartrate is a synthetically derived opioid agonist-antagonist
More informationKennel Management: Cats Provide separate cat wards Feliway TM plug-in Through a Dog s Ear music Keep fearful cats on top cages Provide hiding options
Canine and Feline Handling and Restraint: The Basics of Keeping You Safe and Your Patients Happy Meghan E. Herron, DVM, DACVB The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center www.vet.osu.edu/behvaior
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Dormilan solution for injection for dogs and cats [FR] Dormilan 1 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs and cats [DE, ES,
More informationCapture and Immobilization of Free-Ranging Edentates (9-Dec-2002)
In: Zoological Restraint and Anesthesia, D. Heard (Ed.) Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service (www.ivis.org), Ithaca, New York, USA. Capture and Immobilization of Free-Ranging Edentates
More informationTraditional Laboratory Animal Skills List
Traditional Laboratory Animal s List A minimum of 80% (72 of 90 skills) of the skills must be mastered. s must be cross-referenced in your case logs. Some skills may require more than one corresponding
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Domitor 1 solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance: Medetomidine hydrochloride (equivalent
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
Butomidor 10 mg/ml - Solution for injection for horses, dogs and cats SPC_labelling_PIL 22 December 2011 [Version 7.2, 12/2008] ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL
More informationProceedings of the Southern European Veterinary Conference - SEVC -
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the Southern European Veterinary Conference - SEVC - Sep. 29-Oct. 2, 2011, Barcelona, Spain Next SEVC Conference: Oct. 18-21, 2012 - Barcelona, Spain Reprinted in the IVIS website
More informationOxygenation in Medetomidine-Sedated Dogs with and without 100% Oxygen Insufflation
J. C. H. Ko, A. B. Weil, T. Kitao, M. E. Payton, and T. Inoue Oxygenation in Medetomidine-Sedated Dogs with and without 100% Oxygen Insufflation Jeff C. H. Ko, DVM, MS, DACVA a Ann B. Weil, DVM, MS, DACVA
More informationCanine Dosing Chart DEXDOMITOR
Canine Dosing Chart DEXDOMITOR (dexmedetomidine) -.5 mg/ Preanesthesia in dogs Sedation/analgesia in dogs Canine Weight 5 IM 375 IM 375 IV 5 IM lb kg kg kg kg kg 4.4 7 3.4.4 8.. 8.. 4.5 7. 3. 4 8.3.5 5.5
More informationModule C Veterinary Anaesthesia Small Animal Anaesthesia and Analgesia (C-VA.1)
Module C Veterinary Anaesthesia Small Animal Anaesthesia and Analgesia (C-VA.1) Module Leader - Elizabeth Armitage-Chan MA Vet MB DipACVA MRCVS RCVS Specialist in Veterinary Anaesthesia The aim of the
More informationOral sedation of horses
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Oral sedation of horses Author : Aimi Duff Categories : Equine, Vets Date : September 28, 2015 Sedation is sometimes necessary
More informationN.C. A and T List of Approved Analgesics 1 of 5
1 of 5 Note to user: This list of commonly used analgesics and sedatives is not all-inclusive. The absence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is unacceptable. For any questions, call the Clinical
More informationPOST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA AND FORMULARIES
POST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA AND FORMULARIES An integral component of any animal protocol is the prevention or alleviation of pain or distress, such as that associated with surgical and other procedures. Pain
More informationColor: Black/Tan NO GROWTH ON SOLID MEDIA IN 48 HRS. NO GROWTH ON SOLID MEDIA IN 24 HRS.
11/10/2015 L RD Microbiology results from Antech Diagnostics FINAL RPT 11/12/2015 PRELIM 1 11/11/2015 Ascn: IRBE51114588 Profile: Urine MIC Culture RE: 3099 SOURCE Urine RE: 3196 - (Not Stated) NO GROWTH
More informationAnesthesia Check-off Form
Anesthesia Check-off Form 5231 SW 91st Drive Gainesville, FL 32608 (352) 377-6003 The doctors and staff at Haile Plantation Animal Clinic would like to offer the most advanced medical care and services
More informationPig Reproduction Practical 2 Intensive Animal Industries 2011
Pig Reproduction Practical 2 Intensive Animal Industries 2011 Kim Nairn and Yvette Miller Learning Objectives Understand the reproductive cycle in the pig, including the signs of oestrus Understand the
More informationCepesedan 10 mg/ml, Solution for Injection for Horses and Cattle
1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cepesedan 10 mg/ml, Solution for Injection for Horses and Cattle DE: Cepesedan RP 10 mg/ml, Solution for Injection for Horses and Cattle AT / BE / ES / FR /
More informationCorrespondence should be addressed to M. Veeraselvam;
Veterinary Medicine International, Article ID 341047, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/341047 Research Article Chemical Immobilization of Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus) with Ketamine Hydrochloride
More informationA comparison of three combinations of injectable anesthetics in miniature donkeys
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2002, 29, 36^42 RESEARCH PAPER A comparison of three combinations of injectable anesthetics in miniature donkeys Nora S Matthews DVM, Dip ACVA, Tex S Taylor DVM, Dip
More information