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advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/3/e50080/dc Supplementary Materials for Mid-Cretaceous amber fossils illuminate the past diversity of tropical lizards Juan D. Daza, Edward L.

1 advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/3/e50080/dc Supplementary Materials for Mid-Cretaceous amber fossils illuminate the past diversity of tropical lizards Juan D. Daza, Edward L. Stanley, Philipp Wagner, Aaron M. Bauer, David A. Grimaldi This PDF file includes: Published 4 March 206, Sci. Adv. 2, e50080 (206) DOI: 0.26/sciadv Character scores for amber specimens Synapomorphies of amber specimens with squamates, gekkotans, and chameleons Fig. S. Results from the analysis of the large morphological data set using parsimony. Fig. S2. Results from the analysis of the large morphological data set using Bayesian inference. Legend for movie S Reference (48) Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following: (available at advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/3/e50080/dc) Movie S (.mp4 format). 3D volume-rendered movies of the burmite lizards.

2 Character scores for amber specimens Small morphological data set (0): JZC_Bu267 0????0?0???0??2?????0?00[0 ]???????0?002000?????????????????0???0-????0????????????????????????000000???0?0?0??????00?000??0? ?000????00-?0?00?-???????????????????0?????????????????????0??000???????????? JZC_Bu802? ?? ?000?0000??0000? ??000??????0??0??0? ?000-?0??000-2???0?????????????????????????0?00??????????????00?????? JZC_Bu54?????0???????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????220000??2--?????????????????00000????0?????2????0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Large morphological data set (,2): JZC_Bu267?????????????????????????00?0000??0?0000?0? ?????????????????????2???????0?? ??000?0???2320? ?0??000?????0??????2???0?0????????????????????????????????????0?????????????????00000? ? ??000?0320?2?2?00???0????????????????????????????? ?????????00??????????????????00??????0??0?000400?0000?????????????00020?0?0200?? ???000? ?0000????????????????????????0????0002?00?????????????????????????020?????????????????????????0???0???0?0000?00???????????0?00?0000??0?????????????????3?????????02??????????????????????????????? JCZ_Bu ?? ? ?0200?0?0??3000?000?0??? ?????20??000?02??0??000000?? ? ?0?0000? ?000?0000??????????2?020040?00? ?0000??? ?000004?00???0??0?2?000000??000?00?000?02? ?0? ?????3??000???0?0000?00000?00000? ?0???? ??????000000?000?? ? ?000???????????????? ??00?000??000?????0??????????00????????????????0000???000??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 0????????????????????? JCZ_Bu54????????????????00000????000??0?????00??????????4??0??0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?3020?2??00?0?2??????????00??????000????0???????????????????00?0?????????????????????????????20??0?????????????0?0??????2????????00??0??????000???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0000??2??0???3?????????????0?0?0?0???20??????????????0????? ???????20????????????200 00?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? JZC_Bu267 shared synapomorphies with squamates Small morphological data set (0): 26-. Frontals, lateral orbital margin deeply concave Parietal table and jaw adductor muscles, parietal table very wide, jaw adductors restricted entirely to ventral surface of parietal. 2-. Interpterygoid vacuity, open and wide.

3 29-. Anterolateral process of coronoid, present, overlapping lateral surface of dentary Posterior mylohyoid foramen (on medial surface of angular), present Vomerine teeth, absent Palatine teeth, absent Pterygoid teeth, absent. Large morphological data set (,2): 4-3. Maxilla facial process length/maxilla length, 38-55% Maxilla suborbital ramus extends posteriorly, to roughly midorbit (or anterior) Palatine choanal fossa development, extending about half way back on palatine Pterygoid separation on midline, broad at base, narrow anteriorly Dentary posterior termination on lateral face of mandible, below (or anterior to) level of coronoid apex Coronoid, posteromedial process, present. JCZ_Bu802 shared synapomorphies with gekkotans Small morphological data set (0) Frontals, single median element Posterior margin of orbit, very incomplete, less than 50% of posterior orbital margin bordered by bone Upper temporal arch, incomplete, upper and lower temporal fenestra confluent Vidian canal, posterior opening located at basisphenoid-prootic suture Meckel's canal, enclosed tube within dentary, upper and lower borders completely fused together Scleral ossicles, square in shape. Large morphological data set (,2): Frontal subolfactory process depth: 58 68% Postfrontal broad and flat, often very broad, always anteroposteriorly extensive and flat Parietal fusion, paired, not fused Parietal temporal muscles originate ventrally on parietal table and supratemporal process Prefrontal-maxilla articulation, prefrontal broadly contacts maxilla supradental shelf lateral to palatine Lacrimal, absent. 4-. Lacrimal duct position, enclosed in prefrontal Jugal lateral exposure below orbit, partly exposed above orbital margin of maxilla Jugal postorbital ramus development, postorbital bar absent Jugal cross-section at level of ectopterygoid, depressed. 6-. Squamosal temporal ramus-parietal contact, temporal ramus broadly contacts parietal supratemporal process Quadrate head suspension, quadrate head broadly contacts braincase anteriorly Quadrate height to braincase depth ratio (braincase depth measured from near the quadrate head, 60 69% Quadrate foramen size, small Nervus ethmoidalis medialis, (0) above septomaxilla Palatine, vomerine process dorsally on vomer, narrow slender tip of palatine loosely attached to vomer.

4 Ectopterygoid posterior process absent Posterior auditory foramen, bordered by opisthotic Medial aperture of the recessus scalae tympani (MARST) subdivided, IX cranial nerve exits posteriorly, large oval MARST undivided, with IX cranial nerve exiting at posterodorsal end Dentary restricts Meckel s canal, Meckel s canal closed and fused anterior to splenial Splenial anterior extension, around one-third (or less) length relative to dentary tooth row Coronoid anteromedial process fits into sulcus beneath tooth-bearing border of dentary (at or behind end of tooth row), absent Coronoid, anterolateral dentary process, present Maxillary tooth count, Cusps on posterior teeth, unicuspid Scapula, elongate and thin Pectineal (pubic) tubercle, closer to symphysis than to acetabulum Ilium, tubercle, absent. JCZ_Bu54 shared synapomorphies with chameleons Small morphological data set (0): Frontals, lateral orbital margin straight or only very slightly concave Quadrate. Tympanic crest (outer conch), tympanic crest a low ridge Epipterygoid, absent (absence inferred from the lack of fossa columellae). Large morphological data set (,2): Prefrontal boss, in projecting canthal crest Quadrate suprastapedial process, absent Epipterygoid, absent (absence inferred from the lack of fossa columellae) Retroarticular process, very short or absent Presacral vertebrae number reduction, fewer than 23 presacrals. Comparative material Codes for Institutional Collections: AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. AND: Personal collection of Scott Anderson. B V: Personal collection of George Poinar, Jr. CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA. FMNH: The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA. GAM: Deutsches Bernstein- Museum in Ribnitz-Damgarten, Germany. I, II, II: Private specimens (48). JZC: Personal collection of James Zigras. M: Personal collection of Ettore Morone. MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. MNHN Entomology: Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France. NMBA: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basal Switzerland. OAAAA: Private specimens (48). PIN: Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. SMNS: Staatliches Museum f ur Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany. SMU: Shuler Museum of Paleontology, South Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA. UCMP: Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. USNM: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. UMMZ: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

5 YPM: Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA. ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. ZPAL: Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Agamidae: Acanthocercus atricollis AMNH-R 6785; Acanthosaura nataliae AMNH-R 546; Agama aculeata AMNH-R 3647; Agama agama FMNH 4753; Agama anchietae AMNH-R 6267; Amphibolurus muricatus AMNH-R 82236; Bronchocela cristatella AMNH-R 223, AMNH-R 835; Calotes ceylonensis AMNH-R 9456; Calotes emma AMNH-R 47066, FMNH ; Ceratophora stoddartii AMNH-R 94536; Chlamydosaurus kingii AMNH-R 99843; Ctenophorus adelaidensis AMNH-R 99788; Ctenophorus caudicinctus AMNH-R 04309; Diporiphora bilineata AMNH-R 20264; Draco beccarii AMNH-R 63395; Draco blanfordii AMNH-R 026; Draco maculatus AMNH-R 30956; Gonocephalus grandis AMNH-R 9565; Hypsilurus auritus AMNH-R 98876; Japalura polygonata AMNH-R 294; Leiolepis guttata AMNH-R 99297; Lophognathus gilberti AMNH-R 20266; Lophognathus temporalis AMNH-R 6203; Lyriocephalus scutatus AMNH-R 94448; Moloch horridus AMNH-R 2493; Otocryptis wiegmanni AMNH-R 94457; Paralaudakia caucasia AMNH-R 60947; Phoxophrys nigrilabris AMNH-R 875; Phrynocephalus helioscopus AMNH-R ; Phrynocephalus versicolor AMNH-R 3286; Physignathus cocincinus AMNH-R 3658; Pogona minima AMNH-R 99792; Sitana ponticeriana AMNH-R 080; Trapelus megalonyx AMNH-R 964; Uromastyx acanthinura AMNH-R 7836; Uromastyx ocellata AMNH-R 73509; Xenagama batillifera AMNH-R Amphisbaenidae: Amphisbaena fuliginosa FMNH Anguidae: Elgaria multicarinata FMNH Chamaeleonidae: Brookesia brygooi FMNH 26005; Chamaeleo calyptratus NHC 62768; Chamaeleo laevigatus FMNH Cordylidae: Smaug mossambicus YPM Dactyloidae: Anolis carolinensis FMNH , Anolis sp. SMU Diploglossidae: Celestus enneagrammus FMNH Gekkota: Hoburogekko suchanovi PIN , Gobekko cretacicus ZPAL MgR-II/4, ZPAL MgRII/ 43, ZPAL MgR-II/47, Carphodactylus laevis MCZ R-354, Nephrurus asper CAS 74733, Nephrurus levis YPM 2868, Saltuarius salebrosus CAS 74742, Saltuarius cornutus FMNH 57503, Underwoodisaurus milii CAS Aprasia repens CAS 04382, Delma borea USNM 28679, Lialis burtonis FMNH 66958, Paradelma orientalis CAS 77652, Pletholax gracilis MCZ R-87676, Pygopus lepidopodus CAS 35450, Amalosia rhombifer CAS 0099, Crenadactylus ocellatus CAS 95287, Dactylocnemis pacificus CAS 47979, Diplodactylus pulcher CAS 7582, Eurydactylodes vieillardi CAS 23986, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii UMMZ 2935, Lucasium steindachneri CAS 7585, Mokopirirakau granulatus CAS 47982, Naultinus elegans CAS 47976, Oedura tryoni CAS 75669, Pseudothecadactylus australis MCZ R-3562, Rhacodactylus auriculatus CAS , Rhynchoedura ornata UMMZ 24484, Strophrurus ciliaris FMNH 25488, Toropuku stephensi CAS 47986, Aeluroscalabotes felinus FMNH 464, Goniurosaurus kuroiwae CAS 9880, Hemitheconyx caudicinctus CAS 65588, Holodactylus africanus CAS 98932, Aristelliger georgeensis CAS 76485, Coleodactylus brachystoma UMMZ 0305, Euleptes europaea MCZ R-4463, Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma CAS 7804, Pristurus carteri CAS , Pseudogonatodes barbouri MCZR4385, Afroedura karroica CAS 98274, Dixonius siamensis CAS 95254, Luperosaurus corfieldi CAS 82570, Rhoptropella ocellata CAS 8635, Uroplatus fimbriatus CAS-SU 3469, Asaccus elisae 2837A, Phyllodactylus baurii CAS 0950, Thecadactylus rapicauda CAS 9546.

6 Gerrhosauridae: Cordylosaurus subtessellatus FMNH Gymnophthalmidae: Colobosaura modesta USNM Lacertidae: Gallotia stehlini AMNH-R 0263; Lacerta viridis AMNH-R 024; Takydromus septentrionalis AMNH-R Leiocephalidae: Leiocephalus inaguae AMNH-R Opluridae: Chalarodon madagascariensis AMNH-R Scincidae: Amphiglossus splendidus FMNH 72807; Brachymeles gracilis FMNH 52642; Chalcides ocellatus YPM 2690; Egernia striolata YPM Teiidae: Callopistes maculatus FMNH Xantusiidae: Cricosaura typica USNM

7 2/25 /8 /8 /6 2/7 2/2 5/7 3/33 /6 2/28 /6 3/33 /33 /6 /6 3/40 /33 2/6 /6 /25 /33 3/8 2/6 /20 3/4 4/50 2/36 /8 2/50 2/27 2/27 2/38 3/38 5/44 3/44 3/36 /20 /20 2/75 4/37 /25 4/36 /2 6/77 0/0 78/77 94/93 53/5 /8 2/5 /8 /22 /26 /56 2/4 / /33 /7 /59 / /7 /59 6/43 /6 /6 7/00 /6 2/5 2/5 5/57 3/42 4/4 2/33 /2 /2 3/29 4/29 3/80 /33 /53 3/46 /7 /6 2/6 2/6 2/6 0/0 /33 7/50 3/22 5/89 3/86 5/00? 3/30 2/30 /2 6/29 7/83 0/0 2/5 / 4/00? 3/23 /5 /5 3/40 /5 4/39 /5 3/35 3/43 4/44 3/36 0/56 2/6 6/46 4/75 5/64 Sphenodontidae JZC_Bu267 Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus Isodontosaurus gracilis Zapsosaurus sceliphros Polrussia mongoliensis Anolis carolinensis Petrosaurus mearnsi Uta stansburiana Sceloporus variabilis Phrynosoma platyrhinos Uma scoparia Leiocephalus barahonensis Sineoamphisbaena hexatabularis Adriosaurus suessi Pontosaurus Eichstaettisaurus Norellius nyctisaurops Lacerta viridis Takydromus sexlineatus Colobosaura modesta Pholidobolus montium Paramacellodus Parmeosaurus scutatus Platysaurus imperator Smaug mossambicus Zonosaurus ornatus Cordylosaurus subtessellatus Myrmecodaptria microphagosa Carusia intermedia Globaura venusta Hymenosaurus clarki Eoxanta lacertifrons Plestiodon fasciatus Scincus scincus Brachymeles gracilis Amphiglossus splendidus Shinisaurus crocodilurus Exostinus lancensis Coniasaurus Estescincosaurus cooki Contogenys sloani Litakis gilmorei Colpodontosaurus cracens Lonchisaurus trichurus Lamiasaurus ferox Sweetwater Lizard Temujinia ellisoni Saichangurvel davidsoni Crotaphytus collaris Gambelia wislizenii Liolaemus bellii Phymaturus palluma Chalarodon madagascariensis Oplurus cyclurus Acontias percivali Feylinia polylepis Xenosaurus platyceps Xenosaurus grandis Pristidactylus torquatus Leiosaurus catamarcensis Urostrophus vautieri Uranoscodon superciliosus Plica plica Stenocercus guentheri Sauromalus ater Brachylophus fasciatus Armandisaurus explorator Dipsosaurus dorsalis Callopistes maculatus Tupinambis teguixin Aspidoscelis tigris Teius teyou Trachylepis quinquetaeniata Eugongylus rufescens Sphenomorphus solomonis Tiliqua scincoides Aigialosaurus dalmaticus Platecarpus Clidastes Plotosaurus Tylosaurus Tepexisaurus tepexii Lepidophyma flavimaculatum Palaeoxantusia Wyoming Cricosaura typica Xantusia vigilis Polychrus marmoratus Basiliscus basiliscus Corytophanes cristatus Aciprion formosum Pariguana lancensis Enyalioides laticeps Morunasaurus annularis Pseudopus apodus Odaxosaurus piger Peltosaurus granulosus Helodermoides tuberculatus Gerrhonotus sp. Celestus enneagrammus Elgaria multicarinata Ctenomastax parva Priscagama gobiensis Mimeosaurus crassus Phrynosomimus asper Leiolepis belliana Uromastyx aegyptius JCZ Bu54 Brookesia brygooi Chamaeleo laevigatus Physignathus cocincinus Agama agama Calotes emma Pogona vitticeps JCZ_Bu802 Delma borea Lialis burtonis Strophurus ciliaris Rhacodactylus auriculatus Saltuarius cornutus Aeluroscalobates felinus Coleonyx variegatus Eublepharis macularius Gekko gecko Teratoscincus przewalskii Gonatodes albogularis Phelsuma lineata Gobiderma pulchrum Parasaniwa wyomingensis Palaeosaniwa sp. Paraderma bogerti Cemeterius monstrosus Estesia mongoliensis Aiolosaurus oriens Heloderma horridum Heloderma suspectum Lanthanotus borneensis Saniwa Varanus acanthurus Varanus salvator Varanus exanthematicus Tchingisaurus multivagus Leptochamops denticulatus Obamadon gracilis Tripennaculus sp. Gobinatus arenosus Adamisaurus magnidentatus Macrocephalosaurus Polyglyphanodon sternbergi Peneteius aquilonius Frenchman polyglyphanodont Laramie polyglyphanodont Meniscognathus altmani Stypodontosaurus melletes Socognathus brachyodon Chamops segnis Haptosphenus placodon Anniella pulchra Anelytropsis papillosus Dibamus novaeguineae Spathorhynchus fossorium Dyticonastis rensbergeri Rhineura floridana Bipes biporus Bipes canaliculatus Trogonophis wiegmanni Diplometopon zarudnyi Geocalamus acutus Amphisbaena fuliginosa Tetrapodophis amplectus Coniophis praecedens Najash rionegrina Dinilysia patagonica Wonambi naracoortensis Parviraptor estesi Diablophis gilmorei Portugalophis lignites Eophis underwoodi Conimaxonly Rena dulcis Typhlops jamaicensis Liotyphlops albirostris Typhlophis squamosus Anilius scytale Anomochilus leonardi Cylindrophis ruffus Uropeltis melanogaster Xenophidion acanthognathus Casarea dussumieri Xenopeltis unicolor Loxocemus bicolor Exiliboa placata Ungaliophis continentalis Kataria anisodonta Trachyboa boulengeri Tropidophis haetianus Haasiophis terrasanctus Eupodophis descouensis Pachyrhachis problematicus Calabaria reinhardtii Eryx colubrinus Lichanura trivirgata Epicrates striatus Boa constrictor Aspidites melanocephalus Python molurus Xenodermus javanicus Acrochordus granulatus Pareas hamptoni Lycophidion capense Aparallactus werneri Atractaspis irregularis Lampropeltis getula Coluber constrictor Natrix natrix Afronatrix anoscopus Amphiesma stolata Thamnophis marcianus Xenochrophis piscator Notechis scutatus Naja naja Laticauda colubrina Micrurus fulvius Causus rhombeatus Azemiops feae Daboia russelli Agkistrodon contortrix Bothrops asper Lachesis muta

8 Fig. S. Results from the analysis of the large morphological data set (,2) using Parsimony. Strict consensus of 000 trees, showing the position of three burmite lizards, basal squamate (JZC BU267), stem gekkotan (JZC BU802), and stem-chamaeleonidae (JCZ BU54). Values at the nodes correspond to Bremer and Relative Bremer support.

9 Uta_stansburiana Tylosaurus Zapsosaurus_sceliphros Gobiderma_pulchrum Uropeltis_melanogaster Stenocercus_guentheri Cordylosaurus_subtesselatus Crotaphytus_collaris Chalarodon_madagascariensis Pogona_vitticeps Phelsuma_lineata Typhlops_jamaicensis Lialis_burtonis Anomochilus_leonardi Leiosaurus_catamarcensis Micrurus_fulvius Xenodermus_javanicus Morunasaurus_annularis JZC_Bu267 Estesia_mongoliensis Gobinatus_arenosus Celestus_enneagrammus Eupodophis_descouensis Calotes_emma Rhacodactylus_auriculatus Polrussia_mongoliensis Tropidophis_haetianus Tepexisaurus_tepexii Xenochrophis_piscator Coniophis_praecedens Teius_teyou Varanus_exanthematicus Hymenosaurus_clarki Lachesis_muta Polychrus_marmoratus Macrocephalosaurus Pristidactylus_torquatus Aparallactus_werneri Sineoamphisbaena_hexatabularis Anilius_scytale Huehuecuetzpalli_mixteca Enyalioides_laticeps Myrmecodaptria_microphagosa Parmeosaurus_scutatus Trachylepis_quinquetaeniata Eryx_colubrinus Aigialosaurus_dalmaticus Tetrapodophis_amplectus Acrochordus_granulatus Amphiesma_stolata Sphenodon_punctatus Cricosaura_typica Liolaemus_bellii Lepidophyma_flavimaculatum Dyticonastis_rensbergeri Daboia_russelli Delma_borea Gambelia_wislizenii Xenosaurus_grandis Brachymeles_gracilis Plestiodon_fasciatus Tchingisaurus_multivagus Colobosaura_modesta Urostrophus_vautieri Smaug_mossambicus Pontosaurus Anelytropsis_papillosus Atractaspis_irregularis Bipes_canaliculatus Phrynosoma_platyrhinos Uranoscodon_superciliosus Laticauda_colubrina Rhineura_floridana Sauromalus_ater Leiocephalus_barahonensis Platecarpus Dipsosaurus_dorsalis Pachyrhachis_problematicus Varanus_salvator Amphisbaena_fuliginosa Paramacellodus Palaeoxantusia_Wyoming Spathorhynchus_fossorium Saltuarius_cornutus Dibamus_novaeguineae Carusia_intermedia Liotyphlops_albirostris Gephyrosaurus_bridensis Amphiglossus_splendidus Brookesia_brygooi Coluber_constrictor Strophurus ciliaris Scincus_scincus Haasiophis_terrasanctus Xantusia_vigilis Trachyboa_boulengeri Eugongylus_rufescens Leiolepis_belliana Notechis_scutatus Lycophidion_capense Afronatrix_anoscopus Natrix_natrix Ctenomastax_parva Adriosaurus_suessi Aiolosaurus_oriens Calabaria_reinhardtii Cylindrophis_ruffus Aeluroscalobates_felinus Gekko_gecko Trogonophis_wiegmanni Python_molurus Saichangurvel_davidsoni JCZ_Bu54 Varanus_acanthurus Lacerta_viridis Teratoscincus_przewalskii Petrosaurus_mearnsi Lichanura_trivirgata Takydromus_ocellatus Coleonyx_variegatus Causus_rhombeatus Platysaurus_imperator Zonosaurus_ornatus Anolis_carolinensis Eoxanta_lacertifrons Boa_constrictor Loxocemus_bicolor Clidastes Lampropeltis_getula Eublepharis_macularius Adamisaurus_magnidentatus Peltosaurus_granulosus Epicrates_striatus Brachylophus_fasciatus Wonambi_naracoortensis Geocalamus_acutus JCZ_Bu802 Bothrops_asper Corytophanes_cristatus Polyglyphanodon_sternbergi Pholidobolus_montium Dinilysia_patagonica Naja_naja Najash_rionegrina Physignathus_cocincinus Callopistes_maculatus Aspidoscelis_tigris Plotosaurus Uromastyx_aegyptius Heloderma_suspectum Typhlophis_squamosus Norelius_nyctisaurops Feylinia_polylepis Chamaeleo_laevigatus Aciprion_formosum Priscagama_gobiensis Tupinambis_teguixin Shinisaurus_crocodilurus Azemiops_feae Sceloporus_variabilis Helodermoides_tuberculatus Pseudopus_apodus Globaura_venusta Lanthanotus_borneensis Tiliqua_scincoides Armandisaurus_explorator Xenophidion_acanthognathus Elgaria_multicarinata Sphenomorphus_solomonis Heloderma_horridum Ungaliophis_continentalis Kallimodon_pulchellus Acontias_percivali Saniwa Diplometopon_zarudnyi Mimeosaurus_crassus Agkistrodon_contortrix Agama_agama Uma_scoparia Exiliboa_placata Kataria_anisodonta Xenopeltis_unicolor Pareas_hamptoni Phrynosomimus_asper Temujinia_ellisoni Gonatodes_albogularis Bipes_biporus Plica_plica Isodontosaurus_gracilis Oplurus_cyclurus Casarea_dussumieri Rena_dulcis Basiliscus_basiliscus Phymaturus_palluma Thamnophis_marcianus Anniella_pulchra Eichstaettisaurus_schroederi_gouldi Xenosaurus_platyceps Aspidites_melanocephalus

10 Fig. S2. Results from the analysis of the large morphological data set (,2) using Bayesian Inference. Tree shows the position of three burmite lizards, basal squamate (JZC BU267), stem gekkotan (JZC BU802), and stemchamaeleonidae (JCZ BU54). Values at the nodes correspond to posterior probabilities.

11 Movie S: 3D volume rendered movies of the burmite lizards, gekkotan (JZC BU802), lacertoid (JZC BU803), basal squamate (JZC BU267), stem-chameleon (JCZ BU54), and agamid (JCZ BU266).

We thank the many collectors, institutions, curators and collection managers for

Appendix S1. Voucher specimens from which tissues were obtained for molecular data. We thank the many collectors, institutions, curators and collection managers for providing tissue samples and/or facilitating