Public Health Pest Control. Dreda A. Symonds, Mosquito Control Biologist City of Virginia Beach / Public Works

Transcription

1 Public Health Pest Control Dreda A. Symonds, Mosquito Control Biologist City of Virginia Beach / Public Works

2 Public Health Pests Life Cycles Public Health Concerns Surveillance Control

3 Vertebrates Rodents: Mice Rats Invertebrates - Arthropods (Exoskeleton) Arachnids: Ticks Spiders Insects: Lice Cockroaches Flies & Mosquitoes

4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Using several different surveillance, prevention and control techniques to control a pest.

5 Steps in Safe & Effective Pest Management 1. Proper identification & understanding of pest Biology & Chemistry Life Cycle Behavior

6 2. Monitoring pest populations & disease potential.

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8 3. Preventing pest infestations (Source Reduction)

9 4. Using Control Measures

10 FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS!!!

11 SAFETY READ THE LABEL!!!!!!!!

12 Mosquitoes

13 Over 3,000 different species worldwide

14 Mosquito Life Cycle 4. Adult 3. Pupa 2. Larva 1. Egg

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17 eye wing abdomen proboscis legs

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19 1. Mosquito-Borne disease control 2. Nuisance control

20 Mosquito-borne Diseases A. Arboviral Encephalitis 1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) 2. West Nile Virus (WNV) 3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE) B. Malaria (protozoan) C. Dog Heartworms (nematode)

21 1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Most often in coastal regions of VA Not common in humans, but serious Very high fever & quick onset

22 2. West Nile Virus (WNV) Mild Fever, headache and body aches Mild rash or swollen lymph glands Stumbling Impaired coordination Weakness of limbs NO FEVER Severe High fever, severe headache, eye pain gastrointestinal problems, muscle weakness, back pain, stiff neck, confusion, loss of consciousness long-term neurological problems

23 3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE) Most often in children in mountainous regions of VA Flu-like illness - some long-term learning & behavioral prolems Transmitted by container breeding mosquitoes

24 Malaria Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax million cases each year Over 1 million deaths each year In Africa, 1 child dies from malaria every 30 sec

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26 Dog Heartworms

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28 Mosquito Population Surveillance and Arboviral Disease Testing A. Mosquito Trapping 1. Larval Dips 2. CO2 baited CDC traps 3. Gravid Traps 4. Bee Gee Traps B. Arboviral Disease Testing 1. Mosquito pools 2. Sentinel Chicken Sera

29 1. Larval Dipping

30 A. Mosquito Trapping 2. CO2 baited CDC Trap

31 3. Gravid Traps

32 4. BG Traps

33 B. Arboviral Disease Testing 1. Speciation and Pooling

34 2. Sentinel Chicken Flock Testing

35 Serostudies - Testing blood samples

36 IPM Mosquito Control Methods I. Source Reduction - Drainage Maintenance - Container Control II. Public Education III. Larviciding IV. Adulticiding

37 I. Source Reduction A. Drainage Maintenance

38 B. Open Marsh Water Management

39 C. Container Control

40 II. Public Education Asian Tiger Mosquito Methods: A. Backyard inspections B. Media programs C. Classroom projects & Special events

41 A. Backyard inspections Service requests Referrals from other sources

42 Asia Tiger Container Breeding Sites

43 B. Media programs

44 C. Classroom projects & Special events

45 IV. Larviciding

46 Fast-Acting Materials Sustained-Release

47 V. Adulticiding A. Ground Ultra Low Volume (ULV)

48 B. Handspray yards C. Aerial adulticide

49 Rodents

50 Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus Roof Rat Rattus rattus

51 House mouse (Mus musculus)

52 Life Cycle & Behavior Gestations Period = days Maturity in about 3 months Like the familiar Harborage Feeding habits (steady vs. nibbling) Gnawing

53 Public Health Concerns Property Damage & Electrical Hazards

54 Contaminate Food & Spread Disease Salmonellosis (acute food poisoning), Rickettsia Pox, Hantavirus (via droppings), tapeworm, infectious jaundice, and tularemia.

55 Hantivirus & Arenavirus - Not common - usually in people who spend lots of time in wild habitats or seasonal homes with severe infestations. Southeast - deermouse, cotton rat, rice rat Northeast - white-footed mouse Deermouse

56 Bubonic Plague Introduced into U.S. at San Francisco in Rat Flea Celebrating elimination of plague Last U.S. plague epidemic was in Los Angeles

57 Signs of rodent infestation

58 Rodent Control 1. Exclusion STUF-FIT COPPER MESH WOOL

59 2. Eliminate Food Sources & Harborage Commercial Food Storage

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61 Home Food Storage

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63 Waste Disposal

64 TIMING IS EVERYTHING!!!!! 1. Bait or trap 2. Clean up

65 3. Exterminate Rodents Less desirable methods Glue Boards Live Traps (mice) Zappers

66 More desirable methods Indoor - Snap Traps

67 Outdoors - Rodenticides Mode of action: Most are anticoagulants. Rodents bleed internally Most rodenticides mimic vitamin K Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting

68 Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, bromethalin, cholecalciferol and difethialone are the rodenticides most commonly available. Difethialone baits are reported to be more effective against mice BEST FOR OUTDOOR USE.

69 ALWAYS use bait stations POTENTIAL HAZARDS Primary poisoning of non-targets

70 Bait Placement

71 Secondary Poisoning & Secondary Ingestion Possible, but not likely Difficult for a predator to ingest enough for harm

72 Ticks

73 Ixodes scapularis - Deer Tick Dermacentor variabilis - American Dog Tick Amblyomma americanum - Lonestar Tick

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75 Tick Life Cycle

76 Questing

77 4-6 hours

78 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dermacentor variabilis American Dog Tick Rash starting on wrists, forearms, ankles & bottom of feet. Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever Fatigue Deep muscle pain Chills

79 Lyme Disease Ixodes scapularis Deer Tick Bulls-eye rash beginning at site of tick attachment. Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever Fatigue Headache, stiff neck Sore throat, swollen glands

80 Tick Surveillance 1. Tick Drag 2. Dry Ice & Sticky Tape or white cloth 3. Deer tagging station

81 Tick Check Tick Removal

82 Tick Control 1.? Reduce food sources?

83 2. Physical control of tick habitat

84 3. Acaricides - Pesticides used to control ticks & mites.

85 Cockroaches

86 American Cockroach Periplaneta americana German Cockroach Blatella germanica Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University

87 Cockroach Life Cycle

88 Public Health Concerns Salmonellosis (food poisoning) Gastroenteritis Staphylococcus spp. infections Generalized diarrhea Typhoid fever

89 Allergies to body parts & droppings

90 Surveillance

91 Photo credit: Jo ana Kubiak

92 Control 1. Sanitation

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94 2. Exclusion

95 3. Traps Phermone traps

96 4. Baits

97 5. Insecticides Boric acid Chlorpyrifos Cypermethrin Diazinon Hydroprene Propoxur

98 Lice

99 Head Body Crab

100 Louse Life Cycle

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102 Public Health Concerns - Pediculosis

103 Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus Earlier Phase: Malaise Abrupt onset of fever / chills Unproductive cough Dull mental status Sometimes diarrhea Later: Rash Relapsing Fever Later Phase: Tachycardia & hypotension Coma Nervous system damage Urinary & bowel incontinence Complications: Bronchopneumonia Gangrene

104 Severe head louse infestation

105 Body Louse Eggs

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107 Pediculicide Permethrin Pyrethrum + Piperonyl Butoxide

108 Flies

109 Order Diptera - One of the largest insect orders

110 Fly Life Cycle - Complete Metamorphosis

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113 Fly-borne Diseases Housefly Bacillary Dysentery Manifestations: Cramping abdominal pain Diarrhea Blood and mucus in the feces

114 Typhoid Fever Willianna Watson daughter of James Alfred & Sue Watson Born Nov. 9, 1873 Died June 21, 1893 Age 19 years, 6 mos. & 23 days A precious one from us has gone A voice we love is stilled. A place is vacant in our home Which never can be filled."

115 Typhoid Fever manifestations: Sustained fever as high as 103 to 104 F Weakness Stomach pains & loss of appetite Headache Rash of flat, rose-colored spots "Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it"

116 Tsetse flies - African sleeping sickness Biological vector Fever Skin lesions, Rash or edema Swollen glands Eventually meningoencephalitis

117 Rural disease The green and fertile banks of Lake Awasa in Ethiopia's southern valleys is unpopulated because of the tsetse fly and mosquitoes.

118 Sandflies - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

119 Small cracks and holes in the ground, the ventilation shafts of termite hills, animal burrows, cracks in mud walls and masonry, and among tree roots. Large populations of sandflies can build up in family compounds where cattle are kept at night. The cattle provide an abundant source of blood, while the stables and houses provide suitable resting places

120 Fly Surveillance

121 Fly Control 1. Eliminate food sources

122 2. Fly Traps

123 3. Sterile Males (tsetse flies)

124 4. Repellants - DEET or Pyrethroids

125 Insecticide impregnated bed nets

126 5. Insecticides Usually target adult stage

127 Spraying of residual insecticides on surfaces in & outside the home

128 6. Exclusion - screens

129 Spiders

130 Black Widow

131 Brown Recluse Never recorded in Virginia

132 Spider Body Parts chelicera

133 Spider Life Cycle Egg Sac Spiderlings Adult

134 Female Black Widow with Spiderlings

135 Web-builders

136 Black Widow Female Male

137 Funnel Web Spiders

138 American House Spider

139 Not web-builders Wolf Spiders

140 Jumping Spider

141 Inspection for Spiders

142 ALL Spiders are Venomous.

143 Black Widow Spider Bite Manifestations Pain bite site abdomen and back. Severe cramping or rigidity in the abdominal muscles Nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, labored breathing, restlessness, increased blood pressure, and fever.

144 Brown Recluse Spider Bite Manifestations

145 Control: 1. Eliminate food sources

146 2. Eliminate cobwebs by: Corey McCarty

147 3. Traps

148 4. Pesiticides - Synthetic Pyrethroids (Allethrin) (Cypermethrin & imiprothrin) (Permethrin)