STUDIES ON FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE

Transcription

1 STUDIES ON FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE BY RANIA ABD EL-HAMID SALEM MOHAMED EL-NAHAS B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Plant Protection), Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ., 2006 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Agricultural Sciences Agricultural zoology (Acarology) Department of Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University EGYPT

2 SUPERVISION SHEET STUDIES ON FAMILY CHEYLETIDAE M.Sc. Thesis In Agricultural Sci. Agricultural zoology (Acarology) BY RANIA ABD EL-HAMID SALEM EL-NAHAS B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Plant Protection), Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ., 2006 SUPERVISION COMMITTEE Dr. Morad Fahmy Hassan Emeritus Professor of Acarology, Fac. Agric., Cairo University Dr. Mahmoud El-Sayed El-Naggar Emeritus Head Research of Acarology, Plant Prot. Res. Inst., ARC Dr. Ahmad Abd- Alla El- Sherif Associate Professor of Acarology, Fac. Agric., Cairo University 2

3 INTRODUCTION Recently, aromatic and medicinal plants attracted more attention and their economic importance increased nowadays in Egypt as exported agricultural products used in various pharmaceutical therapeutic purposes. Thus, there has been a considerable expansion in cultivation of these crops in Egypt. The Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica Thunb, which known as Jasmine (Family: Caprifoliaceae) has been a valued herb in traditional Chinese medicine for many centuries and is used in other countries as a natural remedy as well. Although, it is native to Korea, Japan, and China, this perennial, which can be either a vine or a shrub, has become naturalized in other countries, including Great Britain and the United States. Every part of this plant can be used medicinally (Shang et al., 2011) In Egypt, the production of fig trees for dpropped both in quality and quantity, during the last few years, So, the vertical policy is generally concerned with the production and acclaiming some varieties of high yield (Quality and Quantity) and rather to extent the tolerance to the phytophagous pests. Large assemblages of cheyletid mites are generally seen inhabiting fig trees and Jasmine hiding under scale insects which were found with high range during the period of study. Among acarid, phytophagous mites and scale insects, some species were usually seen causing moderate to sever damages to plants that resulted in low yield together with low quality of fruits. In some cases, mites may cause complete deterioration to the fruit trees and also to ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plants. Exploring the effect of the most important abiotic and biotic factors on the population dynamics of most common cheyletid mites and also associated acarid and phytophagous mites infesting fig trees and honeyskule plants. 3

4 The amily Cheyletidae Leach, 1815 (Acari: Trombidiformes: Cheyletoidea) is predatory and parasitic mites including more than 370 species in 73 genera (Bochkov, 2004). Cheyletid mites are worldwide in distribution and can be found on plants, in soil, litter, vertebrate nests and they mainly feed on mites and small insects, while few are considered as biological control agents (Gerson et al., 2003). Cheyletidae is quite diverse, both taxonomically and ecologically (including free living predators, parasites of vertebrates, and obligate associates of invertebrates). (Volgin 1969) recognized 10 tribes and 54 genera, (Summers and Price 1970) listed 50 genera and close to 190 species, and (Gerson et al. 1999) listed a total of 76 genera and more than 400 species. (Fain and Bochkov 2001a) presented the first phylogenetic analysis of intrafamilial relationships, which largely confirmed Volgin s classification. These authors recognized 72 valid genera for the family. 4

5 Aim of Work points: The present work aimed to throw some light on the following 1. Survey of cheyletid mites in different localities in Egypt. 2. Exploring the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on population dynamics of cheyletid mites and their other associated pests on fig trees, Ficus carica L. and ornamental, araomatic and medicenal plants, honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Thunb at Dakahlia and Sharkia governorates during seasons and Biological studies and life table parameters of predaceous mite, Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) when fed on three types of food at two temperature degrees, 20 and 25±2 C and 65±5% RH. 5

6 MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Ecological studies a. Survey of cheyletid mites in different localities in Egypt During the period between March, 2010 to February, 2012 at ten Egyptian governorates i.e., Cairo, Behira, Dakahlia, Damietta, Giza, Gharbia, Minya, Monufia, Qualyubia and Sharkia The cheyletid mites were extracted from different samples which collected from debris, litters, soil, different vegetations i.e., ornamental plants and fruit trees, date palm, bird and animals manure, bird nests and feather and stored products. Samples of different vegetations were collected monthly included Leaves, buds, bark and twigs.the samples kept immediately in polyethylene bags, then brought to the laboratory to detect the presence of mites, and examined in the laboratory directly under a stereomicroscope. However samples from soil, debris and litters under each plant species weighing approximately one Kg were transported to laboratory in polyethlyen bags. For extracting mites, samples of 200 g from each material were spread over muslin in the Tullgren's funnels in 2 cm. deep layers and left for 24 h.extracted mites were recived in petri-dishes filled with water. The extracted mites were mounted in Nesbitt s solution then mounted in Hoyer s medium (Baker and Wharton, 1956). Mounted slides were placed on hot plate at C for 2-4 days (Krantz, 1978). Necessary information such as name of region, host plant, collecting date were written on labels and stuck on the slides. All the preserved specimens were identified, using a microscope and referring to the key of taxonomic references. Identificationof mounted species 6

7 were followed Griffith (1960), Hughes (1961 and 1976), summers and Price (1970), Zaher, (1986), and Krantz, (2009). The specimens were kept in the mite collection of Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center. b. Population dynamics of cheyletid mites and their other associated pests on fig trees and ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plant honeysckule The present study was carried out on fig trees, (Ficus carica L.) and ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plant: honeysuckle (jasmine), (Lonicera japonica Thunb) to incidence of cheyletid mites and their other associated pests at two different governorates, Dakahlia and Sharkia during two successive seasons ( ) and ( ). The experimental area included fig trees and thoneyskule shrub of about six and four years old at Dakahlia and Sharkia governorates. Samples were taken randomly every month, and singly kept in tightly closed paper bags. A label including all necessary information concerning habitat, locality and collecting date were stuck on each bag, and then transferred to the laboratory. Each sample was generally composed of 20 fresh leaves buds from the highest top of plants twigs and bark collected at random from fig trees and honeysuckle shrubs directly examined using stereomicroscope. The numbers of predaceous cheyletid mites (Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw), Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago), other cheyletid mites (Eutogenes africanus(volgin), E. punctate Zaher & Soliman and Hemicheyletia bakeri Volgin ) incidence and comparing with other associtated pestes (scale insects, Hemberlesia lataniae (Signoret) acarid mites, Tyrophagous putrescentiae (Shrank) and T. longior (gervais) and phytophagous mites, family Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Family 7

8 :Tenuipalpidae Brevibalpus obvatus Donnadieu and Eriophyed mites, Aceria ficus Cotte, Diptilomiopus ficus Attia and Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer) were counted. Simple correlations between means of the obtained data and both maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity (which were taken from weather records in these localities prepared by the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC)). 2. Biological Studies Source of predator Chelotogenes ornatus (Canestrini& Fanzago) Predatory mite, was recorded on hiding beneath the latania scale insect, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) at fig trees f.carica L) in modrate numbers while it was found on honeyskule L. Japonica Thunb with high numbers and was the first time recorded (Fig 1) Culture of Predator mites Females of cheyltid predator mites were taken randomly and transferred to rearing cells. When reared on prey of phytophagous mites & scale insect fresh mulberry leaves and honeysuckle discs of (5 cm in diameter) were used as rearing arenas. The discs were placed on cotton wool soaked with water in petri-dishes.while the predatory mite fed on acarid mites rearing on cells filled with a layer of mixture of (Cement: Clay: Charcoal). Gravid females were left for about 24 h till laying eggs and the eggs were used to start biological aspects. Newly laid eggs of predator, were left into the cells and females transferred to another leaf discs and cells till laying another eggs. 8

9 Newly hatched larvae were transferred individually to new rearing cells. Culture was examined twice daily in the morning and before sunset. Devoured prey individuals were counted and replaced by live ones. Culture of the predatory mite was reared at Cotton and Field Crops Mites Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Sharkia, Egypt. All experiments were carried out at 20 and 25± 2 C and relative humidity of 65±5%. Immatures of acarid mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank) found on Fig trees during the period of study then taken for rearing on cells filled with allayer of mixture of (Cement: Clay: Charcoal) with percent of (7:2:1) filled on the bottom of cells to depth of 0.5 cm.its bottom was scratched by using a needle to make convexo-concaved areas used as shelters and was suitable sites for predator mite rearing, laying eggs, Zaher et al, (1981). Immatures of The brown citrus mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) found attack fig fruit trees, Ficus carica during the period of study then reared at laboratory conditions at 25 c on fresh mulberry leaves and supplied immature stages to the predatory mite, C.ornatus when needed. Crawlers of the lataniae scale insect, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) which infested fig trees ficus carica L and honeysuckle Lonicera japonica (Thunb.) with high numbers during the year of study and crawlers introduced for predators when needed. Statistical analysis Life table parameters calculation:- Observations and different biological aspects were recorded daily. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA-test to determine significant difference between means (L.S.D-test, where P>0.05). Life table parameters were 9

10 calculated using the method recommended by Andrewartha and Birch (1954). The life table statistics were calculated using software developed by (Abou-Setta et al. 1986). Life table parameters were calculated the following formula: Max Σ 0 L x m x / exp. r x m = 1 Where: m x is the number of daughters produced per female during the interval x. L x is the fraction of live females at age x. The values of r m is a natural logarithm of the intrinsic rate of increase and indicates the number of times of population multiplication of time unit.the net reproductive rate R o is the mean for female multi-placation in one generation. T is the mean length of generation period, expressed in days (Birch, 1948). 10

11 From the present study, it can be summarized that 1. Ecological Studies a. Survey of cheyletid mites in Egypt The survey documented 32 mite species in 17 genera were recorded from different habitats in different localities allover Egypt (Cairo, Behira, Dakahlia, Damietta, Giza, Gharbia, Minya, Monufia, Qualyubia and Sharkia). The collected species namely; Acaropsella notchi Gomaa & Hassan, Acaropsellina docta (Berlese), A. sollers (Rohdendorf), A. tyrophagus ElBadry, Aegyptocheyla summersi Yousef, Chelacaropsis reticulate Soliman, Chelacheles alexandrinus Hassan & Gomaa, C. bakeri Attiah, Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago), Hemicheyletia bakeri (Ehara), H. congensis (Cunliffe) H.minutes (Soliman), Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw), C. aversor Rohdendorf, C. badryi (Zaher & Hassan), C. baloghi Volgin, C. eruditus (Schrank), C. malaccensis Oudemans, C. trouessarti Oudemans, C. zaheri Hassan & Rakha, Cheyletus cacahuamilpensis Baker, Chiapacheylus macrocorneus Zaher& Soliman, Eutogenes africanus Wafa & Soliman, E. punctuate Zaher & Soliman, Cheyletonella verpertilionis Womersley, Grallacheles bakeri De Leon,, Ker bakeri Zaher & Soliman, K. palmatus (Muma), K. summersi Gomaa & Hassan, Lepidocheyla solimani Zaher & Hassan, Neoeucheyla ornate (Wafa & Soliman) and Nodele simplex Muma. b. Population Dynamics This study occurred of the commonest cheyletid mites and their other associated pests on two different plants Fig trees, Ficus carica L and Ornamental,aromatic and medicinal plants, Lonicera japonica Thunb at two different governorates (Sharkia and Dakhlia ) monthely during two successive season starting from April 2010 till March 2012). The commonest cheyletid mites were Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw), Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) and other cheyletid 11

12 mites Eutogenes africanus(volgin), E. punctate Zaher & Soliman and Hemicheyletia bakeri Volgin) and their other associated pests were Family Acaridae: Tyrophagous putrescentiae (Shrank) and T. longior (gervais), family Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Family Tenuipalpidae : Brevibalpus obvatus Donnadieu Family Eriophyidae: Aceria ficus Cotte, Diptilomiopus ficus Attia and Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae (Keifer) and Scale insects: Hemberlesia lataniae (Signoret) The obtained results indicated that the predators cheyletid mites appeared in the the beginning of the season and gradually increased to highly population in July and August then gredually decreased reported at the end of the season. the different mites and lataniae scale insect harboured fig trees and and ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plants in the first season were more in numbers than the second season and Dakhlia governorate harboured more mites and lataniae scale insect than Sharkia governorate. Interaction between the cheyletid mites, their other associated pests and other biotic and abiotic factors seem to be an important factor for the success of these mites. When comparing the numbers of the predators cheyletid mites were high enough to control the furmer pests. 2. Biology of predatory mite,cheletogenes ornatus (C.& F.) when fed on three different preys Crawlers of scale insect Hemberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ;immatures of Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) and acarid mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank( 20 &25±2 c and 65±5% RH. This study showed that females had two nymphal stages while males had one nymphal stage.the predator mite found inhiding beneath H. lataniae scale insect at F.caria in moderate numbers while it was found on L. japonica 12

13 with high numbers and was the first time recorded.c. ornatus seems not to chase its prey but it waits in ambush under old scale shields for crawlers to hold them. The development at 25 C was faster than at 20 C when two temperatures compared. the temp 25 c was the most suitable for predator mite proved to be a gainful degree for rearing whereas it accelerated the period of life cycle to (16.48, 15.13, 12.4) and ( 24.34, 21.30, 16.18), accelerated the period of longevity To (33.7, 29.1, 22.9) and (37.38, 31.15, 26.18) also accelerated the period of life span to ( 50.18, 44.23, 35.3) and (61.72, 50.9, 42.36) when fed on of crawlers H.latania scale insect, immatures of E. orientalis and T. putrescentiae days in both male and female; respectively. Also it shortened the period of oviposition (23 days) with high reproduction rate of eggs (96, 86, 74 eggs/female) when fed on H.latania scale insect crawlers, immatures of E. orientalis and T. putrescentiae, respectively and higher prey consumption rate of (216,180) when of crawlers H.latania scale insect, (148.3, 193) when fed on immatures of E. orientalis and (121.2, 92) when fed on immatures T. putrescentiae prey both female and male; respectively. Predatory mite has better life table parameters in comparison with the other prey mites.life table parameters showed that, The mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) values decreased with temperature increase, thus the reproduction of mite increase at 25 C than at 20 C.In addition, the values of (r m ) Intrinsic rate of increase, (R o ) Net reproductive rate and (λ) Finite rate of increase increased with temperature increase.this mite favored high temperature and raising humidity prolongs the mites live. Also crawlers of scale insect were the favorable followed by phytophagous mites then acarid mites. 13

14 According to the findings C. ornatus could be a beneficial biocontrol agents in both in high and low temperatures which it s tolerance to the changeable climate. The present study lasted for: ((5 years)) 14