Zoonoses and Allergens: What Every Technician Should Know
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1 Zoonoses and Allergens: What Every Technician Should Know 2012 AALAS District 5 Meeting Sarah Allison, DVM, DACLAM University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2 What is a Zoonosis? O A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
3 Prevention O Most effective approach O Education O Exposure O Types of exposure O Nature and significance of risks O Appropriate first aid and follow up for potential exposure O Reinforce information
4 Prevention O Veterinary Programs O Comprehensive and responsive O All workers share responsibility for protecting their own health O Personal Hygiene O Involvement of researchers O Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) O Use when handling animals and their housing and bedding materials
5 PPE O Lab coat or dedicated uniform O Disposable gown or Tyvek O Gloves
6 PPE O Face protection O Head cap or bonnet O Shoe covers or dedicated shoes
7 Animal Sources O Animals may be obtained from a variety of sources that vary in health status O Commercial vendors O Provide high-quality laboratory animals of defined health status O Eliminate all or most zoonotic agents
8 Animal Sources O Research may require wild-caught or animals from an undefined source O No documented history O May introduce unique population of endogenous and acquired pathogens into facility
9 Bacterial Diseases
10 Campylobacteriosis O Campylobacter coli, C. fetus, C. jejuni O Description: Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, microaerophilic O Reservoir O Pigs, chickens, sheep, dogs, cats, ferrets, hamsters, NHP O Transmission O Fecal-oral
11 Campylobacteriosis O Clinical Signs O Animals O None O Watery diarrhea; abortion and stillbirths; fever, anorexia, vomiting O People O None O Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, diarrhea
12 Campylobacteriosis O Diagnosis and Treatment O Fecal culture, microscopic exam; ELISA O Supportive care- fluids, electrolytes O Control and Prevention O Good hygiene and sanitation O Detection and treatment of infected animals
13 Rat-Bite Fever O Streptobacillus moniliformis, gram negative rod O Spirillum minus, gram negative spiral shaped bacteria O Reservoir O Wild or laboratory rats, mice O Transmission O Bites
14 Rat Bite Fever O Clinical Signs O Animal O None O People O Chills, fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, swollen lymph nodes (S. moniliformis) O Red to purple rash (S. minus)
15 Rat Bite Fever O Diagnosis and Treatment O Culture and isolation O Wash bite wounds O Penicillin or tetracycline O Tetanus prophylaxis O Control and Prevention O PPE, gloves, proper restraint techniques
16 Leptospirosis O Leptospira canicola (dogs) O L. hardjo, L. pomona (pigs, sheep, goats, gerbils, hamster, rarely NHP) O L. icterohaemorrhagia (rats) O L. interrogans serovar ballum (mice) O L. sejroe (dogs); O Spirochete bacteria
17 Leptospirosis O Transmission O Exposure to contaminated urine, placenta, fetal tissues O Inhalation O Oral ingestion O Skin abrasions
18 O Clinical Signs O Animals O Mice none Leptospirosis O Dogs fever, blood in urine, liver and kidney disease O Sheep and goats reproductive failure O Squirrel monkeys- icterohemorrhagic disease, with abortion
19 Leptospirosis O Clinical signs: People O Mild flu with fever, headaches, rash, muscle pain O Severe infection with involvement of liver, kidney, heart, brain O Diagnosis and Treatment O Demonstration of rising antibody titers in serological tests O ELISA, IFA tests O Dark-field microscopy, PCR (urine) O Antibiotics, possibly IV
20 Leptospirosis O Control and Prevention O Sanitation, waste control O Vaccination programs O Antibiotics for infected animals O Isolation and quarantine O PPE O Good hygiene
21 Salmonellosis O Salmonella enterica serovar Enteriditis O Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium O Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rod O Reservoir O Guinea pigs, mice, rats, chickens, pigs, sheep cats, rabbits, reptiles, NHP O Transmission O Fecal-oral
22 Salmonellosis O Clinical Signs O Animals O O None O Septicemia, diarrhea, gastroenteritis O Sheep abortion People O Gastroenteritis with diarrhea O Diagnosis and Treatment O Stool culture O Supportive care, fluids and electrolytes O Antibiotics controversial
23 Salmonellosis O Control and Prevention O Sanitation in animal housing O Animal waste disposal O Purchase of Salmonella free animals O PPE, gloves
24 Tuberculosis O Mycobacterium avium complex, M. bovis, M. tuberculosis O Acid-fast rod-shaped bacteria O Reservoir O NHP O M. tuberculosis, M. bovis dogs, cats, pigs O M. bovis sheep, goats O M. avium pigs, chickens, pigeons O Transmission O Fecal-oral O Inhalation of aerosols O Fomites
25 O Clinical Signs O Animals Tuberculosis O Asymptomatic to sudden death; pulmonary disease, anorexia, chronic weight loss, swollen lymph nodes (+/- draining tracts); abscesses O People O Chronic cough, blood-tinged sputum, fatigue, fever, weight loss
26 Tuberculosis O Diagnosis and Treatment O Intradermal skin test, PCR, chest x-rays, acidfast stain of sputum O Antimicrobials O Drug-resistant strains
27 Tuberculosis O Control and Prevention O Quarantine O Testing and elimination of infected animals O Continuous surveillance O NHP O Tuberculin testing for personnel O Good sanitation O Good hygiene O PPE, including respiratory tract protection
28 Viral Diseases
29 B-virus infection O Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 O aka: Herpes B, alphaherpes virus O O Reservoir O Macaque monkeys Transmission O O O O O O Contaminated bites and scratches Splashes to mucous membranes Needle stick injuries Contamination of broken skin with body fluids of macaques Cuts from contaminated equipment Contact with unfixed tissues or primary cell culture material from macaques
30 B-virus infection O Clinical Signs O Macaque O Usually asymptomatic O Lesions in oral cavity and genitalia, conjunctivitis O People O Early stage: flu-like illness (fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, dizziness), headaches, sinusitis O Vesicles may form near skin wounds O Life-threatening progression altered vision, seizures, respiratory failure, death
31 B-virus infection O Diagnosis and Treatment O Serology, virus isolation, PCR O Prompt and sufficient disinfection of injury sites O Follow-up care with knowledgeable medical professional O Antiviral therapy O Control and Prevention O PPE O Protect eyes and mucous membranes from macaque secretions O Safe handling and restraint procedures
32 Hantavirus infection O Hantaan virus; Seoul virus O Bunyavirus O Reservoir: Rats and mice; other wild rodents O Transmission O Virus shed in urine, feces, saliva of persistently infected rodents for months O Inhalation of infective aerosols from rodent droppings O Wound contamination O Conjunctival exposure O Ingestion O Rat cell lines
33 Hantavirus Infection O Clinical Signs O Rodents O None O People O Signs related to strain of virus O Hemorrhagic Fever and Renal Syndrome (HFRS)-- Acute onset of fever, lower back pain, possible hemorrhage and kidney failure. O Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (Sin Nombre Virus)--fever, muscle pain, gastrointestinal dysfunction, respiratory distress, death
34 Hantavirus Infection O Diagnosis and Treatment O ELISA, IFA, RT-PCR O IV fluids, bed rest, +/- IV antiviral medication O Control and Prevention O Good hygiene O Disinfection of contaminated waste and work surfaces O Respiratory tract protection O Exclude wild rodents from laboratory facilities O Screen rodents and rodent-derived cell lines
35 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection (LCMV) O Arenavirus O Reservoir O Mice (Athymic and SCID), rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, NHP O Transmission O Parenteral inoculation, ingestion, inhalation, splash contamination of mucous membranes with infective secretions (urine, feces, saliva) O Contact with contaminated bedding O Immortalized hamster cell lines
36 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis O Clinical Signs O Animals Virus Infection O Depends upon age, strain and dose of virus, route of inoculation O People O None O Flu-like illness with fever, headache, muscle pain; can progress to meningitis O Hazard for pregnant women
37 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection O Diagnosis and Treatment O Serology O Supportive care O Control and Prevention O Exclude wild rodents from facilities O Screen rodents O Test rodent-derived cell lines O PPE, gloves for handling rodents and their tissues
38 Rabies O Rhabdovirus O Reservoir O Dogs, cats, ferrets, livestock, NHP O Transmission O Bite of rabid animal O Inoculation of infective saliva into fresh wounds or mucous membranes
39 Rabies O Clinical Signs O Animals O Furious to paralytic depending on area(s) of CNS affected O People O Hydrophobia, agitation, confusion, ataxia, paralysis O Headache, fever, malaise, encephalomyelitis, and death due to respiratory paralysis
40 Rabies O Diagnosis and Treatment O Rabies observation of animals O Detection of viral antigen in brain by use of the direct fluorescent antibody test O Supportive care; no specific treatment guidelines.
41 Rabies O Control and Prevention O Vaccination of dogs, cats and ferrets O Quarantine, euthanasia, and diagnostic testing of animals with clinical signs O Consider pre-exposure immunization O Immediate and thorough post exposure wound disinfection O Post exposure prophylaxis and concurrent administration of rabies vaccine
42 Protozoal Diseases
43 Cryptosporidiosis O Cryptosporidium parvum, C. canis, C. felis O Coccidian protozoan O Reservoir O Cats, dogs, NHP, sheep, pigs, ferrets, chickens, frogs O Transmission O Fecal-oral, possibly airborne
44 Cryptosporidiosis O Clinical Signs O Animals O None O Intractable diarrhea O O People O None Severe in immunocompromised animals O Profuse, watery diarrhea O Protracted illness in immunocompromised persons
45 Cryptosporidiosis O Diagnosis and Treatment O Microscopic detection; intestinal biopsy; increase in serum antibody titers O Supportive care O Control and Prevention O PPE, sanitation, good hygiene
46 Toxoplasmosis O Toxoplasma gondii O Intracellular coccidian protozoa O Reservoir O Cats (definitive host); mice, rats, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens (intermediate hosts) O Transmission O Fecal-oral, ingestion of infective oocysts from sources contaminated with cat feces
47 Toxoplasmosis O Clinical Signs O Animals O O O People O O None in adult cats (usually) Abortions and stillbirths in sheep, goats, and pigs Asymptomatic to mild flu-like illness O Can progress to more serious signs including fever, pneumonia, lymphadenopathy, chorioretinitis Severe illness in immunosuppressed and pregnant women
48 Toxoplasmosis O Diagnosis and Treatment O Clinical signs of disease, detection of increased titers, isolation of T. gondii from blood or bodily fluids O No treatment recommended, unless immunosuppressed with symptoms
49 Toxoplasmosis O Control and Prevention O Feed cats commercial cat food O Dispose of cat feces daily O House cats indoor and away from other species O PPE, gloves, good hygiene
50 Fungal Disease
51 Dermatomyphtosis O Saprophytic fungi O Trichophyton mentagrophytes guinea pigs, rabbits O T. verrucosum sheep and goats O Microsporum canis guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, NHP O Transmission O Direct contact with skin lesions O Spores persist in environment
52 Dermatophytosis O Clinical Signs O Animals O None O Lesions may be on or about the head, patchy areas of hair loss, redness, crust possible, itchy
53 Dermatophytosis O Clinical Signs O People O Flat, spreading, ring-shaped lesions O Margin is reddish, vesicular, or pustular and may be dry and scaly with crusts
54 Dermatophytosis O Diagnosis O Appearance of characteristic lesions O Fluourescence under UV light (M. canis only) O Skin scrapings mounted in 10% KOH O Culture on fungal media
55 Dermatophytosis O Treatment O Thorough bathing with soap and water O Daily topical application of fungicide O +/- systemic fungicides O Control and Prevention O PPE, gloves, sanitation
56 O Know your risks Summary O Consult health care provider and occupational health service with any concerns O Report exposures O Follow up O PPE O Hygiene O Sanitation
57 Laboratory Animal Allergy
58 Laboratory Animal Allergy (LAA) O Significant, occupational disease O May affect up to one-third of personnel exposed to laboratory animals O 10% eventually develop occupation-related asthma O Higher risk O Up to 73% with pre-existing allergies develop LAA
59 Who is at risk? O Technicians O Researchers O Veterinarians O Others with prolonged, close association with animals or their secretions O Those who handle bedding/food
60 LAA O Classic IgE mediated reaction O Exposure to allergen O Allergen processed by immune cells O Sensitization O Allergen binds to IgE molecules O Release of histamine and other chemical mediators O Mediators causes symptoms
61 LAA: Symptoms O Nasal O Itchy eyes O Rashes O Occupation-related asthma O Cough O Wheezing O Shortness of breath O Chronic symptoms
62 LAA: Symptoms O Hives O Allergen(s) in direct contact onto skin O Scratches by dogs and cats O Latex gloves O Anaphylaxis O Itching, hives, swelling of face, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing O Rarely, sensitized to animal s saliva, develop anaphylaxis when bitten
63 How much exposure causes LAA? O LAA allergens are potent O Low levels of inhaled allergen, perhaps a few micrograms per year, may cause allergies O Nanogram amounts may cause symptoms in sensitized persons O Symptoms usually occur within minutes
64 Sources of allergens Rats urine and saliva Mice urine Guinea pig saliva, dander, urine, and fur
65 Sources of allergens Rabbit fur, minor components in urine and saliva Cat saliva, sebaceous glands of the skin Dog saliva, hair, skin Pig nitrogenous wastes
66 Exposure control O Prevent or minimize occupational exposure to laboratory animal allergens O Factors in allergic disease O Intensity or concentration of allergen exposure O Frequency O Duration O Routes of entry
67 Exposure control of occupational hazards O Engineering controls O Proper facility design O Ventilation O Administrative controls O Work practices O Training O PPE
68 Engineering controls O Material change or substitution O Animals, bedding O Process change or substitution O Automation (ie. robotics) O Cleaning methods O Avoid dry sweeping O Vacuum with HEPA
69 Engineering Controls O Isolation or enclosure O Filter tops O IVC O Use animal transfer or cage change stations O Cubicles or modules
70 Bedding Disposal O Transport dirty cages in closed system O Filter tops or enclosed cart O Drape with cover cloth or plastic sheet O Decontaminate before and after use O Keep activity in room to minimum O Avoid rapid arm movements O Keep doors shut O Leave on for 5 minutes after use
71 Administrative Controls O Facility zoning O Animal Density O Job rotation O Proper use and maintenance of equipment O Good housekeeping O Personal hygiene O Proper handling of waste and contaminated clothing O Training and education
72 PPE O Goal is to limit exposure to you and those around you O Gown, lab coat, or uniform O Hair bonnets O Gloves O Shoe covers O Remove PPE in the animal room or facility
73 PPE O Respiratory Protection O Dust/mist masks O Full face mask with HEPA filter O PAPR
74 PPE O Work Practices O Avoid wearing street clothes while working with animals O Leave work clothes at the workplace to avoid potential exposure problems for family members O Proper personal hygiene (hand washing, showering) after exposure
75 Summary O Know the potential risks O Follow recommendations for work practices and PPE O Know the symptoms O Contact OHS and health care provider for evaluation
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