Julie introduced me to Mega and Microbats and she also invented the dummy for flying-foxes, which we all use today.

Transcription

1 Julie's Legacy There are some people you meet during your life time who become long term friends, Julie was one of those we have known each other for over 23 years, ever since 1987 when she was promoting a new group called WIRES! The blue mountains branch was the second branch to form about a year after Sydney started, Julie then went on to set up the North West branch of WIRES. Julie introduced me to Mega and Microbats and she also invented the dummy for flyingfoxes, which we all use today. * Julie joined Kuringgai Bat Colony Committee in 1989 and did educational talks to the community to raise the profile of the flyingfox and also trained many wildlife carers in NSW in both Mega and Microbats. * Julie formed the first allfemale Bat Team to setup the Megaharp trap, band and record Flyingfox statistics at Cabramatta. * Julie started the Cabramatta Creek Flying fox Committee with Fairfield Council in 1995 and also instigated the weeding and revegetation of the site. * Julie held an A class licence under the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) she also trained other members of wildlife organisations to become bat banders. * Julie was involved in the book Raising Archie by Richard Morecroft. * Julie also worked with bat scientists in both Mega and Microbats. She has cowritten papers on both species of bats. * Julie worked for The Animal Welfare league and was on many committees regarding domestic and native animals. In October 2010 after being ill for some months Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive cancer and passed away on the 27 th December I have Julie's permission to place her notes on Ozark so all carers could have access to them to help them understand and care for these delightful small winged mammals. Regards Sonya Stanvic

2 INSECTIVOROUS BATS MANAGEMENT and CARE for REHABILITATION and RELEASE including IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for species occurring in Southeastern Australia Freetail Bat Mormopterus species (undescribed) Julie A. Spence July 1992 (Revised March, August 2003)

3 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements Australian Bat Lyssavirus 1. Introduction to Insectivorous Bats 1.1 Experts in Echolocation 1.2 Natural diet 1.3 Feeding Strategies 1.4 Torpor and Hibernation 1.5 Roost Sites 1.6 Characteristics 1.7 Reproduction 1.8 Predators 2. Guidelines to Assist with Identification 2.1 Measurements 2.2 Weight 2.3 Gender 2.4 Age 3. Identification Process 3.1 Family Identification 3.2 Genus and Species Identification 3.3 How to Complete the Identification 4. Handling and Considerations 4.1 Rescue 4.2 Cause of Encounter 4.3 Season of Encounter 4.4 Assessment 5. Injuries Encounted and Recommended Treatments 5.1 Membrane Damage 5.2 Soft Tissue Injury 5.3 Fractures 5.4 Dislocations 5.5 Head Injuries 6. Problems Encounted and Recommended Treatments 6.1 Dehydration 6.2 General Debilitation 6.3 Old Age 6.4 Poisoning 6.5 Mites (Ectoparisites) 6.6 Worms (Endoparisites) 6.7 Ticks 6.8 Entanglements 6.9 Disturbance of Roost 6.10 Unwelcome Roost 7. Housing 7.1 Cotton pillowcase 7.2 Calico bag 7.3 Cotton tent 7.4 Cotton cloth box 7.5 Shade cloth box 7.6 Portable shade cloth house 7.7 Cavedwelling Species

4 8. Prefeeding Warmup 8.1 Assisted Warmup 8.2 Natural Warmup 9. Diet 9.1 Live food in captivity 9.2 Natural live food 9.3 Supplementary food 9.4 Water 10. Feeding Techniques 10.1 Feeding position 10.2 Methods 10.3 Difficult feeders 10.4 How much food? 11. Exercise 11.1 Natural Flight in Captivity 11.2 Encourage to Fly in Captivity 11.3 Other Form of Captive Exercise Scurrying 12. Grooming 12.1 Fur 12.2 Wing and Tail Membranes 13. Release Methods 13.1 Free fly 13.2 Tree 13.3 Bat box 14. Specimen Collection 15. References 16. Additional Reading Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Listing of Australian Bat Species Basic Tips for Growing Mealworms List of Illustrations Cover Page Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Freetail Bat Mormopterus species (undescribed) The echolocation technique Capturing insects on the wing Longeared bat hovering to glean insect from leaf Freetail Bat scurrying through leaf litter Myotis adversus foraging over water Drinking water on the wing Cave roost Tree hollow roost

5 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Roost in gable of house Roost in roof space (a) Simplenosed Bat (b) Horseshoe Bat (a) Roosting position of most microbats (b) Roosting position of Horseshoe Bats (a) Enclosed tail (b) Freetail (c) Sheathtail Mother and young Baby suckling Young cluster together in nursery Measuring the bat Measuring tibia Measuring ear (a) Genitals of female bat (b) Genitals of male bat (a) Aging the bat (b) Estimate of age (a) Enclosed tail (b) Freetail (c) Sheathtail Structure of a Bat Wing Membrane Damage Penetrating Injury Types of Fractures The Old Bat Insecticidal Poisoning Diagram of wire cover Bat Box Release List of Tables Table 1 The Microbat Calendar

6 First edition July, First revision September, Second revision August, Third revision March, August 2003 No part of this manual may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the author. Julie A. Spence

7 PREFACE This is the third revision of an original manual produced July It has been written to guide voluntary wildlife carers in practical and humane methods of care and management of insectivorous bats whilst in a captive rehabilitation situation in preparation for subsequent release. This edition includes an uncomplicated species Identification Guide for the Wildlife Carer. The information has been gained from personal experiences over many years. The acquisition of knowledge by networking with carers and the scientific community has furthered techniques. Prior to handling any mega or microbat species, it is essential that wildlife carers be aware of the Australian Bat Lyssavirus, be vaccinated against Lyssavirus and maintain their annual titre level testing for antibody levels. To care for insectivorous bats it is important to identify the species; understand the species natural habitat, diet, simple biology, lifestyle and ecological role. This, in conjunction with guidance on reasons for encounter, season of encounter, circumstances and type of injury will assist the carer to be practical and rational in assessing the bat's condition. With this knowledge the carer should be conscious of the decision in attempting to rehabilitate the bat giving optimal chance of survival after release. Emotions should not rule in assessment of the animal, the animal's welfare should be first and foremost. Julie Spence

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have encouraged and supported my work for many years. Helen George, O.A.M., was the instigator of my work with microbats in the very early days. During the following years a number of people assisted and guided me through the necessary basic requirements and understanding of these somewhat small, intriguing placental mammals. I wish to thank the following for their practical assistance: Anne Williams, Naturalist: Ray Williams, Naturalist and Bat Bander: Linda Gibson, Mammal Department, Australian Museum: Lindy Lumsden, Bat Researcher: Glenn Hoye, Bat Consultant: Brian Rich, Biochemist, Wombaroo Food Products, Glen Osmond SA: Dr. C. R. Tidemann, Lecturer, School of Resource Management and Environmental Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT. During more recent years many wildlife carers have contributed in a great many ways to prompt the revision of the manual. Devona Fraser, Pamela Gardiner, Carole West, Sandra Ferguson to name but a few, thank you for sharing your experiences and allowing knowledge to be shared amongst the carers. Also, to the Kuringgai Bat Conservation Society Inc. (formally Kuringgai Bat Colony Committee Inc.) for support during my years with the Committee and the NSW Wildlife Information & Rescue Service Inc. (WIRES) for continued support throughout the years. Sonya and Fred Stanvic and members of the Kuringgai Bat Colony Committee for editing the original manuscript. Fred Stanvic for assistance with the presentation of the revised manuscript 1994 and Janet Hutchinson for her valuable comments on the original and first revised manuscript. Leanne Parkes for patience and practical advice during our lengthy discussions. Linda Collins for permission to use Australian Bat Lyssavirus notes. Thank you to Anne Bowman for the cover illustration, Leanne Parkes for illustrations on measuring bats and tail types, Lindy Lumsden for bat age diagrams. Leslie S. Hall & G. C. Richards for Structure of the Bat and Harry Parnaby for use of various illustrations in 'An Interim Guide to Identification of Insectivorous Bats of Southeastern Australia'. Also, Sue Churchill for diagrams in Australian Bats and Phil Richardson for drawings in Bats. A special thank you to Glenn Hoye and Chris Tidemann who have conveyed much information and practical advice on difficulties experienced during the rehabilitation process. I sincerely appreciate the input from Glenn Hoye and Viki McDonald on layout advice and editing of the Identification Guide now included in this manual.

9 THE AUSTRALIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS (ABL) The Discovery of Lyssavirus In May 1996 Lyssavirus was discovered in Australian Bats. It was first isolated in a sub adult Black Flyingfox (Pteropus alecto) on the Far North Coast of NSW. It has subsequently been found in another three Australian Pteropus species: Greyheaded Flyingfox (P. poliocephalus), Little Red Flyingfox (P. scapulatus) and Spectacled Flyingfox (P. conspicillatus). It has also been isolated in two Australian insectivorous bat species: Yellowbellied Sheathtail Bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris) and Lesser Longeared Bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi). In November 1996 a wildlife carer from Rockhampton died as a result of contracting this virus. The carer had been bitten and/or scratched by two species of flyingfox (Black Flyingfox and Little Red Flyingfox), a Yellowbellied Sheathtail Bat and a Brushtail Possum within the incubation time of this virus. The species blamed for her death was the flyingfox. However, 18 months later it was confirmed that the Yellowbellied Sheathtail Bat was responsible. The second human fatality, a member of the general public, occurred in December Overseas, Lyssaviruses are transmitted by a large number of different mammal species: in Australia only a small number of mammals, other than bats, have been tested. Of the seven Lyssavirus genus identified, Australian Bat Lyssavirus has the closest genomic and antigenic relationship to the classical Rabies Virus. Transmission ABL is considered to be transmitted to humans in the same way as Classic Rabies and other Lyssaviruses: via bites and to a lesser degree, scratches. The virus is carried in the saliva of the infected animal. It enters the victim's body via a puncture wound to the skin, where the virus enters the nerve endings and travels to the central nervous system where it can remain dormant for a varying length of time. Experience with other closely related viruses including Classic Rabies would suggest that contact such as patting bats or exposure to urine and faeces does not constitute an atrisk exposure. (Bat Lyssavirus Information, National Centre for Disease Control 13/12/96) Vaccination Australian Bat Lyssavirus is closely related to, but is distinct from, the classic Rabies Virus of the seven genus identified worldwide. Therefore, rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin have been shown to be protective against ABL. However, vaccination must be administered before symptoms begin. Once symptoms begin vaccination is ineffective and death will most likely occur. Incubation time for Classic Rabies is usually within 2 months of the initial exposure and can begin as early as 9 days; cases have also been recorded after many years. The exact incubation time of ABL is unknown. If you intend to rescue or care for insectivorous bats or flyingfoxes vaccination against ABL is essential. Preexposure Vaccination Carers who have never been bitten or scratched by a flyingfox or insectivorous bat require Preexposure vaccination. This vaccination consists of three 1ml intramuscular injections of rabies vaccine given on day 0, day 7 and day 28 and can be ard through your local GP or Health Department Postexposure Vaccination This is recommended for all carers who have been bitten or scratched by a flyingfox or insectivorous bat regardless of how long ago. Post Exposure Vaccination consist of five 1ml intramuscular injections given on day 0, day 3, day 7, day 14, and day 28 and can also be ard through your local GP or Health Department.

10 Please Note: Contact your coordinator before you apply for either vaccination. They will have the latest information regarding vaccination procedures and costs. You and your doctor will be required to complete a Australian Bat Lyssavirus Vaccination Form which will be supplied by and must be returned to, your coordinator. If your doctor queries the preexposure schedule of day 0, day 7, day 28, inform the doctor that the NSW Health Department follow the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations which is the second schedule listed under Preexposure, Primary vaccination, of the manufactures instruction leaflet, which accompanies the vaccine. If your doctor suggests or insists that you receive immunogobulin as part of your post exposure schedule, please do not accept this unless you have spoken to your coordinator. Immunoglobulin is rarely required. Australian Doctors have had limited, if any exposure to the procedures for administering rabies vaccine and many mistakes have been made. Your coordinator is in constant contact with the Health Department on the exact procedures required by wildlife carers. Obtain a signed Certificate of Vaccination from the administering Doctor. Annual Titre Level Test It is essential that vaccinated wildlife carers have an annual Titre Level Test. Your local Doctor will collect a blood sample and sent it to a Pathology Laboratory for testing your antibody level. The World Health Organisation recommends a minimum post vaccination immune antibody level of not less than 0.5 IU/ml. Always request a copy of the Titre Level Test result. In Perspective It is just as important not to lose our perspective. We must remember that for the past fifteen years thousands of wildlife carers in both Queensland and NSW have rehabilitated and raised thousands of native animals. Amongst this large human population in direct, prolonged and intimate contact, two deaths have been attributable to a native species. However, if we are to continue caring for native animals at our present level we must accept that Australian Bat Lyssavirus is here and a wildlife carer has died. Until the full extent of this virus is known we must take adequate precautions to avoid infection, no matter how remote infection may appear. Knowledge of Australian Bat Lyssavirus is important, as carers are also educators of the general public. Should you be required to rescue a bat always inquire if any person has been bitten or scratched. If so, the wound must be scrubbed with soap and water for approximately 5 minutes. Advise the victim to seek urgent medical attention by a Doctor, Health Department or Emergency Department at the nearest hospital. Confirmation of a bat being Lyssavirus positive requires testing of a sample of brain tissue, therefore, the bat must be euthanased for the test to be conducted. Please be sensible should you be required to destroy what you assess as a healthy bat it may be Lyssavirus positive and human life must always be placed before that of the animal. REMEMBER, ALL AUSTRALIAN MEGA AND MICRO BAT SPECIES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CARRY AUSTRALIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS. Complied by Linda Collins with amendments by Julie Spence

11 1. AN INTRODUCTION to INSECTIVOROUS BATS To watch a bat flitting and swooping after insects in a forest clearing at twilight, or under the bright street lights during the evening is a delight few people notice. Approximately 900 bat species occur worldwide. In Australia 12 species of Megachiroptera (megabats) and approximately 58 species of Microchiroptera (microbats or insectivorous bats) are listed. The sub order Microchiroptera contains six Families: Emballonuridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae. (G.C. Richards, et al, 1993). Thirtythree species of microbats occur in Southeastern Australia (Harry Parnaby, 1992). Identification is often quite difficult, as many species are similar. These endearing placental mammals' in body weight from as little as 2 grams to 170 grams. Our largest insectivorous bat, the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) is endemic to Northern areas of Australia. Included in this species' diet are frogs, lizards, mice and even other small bats. We are gradually coming to appreciate these special creatures as valuable nonchemical controllers of insect populations. Microbats require active conservation measures to protect their forests and caves. As they take advantage of human excavations in the urban environment consider the installation of bat boxes as alternate habitats. 1.1 Experts in Echolocation It was only this century, in the 1940s that humans developed ultrasonic receivers, which registered the high frequency sounds made by bats. The average human ear can hear sounds between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second (20 Hertz and 20 khz) but it is the high frequency sounds beyond human (up to 215 khz) that bats use to navigate, locate and catch prey. Bats produce the sound in the voice box (larynx) and emit pulses of sound either through the nose or mouth. The returning echoes are collected by the ears and processed into a sound picture by their complex brain. The tragus (a vertical flap of skin in front of the ear opening) may direct the echoes and perhaps protect the ear from the animal's own intense sound pulses. Figure 1 The echolocation technique When cruising in search of prey, bats emit about 10 sound pulses per second. Once the bat locates a flying insect, the rate increases from 10 to 150 or even 200 pulses per second as they catch it. At high frequencies the sound waves become shorter. These short waves are best suited to produce useable echoes from small objects. These pulses can also be concentrated into a beam of sound. Little Bentwing Bats roost in caves. Some colonies such as Bat Cleft at Mt. Etna in Queensland, contain 100,000 bats. How do they recognize their own returning echoes from all the others? This remarkable ability depends on each bat using a selection of frequencies, pattern and volume of sound unique to itself. Mother bats call to their young to find them when returning from feeding flights. As young bats grow older their ability to make the full of ultrasonic calls for their species improves.

12 1.2 Natural Diet Microbats feed on a wide variety of flying insects including beetles, moths and mosquitoes. When feeding they can catch up to 500 insects an hour or one every 7 seconds. During a night they are capable of consuming 24 to 40% of their body weight in insects! Most insects are caught with the mouth but sometimes the tail and wing membrane is used to scoop the insect. Often the wing tip is used to flick the insect into the tail membrane. The bat ducks its head down into the tail membrane and grasps the insect in its mouth. Figure 2 Capturing insects on the wing Smaller insects are eaten during flight, 'feeding on the wing'. If a larger insect is caught it is tucked away in the tail membrane and the bat will fly to a feeding site to consume the meal. The site may be recognized by the accumulated remains of insects. Figure 3 Longeared Bat hovering Figure 4 Freetail Bat scurrying through leaf litter to glean insect from leaf Spiders and insects are gleaned from leaves and branches by those species that are able to hover. Some species also scurry through leaf litter to consume insects. One species of microbat, the Largefooted myotis (Myotis adversus) has very long, recurved sharp claws. These are used to rake aquatic insects and small fish from the surface of lakes and ponds. Figure 5 Myotis adversus foraging over water Due to the small size of bats, (that is, large volume to surface area ratio) much heat is lost by radiation. Therefore, large amounts of energy are required to maintain body temperature. Added to this, more energy is expended in flight. For this reason microbats must eat more food than a terrestrial animal of similar size.

13 Microbats obtain moisture from insects in their diet. Supplementary fluid intake is obtained by licking droplets of rainwater or dew from foliage. During the summer months microbats have been observed leaving their roost at dusk to skim across the surface of a pond to drink. Figure 6 Drinking water on the wing 1.3 Feeding Strategies To reduce the competition for valuable insect food, feeding strategies have been adopted by the various species. High, fast flying, aerial feeding species hunt insects at or above the forest canopy (Sheathtail and Freetail Bats). Relative fast, direct flying species will forage below the canopy but above the forest understorey (Pipistrelles). Generalists will feed around or just above the understorey, having the capacity for aerial capture of insects and gleaning insects from foliage (Goulds Wattled, Bentwings, Vespadelus spp.). Slow flying, hovering or sit and wait fliers will glean insects from foliage or pounce on cockroaches and insects in the leaf litter (Longeared, Horseshoe Bats). Freetail Bats will also forage in leaf litter. 1.4 Torpor and Hibernation To conserve energy, bats become torpid when at rest. Torpor is the lowering of the metabolic rate allowing body temperature to fall to that of its surroundings or within 1 to 2 degrees Celsius above surrounding temperature. A torpid bat feels cool to the touch, is innactive and appears to be asleep. During the cooler winter months, when energy sources (insects) become scarce, bats will enter into an extended torpor or hibernation. This is almost a complete cessation of normal bodily activities. They may, however, rouse occasionally during this time to urinate, defecate, exercise, drink water to replenish water loss and take advantage of opportunistic feeding if it is a warm evening. Prior to the onset of cooler months bats will build up storage of fat, enough to survive the hibernation period. Stored fat reserves are retained on shoulder and rump areas. These areas appear to be plump and feel quite solid during late autumn and early winter. The fat reserve is seldom more than the bat's expected requirements. Hence, disturbance of torpid bats during winter months may lead to death through exhaustion of fat reserves, before the return of warmer weather. 1.5 Roost Sites Roost sites may be numerous and vary between species. Figure 7 Cave roost Cave roosting bats will select caves: large diameter water pipes, mine shafts or tunnels. They are very particular about the climatic conditions with in the cave (temperature and humidity) and will use a particular roost site according to the season.. Maternity colonies are especially specific, as the high temperature and humidity are required for the rapid development of the young. Females will fly hundreds of kilometers to congregate in large numbers at these maternity roosts.

14 Other species select tree hollows or under the lifting, peeling bark of tree trunks. Tree hollow roosting species are usually found to roost singularly or in smaller numbers compared to the cave dwelling species which prefer to roost in larger numbers from fifty to many thousands. Cracks in fence posts or poles, under old wooden bridges or amongst dried plant leaves, such as palms also make an excellent roost. Figure 8 Tree hollow roost The roof and wall cavities of older style dwellings quite often make for a cosy and somewhat secure roosting site for many of the species. However, when the human inhabitants realise they are sharing their home a complaint may be made to a wildlife organisation. It is therefore important that knowledge on the habits and ecological role of microbats is known by members of the organisation and relevant advice conveyed to the concerned homeowner. Figure 9 Roost in gable of house Figure 10 Roost in roof space Some microbats have been disturbed in unusual roosts, for example, telephone junction boxes, under the metal cap of telegraph poles and even in the exhaust of a tractor! Horse rugs and old clothing left hanging outside often attracts a solitary bat for using as an alternate roost. A number of alternate roost sites may be used within a small area, the animals moving regularly between the different roosts. Some species vary roosts seasonally. 1.6 Characteristics Most humans consider bats to be ugly because of their st faces, large ears, tiny eyes and flaps of skin around their mouths and noses. Many bats have simple noses, similar to figure 11 (a). They fly with their mouths open as sound pulses are emitted via the mouth. Figure 11 (a) Simplenosed Bat (b) Horseshoe Bat The Horseshoe Bats have a noseleaf in the shape of a horseshoe, Figure 11 (b). They fly with their mouths closed, emitting ultrasonic pulses through the nose. The noseleaf is believed to direct the beam of sound and to filter the returning echo from other sounds. This is the only species of micro bat that does not have a tragus within the ear opening.

15 Horseshoebats have broad wings and are slow fliers foraging for insects in woodland and forest. They are able to hover and glean insects from leaves. During the day they roost in caves, and in cooler climates, where insects are not available in winter, they hibernate. Microbats roost up side down with their feet clinging to the rough surface of the selected roost with their wings folded alongside their body, Figure 12 (a). However, one exception to this behaviour is the Horseshoe Bat who will roost with wings wrapped around its body, Figure 12 (b). Figure 12 (a) Roosting position of most microbats (b) Roosting position of Horseshoe Bats Another distinguishing characteristic of microbats are their varying tail types. Figure 13 (a) Enclosed tail (b) Freetail (c) Sheathtail This characteristic is one important feature which assist with the correct identification of microbat species. The majority of microbats are unable to launch into flight from the ground. They require height to launch and will scurry along the ground using wrists and feet to move. Once a tree trunk is located, a healthy bat will scurry up a distance and launch into flight. However, Freetail Bats are capable of launching into flight from the ground. 1.7 Reproduction The typical reproductive pattern for microbats in southern Australia (where torpor is entered over winter), mating will occur during autumn and into winter. The female stores the sperm in her reproductive tract until spring when she ovulates and fertilization occurs. However, some species allow fertilization to occur at mating and allow the embryo to develop to an immature stage. The embryo is suspended in the uterus until the arrival of spring, indicating that food resources are more available. Implantation of the embryo then takes place and growth resumes Gestation period is approximately 12 weeks but is dependent on weather conditions. If the early spring brings cold, wet weather and the females spend more time in torpor, the development of the young also slows down and birthing is later. Most young are born November to December. In some species twins are usual (Gould's Wattled, Longeared Bats) while in others a single young is normal (Vespadelus species, Bentwings).

16 Mothers will carry their young while foraging for two or three days after birthing. After this, the young are left in the nursery roost and huddle together for warmth and security. Some species will move their young to alternate roosts during lactation, however, these roosts are in reasonably close proximity. Figure 14 Mother and young The young develop quickly, they are born furless, and eyes closed and are approximately 10% of the mother's body weight. Within 7 days a light dusting of fur will appear and at 6 to 8 weeks of age they are adultlike in appearance, however, their weight is considerably lower. They will commence to fly at approximately 5 to 6 weeks of age. Figure 15 Baby suckling Figure 16 Young cluster together in nursery 1.8 Predators Ignorance is probably the greatest enemy of bats. Insectivorous bats have numerous natural predators: Birds of Prey, snakes, old age and even other bats! However, homosapiens (the introduced predator) are responsible for a great many problems encountered by bats. With the introduction of motor vehicles, cats, insecticides, barbed wire and guns many microbat lives are short lived. Home renovations, clearing of natural environment, felling trees and disturbing roost sites are further major problems confronting bats. Loss of roost sites and foraging areas place microbats in an extremely vulnerable position. 2. GUIDELINES to ASSIST with IDENTIFICATION The following guidelines have been designed and developed for the use of bat rehabilitators. The correct identification of microbats entering rehabilitation networks is of the utmost importance. Organizations will gain credibility for factual reporting and application of the correct captive management technique according to the animal s requirements. Taxonomy (study of the classification of organisms according to their resemblance's and differences) of microbats is under continual review. Many species are taxonomically complicated and therefore, difficult to positively classify to an individual species. The taxonomy of many groups is incomplete and some forms are currently undescribed. To assist with basic understanding of CLASSIFICATION, organisms are classified scientifically in a hierarchical series of groups. The smallest group regularly used is the SPECIES. Species that are more like each other than like other species are grouped together in a GENUS. Similarly, genera are grouped into FAMILIES, families into ORDERS, orders into CLASSES, classes into PHYLA or divisions and phyla into KINGDOMS, the highest taxonomic rank.

17 The following example is the classification of the Gould s Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii): KINGDOM: PHYLUM: SUBPHYLUM: CLASS: ORDER: SUBORDER: FAMILY: GENUS: SPECIES: Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Chiroptera Microchiroptera Vespertilionidae Chalinolobus gouldii Microbats are classified in the same category from KINGDOM to SUBORDER. Categories change for FAMILY, GENUS and SPECIES according to the bat s taxonomy. The inventory of Australian Bat Species consists of scientific names and common English names (see Appendix 2). It is recommended that the carer wear cotton gloves when handling the bat. Record the following information: 2.1 Measurements Correct measurements are extremely important. Use vernier or dial calipers for measuring and recording measurements in millimetres, readings taken to one decimal place, e.g., 32.7mm. At all times measure the RIGHT side, however, should the right side be damaged, measure the left side and indicate on record form. Forearm Forearm Figure 18 Tibia (hind leg) Leg must rest naturally Tail Figure 17 Measuring the bat. When measuring the forearm ensure it is folded in the resting position alongside the body. The tail must be fully extended. Figure 19 Ear must be fully extended 2.2 Weight Digital scales or a spring balance reading in 1 gram increments is adequate to weigh microbats. Contain the live bat in a small cloth bag to weigh, but REMEMBER TO DEDUCT THE WEIGHT OF THE BAG before recording weight on record form.

18 2.3 Gender To determine the sex of the bat examine the genital area carefully. Most male microbats are well endowed however; a debilitated, dehydrated bat s penis may be overlooked. Use a magnifying glass to confirm the sex if necessary. Figure 20 (a) Genitals of female bat (b) Genitals of male bat 2.4 Age To age the bat you must consider the current season. Birthing occurs during late spring to summer. On average the pup attains almost adult proportions within six to eight weeks. Therefore, aging young bats is difficult and only possible during spring, summer and into early autumn. Four categories may be applied to age the bat: baby; juvenile; subadult; adult. Outside the aforementioned periods it is not possible to determine an age other than adult. Baby preflight Juvenile flying 01 mth Subadult flying 23 mths Adult flying >3 mths Bands of cartilage Figure 21 (a) Aging the bat View this area with a strong light BEHIND the wing (b) Estimate of age Exercise care when holding the live bat near a strong artificial light source. The heat generated by an artificial source may be damaging and cause discomfort.

19 3. IDENTIFICATION PROCESS Microbat identification is difficult and this is recognised by bat biologists. Take time with your identification as it is a learning process. It is not complicated if you follow the logical procedures as listed below. Microbats are relatively easy to identify to a FAMILY, a little more difficult to identify to a GENUS and in some species extremely difficult to identify to a SPECIES. Remember, many groups are incomplete and some forms are currently undescribed. It is not recommended that a positive identification be based on a photograph only. Whilst many reference books and guides contain fine quality photography of microchiropteran species, many species do appear to be similar. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the physical characteristics, consider measurements and weights and a check of the species distribution map of the individual you are attempting to identify. When you have completed this process, compare your identification to a species photograph contained in an Identification Guide book as recommended in Section Family Identification Microbat species are initially classified into four Family types. The Family is distinguishable by the tail type: Figure 22 (a) Enclosed tail Family Vespertilionidae Family Rhinolophidae (b) Freetail Family Molossidae (c) Sheathtail Family Emballonuridae Identification to the Family is the easiest of the identification process. From here it becomes a little more complicated. 3.2 Genus and Species Identification To classify the bat to a particular GENUS and SPECIES, a selection of physical features are investigated. Similarities are often quite close, so if in doubt state this when recording your identification. Distinctive physical characteristics of the bat includes: head shape; facial features; nose type; ear and tragus position and shape; dentition; wing digits; penis shape and size. These characteristics together with forearm measurements, weight, fur texture and colour are basic features used to assist with identification. 3.3 How to Complete the Identification During the identification process refer to the Microchirpoteran Identification Guide for Adult Species Occurring in Southeastern Australia, a Guide for the Wildlife Carer contained in Appexdix 1.

20 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE ves pertileeon idee (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Vespadelus vulturnus vesp ahday lus vulturn us Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Fur colour variable from brown to pale grey, lighter belly. Hairs bicoloured, darker at base. Tragus often white, ear and wing tissue pale. Distribution (Little Forest Bat) Penis is pendulous and not distinctly angular. Glans penis bulbous Vespadelus baverstocki vesp ahday lus bav erstok ee (Inland Forest Bat) Roost: tree hollows and roofs of buildings. Colony size approx 5 18 (SINGLE YOUNG) Two distinct colour forms. Fur on back light sandy brown, base of hairs grey. Belly fur much lighter with base of each hair dark brown and tip creamy white. Other colour form, brownish grey with paler belly fur. Greyish pink bare skin on face, ears and wing membranes pale grey. Tragus sometimes white. Penis is pendulous and not distinctly angular. Vespadelus pumilus vesp ahday lus poom ilus (Eastern Forest Bat) Glans penis funnelshaped without bilateral urethral folds Roost: tree hollows, abandoned buildings. Colony size approx 2 60 (SINGLE YOUNG) Fur dark chocolatebrown on back with almost black base to the hairs and lighter fur on belly. Fur is very long and thick extending onto dorsal surface of tail membrane. Wing membrane is black, skin on muzzle and ears dark brown. Small penis with distinct angular shape. Glans penis Little is known about its ecological requirements and general biology. (TWINS) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER

21 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Vespadelus regulus vesp ahday lus reg yuelus (Southern Forest Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Fur on back warm reddish brown with paler belly. Fur is distinctly bicoloured with dark base. Ear and wing membranes are grey. Penis is pendulous and not distinctly angular. Glans penis large lateral urethral folds Distribution Fly with great aerial agility and rapid wing beats. Capable of taking off from ground with ease. Roost: tree hollows. Colony size approx to 100 Vespadelus darlingtoni vesp ahday lus darl ingtunee (Large Forest Bat) Distinctive within genus having long fur, larger size forearm. Fur is dark brown to rusty brown all over. Hairs mildly bicoloured with dark brown base and lighter tips. Ear and wing tissue is very dark and skin on arm is same colour as the wing membrane. Small penis, distinctly angular, tip not swollen. Glans penis Roost: tree hollows in small groups 56 females or solitary males. Also roost in buildings up to 20 in number. Vespadelus troughtoni vesp ahday lus traw tunee (Eastern Cave Bat) An uncommon bat. Fur on back light brown with ginger tips mainly around Head. Belly fur dark at base with light fawn tips. Penis is pendulous, end of penis clearly swollen. Glans penis not pointed Roost: overhanging caves, boulder piles, mine tunnels occasionally in buildings. Roost sites frequently in reasonably welllit areas. Colony sizes from 6 to 50. Little is known about its general biology. MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

22 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Scotorepens greyii skoh tohrep enz gray eeee (Little Broadnosed Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Small slender body. Fur markedly bicoloured and variable from brown to greybrown on back. Base of hairs lighter than tips and belly fur is lighter. Ears relatively broad, tragus has narrow and pointed tip. Broad square muzzle when viewed from above. Waterholes and creeks favoured foraging areas. Roost: hollows, usually in trees. Have been recorded roosting in hollow centres of fence posts and in hollow space under metal cap of telegraph poles. May also roost in disused buildings. Colony size from 2 to 20 individuals. Distribution *Known to inflict a painful bite! (TWINS) Scotorepens sp (Broadnosed species) Taxonomic status unclear This species is found only east of the Great Dividing Range. Weight 6 8 grams with a forearm <34mm and is lighter in weight than the S. orion with a weight of 8 12 grams. This species ratio of hindleg to forearm is above 41%. The S. orion ratio hindleg to forearm is below 41%. The S. orion has darker fur colour and has a more puglike muzzle. Measurements and weights are likely to overlap between the two species. However, these two species found in the same area are recognisably distinct. Scotorepens orion skoh tohrep enz ohrie on Fur colour rich warmish brown on back with belly fur more drab. Fur is not markedly bicoloured. Ears are relatively broad and tragus tip narrow and pointed. (Eastern Broadnosed Bat) Roost: tree hollows. One record of roost in a roof space. No information on colony size. (SINGLE YOUNG) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

23 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Scotorepens balstoni skoh tohrep enz bawl stunee (Inland Broadnosed Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Generally does not occur east of Great Dividing Range. Pugnacious species. Fur colour variable, ranging from dark brown to pale sandy, most commonly a light greybrown on back with pale brown belly. Fur is markedly bicoloured with darker bases. Muzzle is broad and squareshaped when viewed from above. Ears are relatively slender and longer than those of S. orion. The tragus is short, 4mm. Flight is continuous with quick rapid diversions in pursuit of prey. Often emerging to forage just on dusk. Distribution Roost: tree hollows and roof cavities, often roost in horizontal position *This species have welldeveloped jaw muscles and a tenacious nature! (SINGLE/TWINS) Chalinolobus picatus kah linohlobe us peekah tus (Little Pied Bat) Fur uniform glossy black on back extending well onto the tail membrane. Belly fur faintly washed with grey. Two distinct white stripes run along the underside of the body that converge to form a V in the pubic region. The small ears are too short to meet or barely touch when pressed together across top of head. Lobe at base of outer ear margin is poorly developed, but the secondary lobe along the lip is easily seen. Secondary lobe Lobe at base of outer ear margin Wing membrane attached to base of toe This species is capable of coping with high temperatures. Roost: tree hollows, caves, and abandoned mines, small numbers <15. (One record of 38 individuals were found roosting in a roof cavity). (TWINS) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

24 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Chalinolobus nigrogriseus kah linohlobe us nih rohgrizay us Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information A Gentle bat with dark grey to black fur on back and greyishbrown fur on belly with frosting of white tips to the hairs Distribution (Hoary Wattled Bat) Chalinolobus morio kah linohlobe us mor eeoh (Chocolate Wattled Bat) Secondary lobe Lobe (wattle) at base of outer ear margin near corner of mouth is poorly developed and secondary lobe is reduced to a thin ribbon of skin along lower lip uter ea Lobe at base of outer ear margin o Wing membrane attached to base of toe Commonly forage along water courses and in swampy areas and tend to emerge early Evening to forage. Roost: tree hollows, may also roost in rock crevices. (TWINS) Fur on back and belly is uniform chocolate brown. Belly fur is sometimes slightly paler in inland individuals. Head is steeply domed with short muzzle usually with a distinct ridge of fur across the muzzle. Short broad ears, barely or not quite meet if pressed together across top of head. Tragus is short, broad ridge of fur and strongly curved forward with pointed tip. across muzzle Wattle moderately developed, lobe at base of outer ear margin is small, secondary lobe along lower lip is semicircular and easily seen. Lobe at base of outer ear margin Secondary lobe Wing membrane attached to base of toe Roost: tree hollows, roof cavities, under peeling tree bark, Fairy Martin nests, culverts and bridges. Colony size: females 6 to 70 individuals, most males roost alone. Known to forage 5km from roost site and use same relatively small area each night. In southern areas this species tends to be the last to enter hibernation and first to emerge in spring. (SINGLE/TWINS) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

25 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Chalinolobus dwyeri kah linohlobe us dwie eree Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Uniform glossy fur on back, belly fur is washed with brown and usually a band of bright white fur edges the underside at the junction of body to wing membranes. The white fur converges in the pubic region to form a V shape. Distribution (Largeeared Pied Bat) Lobe at base of outer ear margin Moderately large ears easily touch when pressed together above the head. Lobe (wattle) at base of outer ear margin is well developed. Secondary lobe of skin along the side of the lower lip is also well developed. Wing membrane attached to base of toe Secondary lobe MALES: glands located on either side of muzzle appear swollen and exude a milky secretion when compressed. Chalinolobus gouldii kah linohlobe us gule deeee (Gould s Wattled Bat) Roosts: caves, mines, tunnels. Colony size: approx 3 to 37. Commonly roost in twlight areas of caves not far from entrance. (TWINS) * This species often confused with Miniopterus schreibersii (Common Bentwing Bat). Extremely adaptable bat. Fur brown on back and belly with contrasting dark blackish fur on head and shoulders Short muzzle, ears are short and broad Secondary lobe Lobe at base of outer ear margin extends to form a large fold of skin. Secondary long, narrow lobe is present along lower lip. Lobe at base of outer ear margin Terminal bone of third wing digit relatively short, Relative length of calcar Wing membrane attached to base of toe less than half the length of the rest of the digit Regularly forage 510km from roost site. This species is extremely vocal with chatter. Roosts: tree hollows (colony size 840), roof cavities (colony size up to 80). Males are generally solitary. Individuals frequently move daily between a number of roosts within a small area. (TWINS) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

26 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Nyctophilus geoffroyi nik tohfil us zhef roy ee (Lesser Longeared Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Fur light grey on back and distinctively lighter (often white) on belly. Hairs bicoloured, very dark at base. Y shaped grove in rostral elevation Extended ears When in torpor/at rest, ear tissue contracts, when aroused ears extend. Distribution Diagnostic elastic membrane High ridge on muzzle that is split and joined by an elastic membrane of skin giving the ridge a distinctive Y shaped groove Nyctophilus gouldi nik tohfil us gule dee (Gould s Longeared Bat) Commonly a crevice dweller. Roost: tree hollows, under lifting/peeling bark, roof cavities, old hanging clothing (eg horse rugs). Colony size: roost alone or small groups 2 to 3. Maternity colonies 1015 females with single adult male. Known to shift roost sites regularly within a defined area. Capable of taking off from the ground. (SINGLE/TWINS) Slategrey to greybrown fur on back with ashgrey belly fur often mottled with very light buff. Extended ears Membrane joins the ears Muzzle ridge When in torpor/at rest, ear tissue contracts, when aroused ears extend. Long ears >24mm when extended Faint vertical grove in the muzzle ridge. Nyctophilus bifax nik tohfil us bie fax (Eastern Longeared Bat) Roosts: tree hollows, under peeling tree bark, roof cavities. Colony size: females 20+, males solitary. (TWINS) Snout bump Fur colour s from dark to light brown often with belly fur a lighter greybrown. Ears long, 20.5 to 25mm when extended. Snout bump low and rounded, poorly developed, appears as low ridge Roost: tree hollows, among dense foliage, under peeling tree bark, roots of strangler figs. Move young frequently to different roosts during lactation. Little is known of its biology or habitat requirements. (TWINS)

27 MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Nyctophilus timoriensis nik tohfil us teem oreeen sis (Greater Longeared Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Found inland of the Great Dividing Range. Fur dark greybrown all over, indistinctly bicoloured with only slightly lighter brown at the tips. Muzzle ridge Extended ears When in torpor/at rest, ear tissue contracts, when aroused ears extend Ridge on muzzle is low with shallow vertical groove in the front. (Similar to N. gouldi but head is proportionally larger, snout broader and body more thickset). Forearm >40mm Distribution Kerivoula papeuensis ke reevule ah pah pueen sis (Goldentipped Bat) Roost: tree hollows, fissures in branches, under peeling sheets of tree bark. Biology and taxonomy poorly understood. (TWINS) Spidereating (predominantly Orbweaving spiders) specialist. Distinctively coloured dark brown curly fur with bright golden tips to each hair. Fur extends Along the wing bones, legs and tail. Ears distinctly funnel shaped with a very long, straight, pointed tragus. Nose is conspicuously pointed and overhangs the lower jaw. Roost: abandoned nests of gerygones and scrubwrens. Myotis adversus mieoh tis advers us (Largefooted Myotis) Fur colour variable from dark grey to reddish brown Tibia feet (>8mm Large foot Calcar length Ears are long, tragus is long, straight and slender. Calcar is very long extending three quarters of the distance from ankle to tail tip. Very distinguishable species by its recurved claws and disproportionately large feet (>8mm) long which are greater than half the length of the tibia. Roost: caves, mines or tunnels, storm water drains, under bridges and occasionally in dense foliage. Usually select roost sites in close proximity to water. Colony size: approx individuals, occasionally several hundred. Will form small harems with single male and 1 to 12 females creating a breeding group. Other males roost alone or in small allmale clusters. (SINGLE YOUNG) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

28 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Miniopterus australis min eeopterus ostrah lis Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Fur uniform chocolate brown on back, slightly lighter on belly. Distinctly short muzzle and domed head. Ears are short and rounded (roughly triangular shape). Distribution (Little Bentwing Bat) Last joint of third finger Last joint of third finger is approx four times the length of the preceding joint and is folded back along the line of the first joint when at rest. Wing membrane is attached to the ankle Miniopterus schreibersii min eeopterus shribe erzeeee (Common Bentwing Bat) It is common for this species to carry a number of o bat flies (Streblidae) which are found clinging to the fur and wing membranes. Roosts: caves, tunnels. During the summer months females congregate in large maternity colonies, males at this time often roost in separate caves. This species frequently shares roost sites with M. schreibersii. (SINGLE YOUNG) Fur dark reddishbrown to dark brown on back, slightly lighter on belly. Distinctly short muzzle and domed head. Short, rounded (roughly triangular) ears. Last joint of Last joint of Last joint of third finger Last joint of third finger is approx four times the length of the preceding joint and is folded back along the line of the first joint when at rest. Wing membrane is attached to the ankle It is common for this species to carry a number of o bat flies (Streblidae) which are found clinging to the fur and wing membranes. Roosts: caves, mines, road culverts, storm water drains and occasionally stone/brick structures. Colony size: During spring up to 100,000 females will congregate in specific maternity caves, which provide high temperatures and humidity. Early autumn they disperse to smaller winter roosts. Large distances are traveled between spring and autumn roosts. (SINGLE YOUNG) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

29 Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE (Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Falsistrellus tasmaniensis fol seestrel us tazmane eeen sis (Eastern False Pipistrelle) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Large robust bat with dark brown to reddish brown fur on the back with a slightly paler grey belly. The muzzle is sparsely haired. Lobe Characteristic notch on outer ear margin The slender ears extend well above the head and overlap by some 5mm when pressed together over top of head. Tragus is more than half the length of the ear (moderatesized lobe at rear of the base) and narrows to a slightly rounded tip. Distribution Position of left upper incisors and canine Two upper incisors, the second being extremely minute, usually a gap between incisors and canine Penis is hairy Scoteanax rueppellii skoh teean ax ruepel eeee (Greater Broadnosed Bat) Roost: hollow tree trunks, old wooden buildings. Colony size: usually of single sex 3 to 36 individuals, although evenly mixed colonies sometimes occur. Relatively little known of the biology of this species. (SINGLE YOUNG) Easily distinguishable from other broadnosed bats by its greater size. This large robust bat has dark reddishbrown to dark brown fur on the back with slightly paler fur on the belly. The ear is slender, triangular with moderately rounded tips, with a notch on the outer ear margin near the eartip. Ears only just touch when pressed together above the head. Tragus is triangular due to a pronounced lobe midway along the rear edge (outer ear margin). The front edge is straight or slightly concave. One upper incisor, with no gap between incisor and canine Roost: hollow tree trunks, roof spaces in old buildings Caution: This species is known to eat other microbat species! Penis almost hairless, tip of penis flattened and projects from foreskin (SINGLE YOUNG) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

30 Family: RHINOLOPHIDAE rie nohloh fidee (Enclosed tail, Horseshoe Bats) Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Rhinolophus megaphyllus rine ohlohfus meg ahfil us (Eastern Horseshoe Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information Fur greyishbrown and slightly lighter on the belly. The long fine fur has white tips and a grey base. Noseleaf, wing membrane and ear tissue is pinkishgrey. Noseleaf large and complex with distinct horseshoeshaped lower leaf When roosting, this species wrap wings around their body to reduce heat loss. Fleshy projection protrudes from within Distribution High temperature and humidity is characteristic of most roosts. Roost: caves, mines, road culverts, boulder piles. Colony size: 550 individuals. Maternity colonies of 15 to 2000 will form during spring/summer normally within 30km of the autumn/winter roost. (SINGLE YOUNG) Family: EMBALLONURIDAE embal onyue ridee (Sheathtailbats) Saccolaimus flaviventris sak ohlay mus flah veevent ris (Yellowbellied Sheathtailbat) A large, gentle and attractive bat. Rich shiny black fur on the back and contrasting white or creamyyellow fur on The belly, extending to the shoulders and just behind the ear. Males have a large throat pouch, with a small secondary pouch behind this main one. In females the pouch is represented by a naked area and a ridge of skin. The inner edge of the tragus is evenly concave, rounded but with a deep notch just below the top of the outer edge. Roost: tree hollows. Colony size: tend to be solitary for most of the year, but may form small groups of 26 in late winter and spring. (SINGLE YOUNG) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

31 Family: MOLOSSIDAE molos idee Molossid bats are awaiting taxonomic definition and allocation of common names (Freetail Bats [Mastiff Bats]) Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Mormopterus sp [undescribed] mormop terus species (Eastern Freetail Bat) [Currently undergoing taxonomic revision] Regarded as species 2 in Adams et al (1998) Mormopterus sp [undescribed] mormop terus species (Southern Freetail Bat) [Currently undergoing taxonomic revision] Regarded as species 4 in Adams et al (1998) Mormopterus sp [undescribed] mormop terus species (Inland Freetail Bat) [Currently undergoing taxonomic revision] Regarded as species 3 in Adams et al (1998) Mormopterus norfolkensis mormop terus nor fokeen sis (Eastcoast Freetail Bat) Forearm mm Weight grams External characteristics, features and general information A medium sized species. Like the Inland Freetail Bat, males have a small penis (<5mm long but the Eastern Freetail Bat being described here has a shorter tail and darker, rich brown fur. It can be distinguished from the Eastcoast Freetail Bat, M. norfolkensis, by its shorter forearm. The tail is shorter (18 to 25mm) than the Southern Freetail Bat (25 to 33mm) which also differs by its longer penis Roosts: tree hollows and spouts. Tail measurements : 18 25mm (SINGLE YOUNG) This species is currently confused within a complex of other very similar species that have yet to be formerly described. The most obvious identifying characteristic of this species is found only in males. The male s penis is >8mm long. The fur tends to be longer, shaggier and generally much darker than the Inland Freetail Bat (which has a shorter penis). The dorsal hairs are bicoloured with creamywhite bases and dark greybrown tips. The belly fur is only slightly paler. Skin on the face, ears and wing membrane is dark grey. Selects roosts with entrances and cavities that are extremely narrow. Roosts: tree hollows, roof cavities, under metal caps on telegraph poles. Colony size: Females 3040; males 34 Tail measurements : mm (SINGLE YOUNG) Fur on back is bicoloured with a creamywhite base and light brown to light greybrown tips. The fur on the belly is less obviously bicoloured, with creamy bases and very light brown tips. The skin on the ears and wing membrane is pink to pale grey. The penis is <5mm long. Identification of females is currently unresolved. Roost: tree hollows, under peeling tree bark, roof cavities. This species will often roost with Scotorepens balstoni (Inland Broadnosed Bat). Tail measurements : unknown (SINGLE YOUNG) Fur dark brown to reddishbrown on back, slightly lighter on belly with pale bases to the hairs. Sometimes reported to be a small circular throat pouch present in males but it is rudimentary in females. The wing and tail membrane is translucent and wrinkly. Roosts: tree hollows, under loose bark on tree trunks. Tail measurements : 35 45mm Little is known about its general biology. Distribution MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued

32 Family: MOLOSSIDAE molos idee (Freetail Bats [Mastiff Bats]) Continued Genus/Species Preferred pronunciation (Common name) Mormopterus beccarii mormop terus bekar eeee Forearm mm Weight grams Molossid bats are awaiting taxonomic definition and allocation of common names External characteristics, features and general information This species occurs across southern Queensland, but the only New South Wales record, from a house in Alstonville near Lismore, requires confirmation. Distribution (Beccari s Freetail Bat) Tadarida australis tah dahree dah ostrah lis (Whitestriped Freetail Bat) Large, gentle, docile species. Dark brown to black fur with two bright white stripes along both sides of the Belly and extending onto the wings. Some individuals have all black chests but some have large patches of white fur on the chest. Large fleshy and forward pointing ears, the ears are not joined across the top of the head. The lips are large and upper lip is deeply wrinkled. A prominent throat pouch is present in both sexes. Throat pouch This species is quite agile on the ground, capable of scurrying along with an unusual gait using their thumbs and hind feet. When on the ground they fold their wings away neatly freeing the forearms. They retract the tail membrane by sliding it along the tail bone, this frees up the hind legs to allow greater mobility. This species can launch itself from the ground with difficulty (SINGLE YOUNG) MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER

33 4. HANDLING and CONSIDERATIONS UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES PLACE AN INSECTIVOROUS BAT ON OR NEAR AN ARTIFICIAL HEAT SOURCE AT ANY TIME. Microbats enter torpor when at rest to conserve energy, therefore, placing it on or near an artificial heat source in a confined area makes it difficult for the bat to adjust to the surrounding air temperature and enter a torpid state. It is recommended that in captivity microbats are located in a nonheated environment when housed in a small area. It is recommended that carers safeguard themselves from bites and scratches by wearing cotton gloves when handling bats. Microbats are a diversified group of placental mammals and require much time and patience when in a rehabilitation situation. 4.1 Rescue Remember, micro bats have very sharp teeth, handle with care!!! Microbats are easily transported in a calico or cotton bag secured at the opening and hung inside a carry cage. A small cardboard box containing soft cotton fabric may also be used. Ensure the box has small air holes before you place the animal inside, for additional security place the box in a cotton pillowcase and secure the opening with an elastic band. A microbat is tiny and will easily escape through the smallest of openings. Always acquire the exact locality the bat was encountered. This information is essential for release of the animal. 4.2 Cause of Encounter On making your initial assessment consider the 'cause of encounter' and examine thoroughly. For example, bat collided with motor vehicle sustained compound fracture of forearm animal euthanased. Closer examination revealed singed fur on face, singed guard hairs on feet and burn hole on wing membrane cause some form of electrocution, collision with motor vehicle was secondary. Examine 'cat/dog/other predator' cause carefully. Is the bat severely debilitated? If so, what caused it to be close to or on the ground for a predator to find? Is the predator the secondary cause? Is the true cause 'unknown'? Every attempt must be made to be realistic when reporting the cause of the encounter. 4.3 Season of Encounter Consideration must also be given to the season in which the bat is encountered. An understanding of the bat's seasonal activity will assist in assessment and prognosis. Microbats have a complex time frame for survival year to year. An understanding of the bat's normal condition relative to the season is described Table 1 on the next page.

34 SPRING * emerging from winter torpor * females possibly pregnant [early spring] * females possibly lactating [late spring] * possible abandoned young [late spring] SUMMER * females possibly lactating [early summer] * possible abandoned young * debilitated juveniles (expected period of high mortality rate) * commence to build up fat reserves for winter torpor [late summer] AUTUMN * juveniles debilitated * continue to build up fat reserves WINTER * enter torpor * accidents during opportunistic feeding * juveniles with inadequate reserves Table 1 The Microbat Calendar 4.4 Assessment Many insectivorous bats coming into our native care network die within the first 36 to 48 hours. Many will be euthanased due to the severity of their injuries. Fractures to the main arm bones, extreme tearing of the wing membrane are the most common types of injuries. Due to the bat's small size and seriousness of the injury it is unlikely to respond to surgery and therefore, euthanasia is recommended. However, some bats come into our care with no apparent injuries. Close examination will reveal the bat to be debilitated. These animals require observation for a few days to assess their condition. Bruising of the wing membrane, poor coordination due to head injury and severe swelling of joints may take 24 to 48 hours to become apparent. A microbat's length of time in care must be minimal, 14 days MAXIMUM. Physical exercise and specific seasonal dietary requirements are not completely understood at this stage. It is therefore, in the animal's best interest to return to the encounter site as soon as possible after a short rest period in captivity.

35 5. INJURIES ENCOUNTED and RECOMMENDED TREATMENTS When observing the animal and monitoring a 'singular obvious injury' do not discount other injuries. For example, the bat with a dislocated third finger, dislocation rectified and animal rested. Difficulty experienced when attempting to feed the bat and on close examination, the jaw was found to be fractured. To assist in description of bat body structures refer to Figure 23 below. Figure 23 Structure of a Bat The following types of injuries have been encountered by the writer and recommended treatments are based on experience gained since Membrane Damage Most common damage seen in microbats occurs to the wing membrane. If the membrane loss is greater than 10% overall, prognosis is not good. Extremely large holes, tears from the outer edge will generally not selfrepair. Surgical suturing is not recommended as the tissue is too fine and difficult to work on.. Also, the bat will endeavor to tear at the repaired membrane (self mutilate). Euthanasia is recommended. Figure 24 Wing membrane damage Bruising to the membrane may take 24 to 48 hours to become apparent. It may take a further 7 to 10 days for tissue to 'die back'. Reassessment should then be made as to whether animal can be successfully rehabilitated in the recommended time frame. 5.2 Soft Tissue Injury Figure 25 Penetrating injury Damage to tissue may be caused by a variety of reasons. Penetrating wounds may be inflicted by barbs on barbed wire, cat teeth and claws, predator bird claws. It is extremely difficult to ascertain the depth of the penetration and subsequent internal vital organ damage. Not all puncture wounds are obvious, therefore check body thoroughly. Look for traces of moisture (saliva) or blood on the fur and examine the underlying skin.

36 Clean the wound with warm water and treat the bat with Amoxil Aqueous Drops. Dose rate: dip tooth pick in antibiotic and smear onto the lips of the bat two to three times daily for seven days. If the damage is superficial the bat should show signs of improvement within 23 days. Should the bat deteriorate in 36 hours it may be assumed that a deeper penetration wound has been inflicted and internal organ damage has occurred. If this is the case it is recommended to euthanase the bat to relieve the pain and suffering. 5.3 Fractures Fractures of upper arm, forearm, elbow or wrist joint are very serious. The majority encountered are compound, that is, the bone is protruding through the skin and due to this exposure, infection occurs rapidly. Surgical pins are not satisfactory due to the minute size of the bones and the selfmutilation displayed by bats when this type of procedure has been carried out in the past. Immobilization of the compound fracture by 'strapping' is ineffective. All types of fractures described in Figure 26 are serious, pinning or immobilization have not been successful. We must remember the animal needs to survive with 100% mobility in flight. Euthanasia is recommended. Fracture site (a) Simple (b) Compound (c) Transverse (d) Oblique (e) Spiral (f) Comminuted Figure 26 Types of Fractures Fractures to finger bones are less serious as these bones should heal readily if animal is rested. If the bat fails to eat and groom, a further problem may exist so reexamine the animal. Do not attempt to strap fractured finger bones with elastoplast or immobilize limbs using elastoplast. Bats have been known to selfmutilate surrounding tissue if limb/s are restricted. House in cloth bag and rest patient, do not allow to freefly for approximately 10 days. 5.4 Dislocations When examining the bat, check each joint individually then compare symmetry, quite often swelling can be detected in tissue surrounding the joint by this comparison. Reposition the joint and restrict mobility by housing in a small cloth. Rest and the application of a Neotopic H Lotion, twice daily will reduce swelling in the surrounding tissue. DO NOT apply Neotopic H Lotion to broken tissue. 5.5 Head Injuries Suspected head injuries are difficult to diagnose. Hemorrhaging from the ears and or nose is a good indication that the bat has sustained a blow to the head. If hemorrhage is apparent, euthanasia is recommended. Paralysis or partial paralysis of legs may indicate neurological damage. Be guided by your Veterinarian as to a time frame for recovery, perhaps hold the animal for 24 hours and reassess. Take into account the animal's general appearance, attitude, eagerness to feed and groom during this time. A quick function test may be performed to assist with your diagnosis: place the bat (raised from torpid state) on its back on a towel on a firm surface, a functional bat will quickly reverse itself from this unnatural and vulnerable position. A bat presenting with signs and symptoms of neurological problems may be a carrier of Australian Bat Lyssavirus, particularly if no other signs of injury are apparent. If the bat is aggressive and behaving abnormally to your knowledge, it is recommended you contact an experienced bat carer for advice immediately.

37 6. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTED and RECOMMENDED TREATMENTS 6.1 Dehydration Check for dehydration of the bat by 'pinch test'. As this may be difficult, also examine the condition of the wing and tail membrane. A dehydrated bat will have dry, dull membrane tissue. Warm glucose and water administered orally via an eyedropper AFTER the animal has been raised from torpor. (See "Pre Feeding Warmup" Section 8). Subcutaneous fluids administered by a Veterinarian will assist in the initial rehydration providing the carer offers oral fluids to maintain hydration. (Remember, prior to subcutaneous injection of warm fluid, the bat must be aroused from torpor). 6.2 General Debilitation As previously discussed, many microbats are debilitated upon receipt. Often, a perfectly healthy bat is taken into care during summer, as it is unable to fly well. It is during this time of the year juveniles are learning to fly and perhaps have been too eager. In such cases it is extremely important to assess the age of the bat. Under this circumstance, hold animal for a very short period of time and encourage it to fly. If a young bat, which is learning to fly is held back from this natural instinctive ability to fly, the chances of survival will be minimal. Bats entrapped in buildings for an unknown length of time also present in a debilitated condition, some quite severe. It will be necessary to offer small amounts of water and food 3 to 4 times daily for the first few days. Decrease number of feeds as bat regains strength. Release within recommended 14 days. 6.3 Old Age All living beings come to a stage in life when old age sets in. Closely examine a bat and if no apparent injury is obvious it may be elderly and no longer able to cope. It will appear debilitated and carry scarring on wing and tail membranes. Check dentition for worn teeth. It is in the bat s best interest to euthanase rather than attempt to rehabilitate. If an old bat is released after coming into captivity it will be released to a certain death which will possibly be extremely stressful and painful. Figure 27 The Old Bat 6.4 Poisoning Figure 28 Insecticidal poisoning Insecticidal poisoning may be encountered. Signs affecting the central nervous system are convulsions, uncoordinated movements, inability to fly, diarrhoea, dullness and general weakness of the bat. Veterinarian assistance will be required to assess the condition. Unfortunately, few bats survive poisoning therefore, euthanasia is recommended. 6.5 Mites (Ectoparisites) Insectivorous bats carry species specific mites, so check the animal. If a small number of mites appear to be crawling through the fur no treatment is necessary. If however, the fur is 'alive' with crawling mites it has a heavy infestation and treatment is required. An application of Puffet Powder or Coopex Powder should be used SPARINGLY. Pour a very small quantity of powder into a container and

38 using a cotton bud, rub the powder backward through the fur. After the application of the powder, dampen the other end of the cotton bud and gently stroke the fur forward to remove surplus powder. It would be beneficial to collect a few mites for positive identification. Carefully remove mites with a toothpick and place in a small vial or jar containing 80% Methylated Spirits and 20% water. Contact the author for advice on identification procedures. 6.6 Worms (Endoparisites) One case, at time of compiling notes, has been recorded of a microbat with a gut worm infestation. A debilitated bat with no apparent injuries came into care and after many weeks of rehabilitation and feeding well, the animal was not thriving as would be expected. Unfortunately, the bat died and an autopsy revealed a large worm lodged in the small intestine. (Worm has not yet been identified). If a similar case is encountered, consult a Veterinarian and discuss possibility of worming the bat. 6.7 Ticks Ticks have occasionally been found on a bat. Remove tick/s and hold the bat for observation. If the animal survives the first five days, prognosis is good. When the bat is feeding well and is in good condition, release. It is recommended to release the bat within 14 days of encounter. 6.8 Entanglements Spider web entanglement of micro bats has occurred. The strong, sticky web of our friendly garden spider may trap a bat. Gently remove the bat from the web and with a moist cotton bud proceed to unravel the web from the bat's body and legs. It is recommended to hold the bat 24 to 48 hours prior to release. 6.9 Disturbance of Roost Disturbance of roosting bats may occur at any time of the year. The felling of trees, land cleanup and home renovations will disturb roosting bats. Children often collect bats roosting in large diameter water pipes. If the roost disturbance: Is reported immediately to native care network, that is, the same day and Roost has been destroyed and likelihood of further disturbances in the vicinity do not exist Return the animals to the site the same evening, after dark, providing weather conditions are fine and irrespective of the season. This will give the animals the opportunity to seek alternate roost. If the roost disturbance: Is NOT reported immediately, that is, a member of the public or children have held the animals for a period of time (probably kept in unsuitable conditions AND overhandled) It is recommended to hold for a short period of time (no longer than 5 to 7 days) and feed well each evening. Release animals at encounter site. Remember that females encountered in spring are possibly pregnant and it is in the best interest of the female to allow her to locate a roost site to give birth to her offspring. Should the disturbed roost be a maternity colony, please return the same evening. Young microbats are far better being reared by their natural mothers and will stand a greater chance of survival. Many species of microbats are known to have alternate roost sites in the same locality. Therefore, always return to the general area of the initial encounter.

39 6.10 Unwelcome Roost Many inquiries are received regarding bat roosts contained in dwellings and older style churches. Microbats will locate the smallest entry point and take up residence in wall cavities, under eaves, ceilings and rafters. Usually, either bat droppings being found generate the call or highpitched squeaks being heard. If the caller is reasonable often a simple explanation of the ecological role of bats (control of insect populations), the advise that bats are protected native fauna and reassurance of safety to the family (providing they do not handle) is all that is required. If the caller is satisfied you could possibly leave your contact number should further information be required or problems develop. Should the caller be unreasonable and above information dismissed and obvious cohabitation is unlikely gently take the caller through the following conversation. Diplomatically stress that bats are protected native fauna and offer advice on exclusion of the bats from their roost. The caller will need to establish the entryexit point from the roost. Once identified, the point will need to be sealed AFTER the bats exit for the evenings' foraging. Consideration must be given to the season of the inquiry. The above roost exclusion method is recommended to be carried out APRIL and MAY only. It is at this time that juveniles will be fully independent and less likely that the roost will contain 'wintering' bats. Remember that it is likely the bats will have an alternate roost in the area. The suggestion to install bat boxes nearby may also be made. An alternate method is to 'light up' the internal roost space with a bright light from sunrise to sunset. This wil require persistance for many days. 7. HOUSING UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES PLACE AN INSECTIVOROUS BAT ON OR NEAR AN ARTIFICAL HEAT SOURCE AT ANY TIME. As previously recommended microbats should not be kept in rehabilitation for longer than 14 days. The use of plastic mouse houses and glass fish tanks is no longer considered suitable housing for a rehabilitating bat. Bats are able to see through the clear plastic and glass of the container and have been observed frantically scratching to seek freedom. This is extremely distressing for the rehabilitee and the carer. A distressed bat will not recover as quickly as a contented bat! Do not house the bat in a carry cage as it is likely to escape between the wire bars. 7.1 Cotton Pillowcase A cotton pillowcase secured at the opening with elastic or elastic band (ensure the bat is in the lower half before securing the tie!) and hung from a hook, knob or curtain in a cool, quiet, draughtfree room of the house which is not exposed to artificial heating or cooling. For safety, the bag may be hung from the inside lid of a carry cage allowing the pillowcase to hang freely. 7.2 Calico Bag A calico bag: as for 7.1

40 7.3 Cotton Tent A cotton 'cat tent' may be purchased from most pet shops, however, this will require a fabric door to be attached to keep bat secure. Locate in a cool, quiet, draughtfree room of the house which is not exposed to artificial heating or cooling and placed in an accessible position preferably at waist height or hang from a suitable hook. The tent may be furnished with loose bark to give the bat security. 7.4 Cotton Cloth Box A cotton cloth box made by securing the material over a wooden frame and designing a secure flap for entry/exit. Locate in a cool, quiet, draughtfree room of the house which is not exposed to artificial heating or cooling and placed in an accessible position preferably at waist height. The frame may be designed to any dimension. The box may be furnished with loose bark and providing it is located on a firm surface, a small hollow log or branch may be placed inside the structure. 7.5 Shade Cloth Box A shade cloth box made by securing shade cloth over a wooden frame and designing a secure flap for entry/exit. Locate in a cool, quiet, draughtfree room of the house which is not exposed to artificial heating or cooling and placed in an accessible position preferably at waist height. The frame may be designed to any dimension. May be furnished as per Portable Shade Cloth House A portable shadecloth house designed on the principle of 7.5 but increase the dimensions accordingly. Furnish with bark, small hollow or branches. 7.7 Cavedwelling Species If caring for cavedwelling species; Common Bentwing, Little Bentwing or Horseshoe bats it is recommended to use style 7.1 or 7.2 as these bats will not feel comfortable with trees, bark etc. in their roost. It is worth remembering that these species have special micro climatic conditions within their chosen roost (humidity) so endeavour to release as soon as possible. It is obvious from reading through the above list that the optimal house should be secure and 'soft'. 8. PREFEEDING WARMUP Before attempting to feed the bat, it must be "warmed up" from its minor torpor. Once the bat has been warmed it will be active, scurrying around, therefore, have the food to be offered prepared prior to warming the animal. 8.1 Assisted Warmup To warm the animal, hold it in your cupped hand and place your other hand over the top, thus enclosing the animal in a warm environment. It may take five to ten minutes for the body temperature to rise, the bat will become obviously active in your hand. When this is apparent it will be ready for feeding. If at this time, the animal attemps to fly, allow it to do so and observe its movements. 8.2 Natural Warmup Allow the bat to raise its own body temperature naturally by placing it on a towel under a wire cover see Figure 24. The initial handling and movement will stimulate the bat to arouse from its torpid state.

41 9. DIET The rehabilitee should be offered a selection of the following foods whilst in care. Microbats are unaccustomed to most of the variety of food you will have to offer so your perseverance will be required. 9.1 Live Food in Captivity Food for the bat will consist mainly of well nourished mealworms. Mealworms are low in calcium, phosphorus, Vitamins D3, A, E, and B complex. Upon receipt of a bat, remove approximately 50 mealworms from your culture and place in a much smaller container. Cover these mealworms with DRY Wombaroo Small Carnivore Mix. Dry Wombaroo Insectivore mix may be used in an emergency. The mealworms will feed on the Wombaroo medium and also be coated in the mix. When fed to the microbat the additional nutrition is contained in the mealworm gut and in the powder coating its outside. This will be your 'wellnourished' stock of mealworms. Remember to replenish your feeding culture with mealworms after each feeding session repeating the application of the dry mix as above. This will ensure an ongoing supply of nourishing mealworms for the rehabilitating bat. 9.2 Natural Live Food Supplement the captive diet with insects when possible, mosquitoes, moths and flying insects. Exercise care if you are aware of any insecticide sprayed in your garden or in close proximity to the area you collect the insects. Although bats are accustomed to eating insects in the wild, they may be reluctant to eat insects in captivity. 9.3 Supplementary Food Wombaroo Carnivore Mix should also be offered in either of the following ways: as a slurry offered in very small quantities from the end of a small spoon or toothpick (up to a 1/2 teaspoon) as a crumble mix offered in the same way The animal is unaccustomed to this type of food and perseverance will be required. 9.4 Water Water should be offered each feed time. Some bats will lap from a small spoon others from a shallow dish. Some microbats will be reluctant to take water, do not force, as the animal knows its own requirements. If however, the bat is dehydrated it will be necessary to slowly drip water directly into the mouth via an eyedropper. 10. FEEDING TECHNIQUES Remember, microbats must be raised from torpor prior to offering any food or water. A trial of various diets and feeding techniques will be required as not all bat species will cooperate according to your choice of menu and feeding strategy. It may only take a few feeds before a routine of feeding is established. However, you may experience difficulties for a few days, remember, patience is a virtue! It may take some coaxing for the animal to accept the full mealworm. However, once accepted, the bat will ravenously snatch the mealworm offered from the forceps.

42 10.1 Feeding Position The majority of insectivorous bats will 'feed on the wing' in their natural environment but this is not possible in captivity when an animal is being held for observations. Please note: a horizontal position is assumed when 'feeding on the wing'. Therefore, allow the bat to rest in a horizontal position when feeding in captivity Methods A variety of feeding implements will be required depending on the type of food offered, eg forceps, toothpicks, bamboo skewers, small spoons, eye droppers, pipettes. One of the following methods may be adopted: a. Enclose the warm bat in your hand leaving the head protruding and hold in a horizontal position. This method restricts the bat's movements, and food may then be offered from the end of a toothpick or in forceps. b. After warming the bat, position it on a towel on the table and place your hand gently over the body to restrict movement. Proceed to feed with toothpick or forceps. c. When bat has learnt to readily take food, encourage it to snatch food naturally by adopting the following method: position bat on a towel on the table and place a wire cover over the bat, see Figure 29, food may then be introduced on the end of a long bamboo skewer through the bars. Figure 29 Diagram of wire cover Bars should be approx. 1/2 cm wide 10.3 Difficult Feeders A debilitated bat (and some healthy bats) may not eat readily unless food is offered directly to its mouth, nor will it open its mouth. To encourage it to open its mouth, gently stroke the head with your finger or thumb of the hand that is securing the animal. With your free hand have the food ready on a toothpick or in forceps. When the mouth opens, gently place the food into the open mouth or gently smear onto the lips. When feeding mealworms offer a full mealworm first. If this is not accepted snip the head off the worm and squeeze the innards out smearing this into the mouth or onto the lips of the bat. Some animals may willingly take food when offered. It will be trial and error for the first few feeds How Much Food? In the wild, a bat may consume 2440% of its body weight in insects each night, remember this is a free, active bat constantly expending energy to maintain flight. In captivity the animal will not be using as much energy. Feed a bat weighing approximately 12 grams, 10 to 12 mealworms and a little of the Wombaroo Small Carnivore Mix as slurry or crumble mix (you may offer up to half a teaspoon of mix). If the animal is feeding well allow it to eat as much as it wants. Microbats know when to

43 stop eating and will start playing with the food and lose interest in eating when they have had sufficient. The amount of food to be offered will depend on the condition of the animal. Debilitated animals require approximately 3 to 4 feeds per day for the first few days. Animals in reasonably good condition will require one feed per day, in the evening. 11. EXERCISE It is important to exercise the captive bat however, if being held for the observation of dislocation, suspected head injury or fractures to finger/s DO NOT attempt to exercise by allowing the animal to fly. If animal appears to be coping, allow it to scurry around an enclosed area without room to become airborne. Contain the bat under a wire cover (Figure 29) which is placed on a towel and allow the bat to scurry around the enclosed area. This will be sufficient exercise for the time being Natural Flight in Captivity When it is time to test fly, warm the animal if required. Allow the bat to take off on its own accord and fly around the room. It will come to rest on a curtain or another object, perhaps even landing on the floor. If the bat is reluctant to fly, and the known injuries have been given time to heal, encourage it to fly. When exercising unrestricted in a room, DO NOT take your eyes off the flying/scurrying animal. It is highly recommended if you are caring for more than one bat at a time to exercise them singly. Micro bats fly swiftly and move quickly on the ground Encourage to Fly in Captivity Encouragement is given by placing the warmed bat on your horizontal hand, then, holding your hand above headheight swiftly drop your hand to waist level. This procedure may have to be repeated several times before the bat spreads its wings and becomes airborne. Do not throw bat into midair. While the bat is sitting on your hand you will possibly feel its body vibrating. It is echolocating to familiarize itself with the surroundings Other Form of Captive Exercise Scurrying Bats from the Family Molossidae (Freetail Bats) and Emballonuridae (Sheathtail Bats) require great height and a large space to fly. If you are unable to supply height and space for these species to exercise, allow them ample room to scurry around and stretch their wings. Scurrying on the floor may result in the bat being lost under furniture for many hours watch the exercising bat closely. The wire cover as described in Figure 29 is ideal for the scurrying bat. It allows a safe area for the bat to busy itself, scurrying around exercising and stretching its wings. A few small pieces of bark under the wire cover will give the bat something to climb over and under. 12. GROOMING All rehabilitating microbats require grooming and is best done after feeding. Bats are very particular in relation to hygiene and spend time keeping themselves in immaculate condition. A bat in rehabilitation is in this situation due to some form of injury or problem and therefore, is unlikely to feel well enough to groom. Gentle handling and grooming will make the patient feel comfortable and when it commences to selfgroom it is an indication that it must be feeling better.

44 12.1 Fur Use an eyebrow brush, mascara brush or a wellworn toothbrush commence by brushing fur on the back of the animal. This will often stimulate the animal to groom itself. If small 'dobs' of faeces are stuck to the fur, remove gently Wing and Tail Membranes To keep wings and tail membrane supple it may be necessary to apply a little Vitamin E cream every few days. The gentle massage will also assist in the circulation of the blood supply to the membrane. 13. RELEASE METHODS Once a full recovery has been made and the animal is a good weight and in good condition it will be ready for release. Bats MUST be released in the locality where they were initially encountered. It is essential that genetic integrity is conserved and populations are not exposed to disease transfer. Bats are known to have alternate roost sites which they regularly move between. Release MUST occur after sunset, ensuring predator birds have returned to their own roosts. Also choose a good night, bats do not like heavy rain or strong winds. There are three methods of release, after feeding the bat a little, (1/3 of the feed normally offered): 13.1 Free Fly Hold the bat high on your horizontal hand. The bat will commence to vibrate (echolocate) and stretch its wings. Very swiftly it will become airborne and fly off into the darkness Tree Place bat as high as possible on the bark of a tree trunk in the release area. You may wish to leave the bat in its open cotton/calico bag which is draped over the highest accessible branch. It is recommended that you be able to check the site a few hours later to ensure the bat has flown off Bat Box Should you select to release using a bat box it would be advantageous to accustom the bat in the box for a few days prior to installation at release site. Secure the box on a northerlyfacing tree trunk at the release site during daylight hours and block out the exit point to ensure bat does not fly out during the day. Unblock the exit on dusk.. Check the box a few hours later. If the bat has left and you are able to check the bat box the following morning, do so, as the bat may have returned to this, its new roost site. See Appendix 4 for Bat Box design. Figure 30 Bat Box Release

45 14. SPECIMEN COLLECTION Scientists at the Australian Museum require dead specimens of micro bats for further studies and research. Please freeze bodies and clearly label each specimen as follows: Date found Wildlife organisation s reference number (call number) Locality found and type of habitation in area Date died Cause of death, if known Collector's name, address and telephone number. Contact the author for collection arments. 15. REFERENCES ***"An Interim Guide to Identification of Insectivorous Bats of Southeastern Australia" by Harry Parnaby. Technical Reports of the Australia Museum 8 Sydney "The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals" edited by Ronald Strahan. Publisher: Reed Books "Bats of Eastern Australia" by Leslie S. Hall & G. C. Richards. Queensland Museum Booklet No "The Complete Bat" by James Robertson. Publisher: Chatto & Windus London 1990 "Bats a Natural History" by John E. Hill & James D. Smith. Published by the British Museum, London (Natural History) 1984 "Australia Wildlife" The John Keep Refresher Course for Veterinarians. Proceedings February, "Bats in the Garden" by Shirley Thompson. Publisher: School Garden Company, Great Britain "Australasian Bat Society" Newsletter Number 2 July, 1993 "Bats" by Phil Richardson. Published by Whittet Books, 18 Anley Road, London W14 OBY, ***"Australian Bats" by Sue Churchill. Published by New Holland Publishers (Australia) Pty Limited, 14 Aquatic Drive, Frenchs Forest NSW, "The Mammals of Australia" edited by Ronald Strahan. Published by Reed Books, Level 9, North Tower, 15 Railway Street, Chatswood NSW, *** Highly recommended for identification. 16. ADDITIONAL READING "Caring and Handling of Australian Native Animals" edited by Suzanne J. Hand. Publisher: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Limited in association with Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 1990.

46 Appendix 1 LISTING of AUSTRALIAN BAT SPECIES Sub Order Family Megachiroptera Pteropodiae (Megabats) Genus/species Pteropus alecto Pteropus conspicillatus Pteropus macrotis Pteropus poliocephalus Pteropus scapulatus Pteropus brunneus Pteropus sp. Dobsonia moluccense Syconycteris australis Macroglossus Nyctimene robinsoni Nyctimene vizcaccia Black Flyingfox Spectacled Flyingfox Largeeared Flyingfox Greyheaded Flyingfox Little Red Flyingfox Dusky Flyingfox Torresian Flyingfox Barebacked Fruit Bat Common Blossom Bat Northern Blossom Bat Eastern Tubenosed Bat Torresian Tubenosed Bat Sub Order Microchiroptera (Microbats) Family Genus/species Family Genus/species Family Genus/species Family Genus/species Family Genus/species Emballonuridae Taphozous australis Taphozous georgianus Taphozous hilli Taphozous kapalgenis Saccolaimus flaviventris Saccolaimus mixtus Saccolaimus saccolaimus Coastal Sheathtail Bat Common Sheathtail Bat Hill's Sheathtail Bat Arnhem Sheathtail Bat Yellowbellied Sheathtail Bat Papuan Sheathtail Bat Bare rump Sheathtail Bat Megadermatidae Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus megaphyllus Rhinolophus philippinensis Eastern Horseshoe Bat Greater Horseshoe Bat Hipposideridae Hipposideros ater Hipposideros cervinus Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros semoni Hipposideros stenotis Rhinonicteris aurantius Dusky Leafnosed Bat Fawn Leafnosed Bat Diadem Leafnosed Bat Semon's Leafnosed Bat Northern Leafnosed Bat O Leafnosed Bat Molossidae Tadarida australis Chaerephon jobensis Mormopterus beccarii Mormopterus loriae Mormopterus norfolkensis Mormopterus planiceps Whitestriped Freetail Bat Northern Freetail Bat Beccari's Freetail Bat Little Freetail Bat Eastern Freetail Bat Southern Freetail Bat

47 Family Genus/species Vespertilionidae Myotis adversus Myotis sp. (nr australis) Pipistrellus adamsi Pipistrellus westralis Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Falsistrellus mckenziei Vespadelus pumilus Vespadelus caurinus Vespadelus regulus Vespadelus vulturnus Vespadelus darlingtoni Vespadelus douglasorum Vespadelus troughtoni Vespadelus braverstocki Vespadelus finlaysoni Scoteanax rueppellii Scotorepens balstoni Scotorepens greyii Scotorepens orion Scotorepens sanborni Chalinolobus dwyeri Chalinolobus gouldii Chalinolobus morio Chalinolobus nigrogriseus Chalinolobus picatus Miniopterus schreibersii Miniopterus australis Kerivoula papuensis Murina florium Nyctophilus timoriensis Nyctophilus geoffroyi Nyctophilus gouldi Nyctophilus arnhemensis Nyctophilus bifax Nyctophilus howensis Nyctophilus walkeri Largefooted Myotis Smallfooted Myotis Cape York Pipistrelle Northern Pipistrelle Eastern False Pipistrelle Western False Pipistrelle Eastern Forest Bat Western Cave Bat Southern Forest Bat Little Forest Bat Large Forest Bat Yellowlipped Bat Eastern Cave Bat Inland Forest Bat Finlayson's Cave Bat Greater Broadnosed Bat Inland Broadnosed Bat Little Broadnosed Bat Eastern Broadnosed Bat Northern Broadnosed Bat Largeeared Pied Bat Gould's Wattled Bat Chocolate Wattled Bat Hoary Wattled Bat Little Pied Bat Common Bentwing Bat Little Bentwing Bat Goldentipped Bat Tube nosed Insect Bat Greater Longeared Bat Lesser Longeared Bat Gould's Longeared Bat Northern Longeared Bat Eastern Longeared Bat Lord Howe Island Bat Pygmy Longeared Bat This list is reproduced from the "Australasian Bat Society" Newsletter Number 2 July, It is the latest revision of the Inventory and English names of Australian Bats at July, Compiled by Greg Richards, Les Hall, Glenn Hoye, Lindy Lumsden, Harry Parnaby, Terry Reardon, Ronald Strahan, Bruce Thompson and Chris Tidemann. Reproduced with the permission of Greg Richards, Division of Wildlife and Ecology, CSIRO, PO Box 84, Lyneham, ACT Bat taxonomy is under constant review as scientists learn more about known species and discover new species. Therefore, names change and the relationships between species are reassessed as a result of research both in Australia and overseas.

48 Appendix 2 BASIC TIPS for GROWING MEALWORMS By Cheryl Howarth CONTAINER Icecream container Fish tank Container should be plastic, glass or metal Smooth sides (so mealworms don't climb out) LID Must have secure lid ideally flyscreen or fine wire mesh Required to keep predators out and mealworms in Typical Mealworm Culture MEDIUM Unprocessed Bran Cooked in oven at 180 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes to destroy any weevils (do this before adding mealworms) Cover with a piece of cloth toweling, hessian or paper towel (if using paper towel replace regularly) Minimum depth of bran should be approximately 7 cm FOOD/ MOISTURE Apple, carrot, potato or other vegetable matter Place food on top of cloth Replace food approximately every 6 8 weeks TEMPERATURE Best between 25 and 27 degrees Celsius Life cycle slows down at lower temperature and speeds up at higher temperature IMPORTANT NOTES: When medium becomes powdery, more bran should be added (or medium sieved and replaced with fresh bran) Medium can be sieved through a fine mesh screen to remove faecal material and shed skins, however, there may be eggs left in discarded medium. This medium should be kept and fed to allow any eggs to hatch then transfer to fresh medium. Mealworms need no water as they get all the moisture they require from the food. Excessive moisture may create mould, which may be toxic to larvae, thereby leading to a decline in the colony. THE LIFE CYCLE The beetles lay eggs Eggs hatch into mealworms (larvae) Mealworms shed their skins as they grow (approximately 1020 times) They then transform into white pupae Pupae then turn into beetles The complete life cycle takes quite a few months. HELPFUL HINTS To extract mealworms from your culture, place slices of fresh apple on top of cloth and leave approximately 15 minutes. After this time carefully turn back cloth and gently remove mealworms (they should now be at the surface). Remove mealworms using forceps. WHERE TO PURCHASE MEALWORMS Mealworms are available from the larger Pet Shops and specialty Avian Pet Shops. They are normally sold in containers holding approximately 500 or 1000 mealworms.