STUDIES ON HATCHABILITY OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM EGGS IN SEVERAL EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
|
|
- Winfred George
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 STUDIES ON HATCHABILITY OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM EGGS IN SEVERAL EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS JIRO ITO Parasitology Division, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan (Received: March 3rd, 1955) INTRODUCTION Several factors influencing the hatching of Schistosorna japonicum eggs were reported by Miyagawa (1916), Faust and Meleney (1924), Magath and Mathieson (1946), Faust (1947), Maldonado and Matienzo (1948), Ingalls et al (1949) and Sugiura et al (1954), but there were only a few investigators who have dealt with the resistance of the eggs to various external environmental conditions. These problems are essential for the elaboration of ffective measures for their control, but many important points in relation to this aspect had been only superficially studied. As to the effect of high and low temperatures, Miyagawa (1916) and Faust (1947) reported very briefly respectively. Several meagre data concerning the effects of salinity and dryness were found in the reports of Miyagawa (1916), Magath and Mathieson (1946) and Ingalls et al (1947). A series of studies designed to provide the resistance of the eggs necessary for a better understanding of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis japonica was thus undertaken. The present paper reported a series of experiments concerning the influence of temperatures ranging from -20 Ž to 60 Ž, salinity, dryness and exprements of host on the hatchability and resistance of schistosome eggs. GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Eggs used were taken from normal-looking stools of an experimentally infected rabbit during 60 `150 days after infection. Half-dryed or bloody mucoid stools were not employed to avoid using the immature or unhatchable eggs. The stools furnished by the rabbit were brought to the laboratory as soon as possible. They were immediately broken up in large quantities of previously boiled spring water (ph ), filtered through a gauze and the menstrum was washed repeatedly with the spring water in a large V-shaped vessel. This cleaned menstrum was gently agitated and each 25 ml of it was introduced into a series of 50 ml Erlenmyer flasks. The time elapsed during the entire procedure of washing the stool and introducing into the flasks was about 30 minutes. The number of eggs in each flask was estimated by counting them contained in 2.5 ml of such menstrum. After treated with each condition the hatched miracidia were accurately counted every 3-6 hours for a period of 3-5 successive days. The procedure was as follows. Almost all water in flask was carefully drawn out by a micropipette without sucking up the egg sediment, 175
2 176 ITO Vol. 8 The miracidia swimming in water were killed with formaline, stained with neutral red, gathered by centrifugation and counted under the low binocular dissecting microscope. Equal amount of spring water was introduced into the flasks and kept at each incubator for the next observation. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HATCHING In order to determine the optimal temperature on hatching, every three flasks handled as described above were kept at each temperature of 0 Ž, 3 Ž, 8 Ž, 13 Ž, 18 Ž, 23 Ž, 28 Ž, 33 Ž and 38 Ž (Table 1). No hatching of eggs was Table 1. Effect of normal temperatures on hatching observed at 0 Ž and 38 Ž which confirmed the results of Miyagawa (1916), Magath and Mathieson (1946) and Ingalls et al (1949). Eggs were hatched at temperature extremes of 3 Ž and 33 Ž representing the hatching rate of 0.17% and 23.0% respectively. The data showed a wide optimal temperature ranging from 13 Ž to 28 Ž in which no significant difference of hatching rate was existed. The result of this optimal temperature range appeared to favor that established by Sugiura et al (1954). In these optimal temperatures, the hatching of eggs took place over a period of 3 to 5 days, about one-half emerging within 24 hours, almost all doing so withing the.next 24 hours. The hatching curve represented themselves as the sigmoid (Textfig. 1).
3 1955 H ATCHABILITY OF S. JAPONICUM EGGS 177 Fig. 1. Hatching rate in each temperature As to the effects of high and low temperatures on the resistance of eggs, the hatchability of them exposed to temperature ranging from -20 Ž to 60 Ž was tested. The procedure was as follows: a series of flasks containing the egg menstrum was exposed to each temperature for a certain time intervals; then these flasks were removed to the incubator at 28 Ž to make the viable eggs hatch; hatched miracidia were accurately counted every 6 hours for 3 successive days. Increasing and decreasing time intervals at each temperature were always recorded. Total number of hatched miracidia as well as its percentage comparing with that of control was shown in Table 2. The exposing time intervals required for killing all eggs at various temperatures was as follows; 1 second at 60 Ž, 3 minutes at 55 Ž, 30 minutes at -20 Ž, 1 hour at 50 Ž, 4 hours at -10 Ž, 8 hours at 45 Ž and 19 days at 38 Ž. Several eggs were found still alive after the exposure to 0 Ž for 81 days and 3 Ž for 370 days. When employed the total time interval including those of increasing and decreasing of temperatures the results mentioned above were corrected as 4 minutes at 60 Ž, 7 minutes at 55 Ž, 6 hours at -20 Ž and 8 hours at -10 Ž. Current result of 60 Ž appeared to favor that of Miyagawa (1916) who noted that the eggs lost their hatchability at 60 Ž for 5 minutes. As to the low temperature, the current result of 3 Ž showed longer period than that of Faust (1947) who reported that only a few viable eggs were found in 180 days at 4 Ž.
4 178 ITO Vol. S Table 2. Hatchability of eggs exposed to cold and warm temperatures in each time intervals EFFECT OF SALINITY ON HATCHING After preparing a series of flasks in the same manner as mentioned above the water component in the flasks was sufficiently replaced with each 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% NaCl-solution. These flasks grouping in three were immediately kept in an incubator at 28 Ž. Then the hatched miracidia were accurately counted every 6 hours for 4 successive days (Table 3). No significant Table 3. Hatchability of eggs in dilute NaCl-solutions at 28 Ž.
5 1955 HATCHABILITY OF S. JAPONICUM EGGS 179 difference was observed between the control and 0.2% NaCl-solution in respect of total hatching rate, whereas the hatching period was somewhat delayed in the latter case. In the cases of 0.5 `1.0% solutions, the higher was the concentration, the lower was the hatching rate and the longer was the hatching period. In 1.0% solution, the hatching rate was only 1.8% compared with that of control. When the salt solution was replaced with spring water at the end of this experiment a large number of miracidia was liberated within a short time interval. Microscopical examination of the sediment revealed the presence of motile embryos within the eggs. These findings proved the fact that the eggs lost no hatchability but were prevented from their hatching in such diluted salt solution. These results agreed with that of Magath and Mathieson (1946) who tested the hatching of eggs in 0.7% NaCl-solution. The next experiments were performed to know the resistance of eggs immersed in a salt solution of high concentration. All procedures were taken place under the temperature of 28 Ž. The water component in a series of flasks was sufficiently replaced with each 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 4.0% NaCl-solution. These flasks were preserved in an incubator at 28 Ž for 24 hours and 72 hours respectively. Then the eggs in these flasks were washed repeatedly with spring water and were again kept in the same incubator to make the viable eggs hatch. Hatched miracidia were counted every 6 hours for a period of 3 days (Table 4). No apparent effect was observed on the hatchability of eggs immersed Table 4. Effects of salinity and dryness on hatching at 28 Ž. in 1.0% NaCl-solution for 24 hours. This result differed from that of Ingalls et al (1949) who reported that the decreasing effect on hatching rate was observed on the eggs immersed in physiological salt solution for 1.5 hours. In the other cases, the higher was the concentration of solution and the longer was the immersing time interval, the lower was the hatching rate. All eggs lost their hatchability by immersing in 4.0% NaCl-solution for both 24 and 72 hours.
6 ITO 180 Vol. 8 EFFECT OF DRYNESS ON HATCHING Several preliminary experiments revealed the fact that feces of rabbit preserved in an incubator at 28 Ž and relative humidity were almost completely dried up for 24 hours. Current experiments were taken place to determine the hatchability of eggs contained in each feces of 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours drying condition in the same incubator. These dried feces were broken up, washed repeatedly and introduced into a series of flasks with 25 ml of water The flasks were then kept in an incubator at 28 Ž and the hatched miracidia. were counted every 6 hours for 3 successive days. In this experiment, the number of eggs was estimated by that in every milligram feces, because previous test proved the fact that as far as the feces excreted from one rabbit in a short time was concerned, the number of eggs in each milligram of feces was nearly the same. Total number of hatched miracidia and its percentage are shown in Table 4. The data showed that about 90% of eggs lost their hatchability in the feces of 8 hours drying, almost all did so in that of hours drying. Seventy two hours drying time interval was required for killing all eggs in the feces. EFFECT OF EXCREMENTS OF HOST ON HATCHING In the last chapter, it was reported that the eggs contained in dried feces lost their hatchability for 3 days at 28 Ž. In the present experiment, the hatchability of eggs in wet feces and in urine was tested at 8 Ž, 18 Ž and 28 Ž respectively. The feces taken immediately after discharging from an infected rabbit were kept in moist chambers at each temperature for each time interval. After preserving in the moist chamber each feces was broken up, washed and introduced into a series of flasks, and the hatched mira acidia were counted in the same manner as mentioned above. Each test was performed three times and the average data are shown in Table 5. In the case of 28 Ž, all eggs lost Table 5. Hatchability of eggs preserved in the wet feces of rabbit in each time intervals * showed the datum at 20 days interval
7 1955 HATCHABILITY 0F S. JAPONICUM EGGS 181 their hatchability for 20 days preserving time interval, whereas in the cases of 18 Ž and 8 Ž the eggs held their hatchabilities for surprisingly long period. Some eggs were still alive after 113 days at 18 Ž and 180 days at 8 Ž. The next experiments were taken place on the eggs immersed in five urine specimens, namely that of non-infected rabbit, cow and man and that of infected rabbit and cow. The feces from an infected rabbit were broken up in these fresh urine, filtered through a gauze and washed repeatedly with the same urine. Then 25 ml of such menstrum was introduced into each flask. After preserving these flasks in an incubator at 28 Ž, 18 Ž and 8 Ž for several time intervals respectively, the eggs contained in the flasks were sufficiently washed with spring water and kept at 28 Ž to make viable eggs hatch. The data were summarized in Table 6. No significant difference of hatching rate was observed between the eggs immersed in the urine of non-infected animal and that of infected one. All eggs, in general, lost their hatchabilities within a relatively short time interval of immersing in the urine. Moreover, the higher was the temperature the shorter was the immersing time interval for killing them. These time intervals were 1 day in the urine of the rabbit, 2 days in that of cow and 3 days in that of man at 28 Ž. These were prolonged twice as much as that of 28 Ž at the temperature of 18 Ž, and again prolonged four times as much as that of 28 Ž at 8 Ž. At the end of these experiments, microscopical observation of the sediment revealed the fact that all eggs were recognized as a death. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The author investigated the effects of temperature, salinity, dryness and excrements of host on the hatchability and resistance of the eggs. Materials were taken from the feces of an experimentally infected rabbit. Obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. No eggs hatch at 0 Ž and 38 Ž. They hatched at temperatures rang ing from 3 Ž to 33 Ž, whereas the optimal temperatures were from 13 Ž to 28 Ž. In these optimal temperatures, the hatching of eggs took place over a period of 3 to 5 days, about one-half emerging within 24 hours, almost all doing so within the next 24 hours. 2. The time intervals required for killing all eggs at various temperatures were as follows ; 1 second at 60 Ž, 3 minutes at 55 Ž, 30 minutes at -20 Ž, 1 hour at 50 Ž, 4 hours at -10 Ž, 8 hours at 45 Ž and 19 days at 38 Ž. Several eggs were found still alive for 81 days at 0 Ž and 370 days at 3 Ž. 3. In the medium of 0.2% NaCl-solution, no apparent effect was observed on the hatchability of eggs, and in that of 1.0%, the hatching rate decreased down to about 2%. Unhatched eggs at that time were recognized as alive. The eggs immersed in 4 % NaCl-solution for 24 hours lost their hatchabilities and were recognized as dead.
8 182 ITO Vol. 8
9 1955 HATCHABILITY OF S. JAPONICUM EGGS Eggs in the dried feces lost their hatchability in a relatively short time interval. All eggs did so by preserving in such feces for 3 days at 28 Ž. 5. In the wet feces of the rabbit, all eggs lost their hatchability for 20 days at 28 Ž, but several eggs held that ability for 113 days at 18 Ž and 180 days at 8 Ž. 6. In the urine of the rabbit, cow and man, all eggs lost their hatchability for one or three days at 28 Ž. At the temperature of 18 Ž, these time inter vals were prolonged twice as much as that of 28 Ž, and again prolonged four times as much as that of 28 Ž at the temperature of 8 Ž. 7. Above mentioned results were considered as follows. The schistosome eggs in natural water can easily hatch at the temperatures normally encountered in their natural habitats. Their hatchability may be held for a relatively long period both in low but not freezing water and in wet feces of the rabbit. Their hatchability was on the other hand, easily lost within a short time interval when preserved at the conditions such as freezing and high temperatures, hypertonic medium, dryness and the urine of the host. On publishing this report, author should express my heartfull thanks to the Chief of Parasitology Division, Dr. Yoshitaka Komiya who has done continuously his guidance and revision for this study. Further I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Kazuo Yasuraoka and Miss Koko Yamaguchi for their kindness to help my study. A part of this study was relied on the expenditure of Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health and Welfare. REFERENCES 1. Faust, E: C.: The effects of cold temperatures on the eggs of Schistosoma japo nicum. Jour. Parasitol., 33 (2), , Faust, E. C. and Meleney, H. E.: Studies on schistosomiasis japonica, etc. Amer. J. Hyg. Mono.gr. Ser. 3, 399 pp., Ingalls, J. W., Jr., Hunter, G. W. III, McMullen, D. B. and Bauman, P. M.: The molluscan intermediate host and schistosomiasis japonica 1. Observations on the conditions governing the hatching of the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum. Jour. Parasitol., 35 (2), , Ito, J.: The effects of temperatures on the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum I and II. Nisshin Igaku, 40 (10), , 41 (2), 88-95, 1953 (In Japanese with English summary). 5. Ito, J.: The effects of dryness and salinity on the hatchabilities of eggs of Schistosoma japonicum. Nisshin Igaku, 41 (3), , 1954 (in Japanese with English summary). 6. Ito, J.: The viability of eggs of Schistosoma japonicum in the excrements of several hosts. Nisshin Igaku, 41 (7), , 1954 (in Japanese with English sum mary). 7. Magath, T. B. and Mathieson, D. R.: Factors affecting the hatching of ova of Schistosoma japonicum. Jour. Parasitol., 32 (1), 64-68, Maldonado, J. F. and Acosta-Matienzo, J.: Biological studies on the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 28 (5), , 1948.
10 184 ITO Vol Miyagawa, Y.: Ueber die Verð nderungen der Eier des Schistosoma japonicum unter den Einwirkungen verschiedener physikalischen und chemischen Agenzien u nd ð¹ber einige prophylaktische Massregeln der Schistosomiasis. Mitt. Med. Fak. Univ. Tokyo, 15, , 1916.
IT HAS been well established that
The Effect of Different Holding Temperatures on the Hatchability of Hens' Eggs M. W. OLSEN AND S. K. HAYNES Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland IT HAS been well established that storage
More informationSection 6. Embryonic Development and Hatchery Management Notes
Section 6 Embryonic Development and Hatchery Management Notes Slide 2 A well run hatchery is critical for any integrated poultry company whether it be a primary breeder company or a commercial meat company.
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY. cop. ACR1GUITURE
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY cop. ACR1GUITURE C: BHECK FOR CIRCUL Effect of Fowler's Solution on Animals BY ELMER ROBERTS AND W. M. DAWSON UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
More informationON HABU SNAKE VENOM 1. COMPARISON OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF FRESH AND DRIED HABU SNAKE VENOM
Japan. J. Microb., Vol. 3, No. 1, 1959 UDC: 612. 314. 019: 598. 126 STUDIES ON HABU SNAKE VENOM 1. COMPARISON OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF FRESH AND DRIED HABU SNAKE VENOM SUSUMU MITSUHASHI, HIROO
More informationBrine Shrimp Investigation AP Biology Name: Per:
Brine Shrimp Investigation AP Biology Name: Per: Background Have you ever gone on a hike and come across an animal that blends in so well with its surroundings that you almost did not notice it? Camouflage
More informationDepartment Of Pathology MIC Collection Guidelines - Gastrointestinal (GI) Specimens Version#4 POLICY NO.
1.1. Department Of Pathology MIC.20200.04 Collection Guidelines - Gastrointestinal (GI) Specimens Version#4 Department Microbiology POLICY NO. 839 PAGE NO. 1 OF 5 Printed copies are for reference only.
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON CURLY EXPRESSIVITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGAST ER. Ken NOZAWA
THE EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON CURLY EXPRESSIVITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGAST ER Ken NOZAWA Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Anjo, Japan Received August
More informationSUMMARY OF THESIS. Chapter VIII "The place of research, its purpose, the biological material and method"
SUMMARY OF THESIS Raising Japanese quail is a global activity still limited compared with growth of hens and broilers, but with great prospects for the development of characteristics and adaptability of
More informationSchistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium
Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium The Organisms More than 200 million people are infected worldwide with Schistosoma species. The adult worms are long and slender (males are 6 12 mm in
More informationVeterinary Surgical Pathology and Necropsy Services
Veterinary Surgical Pathology and Necropsy Services 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Building Level 6 Singapore 138673 Telephone: (65) 6586 9629 http://www.imcb.a-star.edu.sg/php/ittd-i-histo.php Advanced Molecular
More informationWe engineer your success. All over the world. HatchCare Automation. Improving animal welfare
We engineer your success. All over the world. HatchCare Automation Improving animal welfare HatchCare Automation Improving animal welfare a Live embryo transfer a In-ovo vaccination a Stress-free chick
More informationThe Hatch Window. Publication of Cobb-Vantress, Inc. ONE
Publication of Cobb-Vantress, Inc. ONE - 2008 The hatching of strong, viable birds is a key factor in increased broiler performance. To increase the probability of strong birds, good hatchery management
More informationDiurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of
Hayasaki et al., Page 1 Short Communication Diurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of Dirofilaria immitis M. Hayasaki a,*, J. Okajima b, K.H. Song a, K. Shiramizu
More informationMost clients are well aware that puppies
D i a g n o s t i c s P A R A S I T O L O G Y Michael W. Dryden, DVM, MS, PhD, & Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD Kansas State University Fecal Examination Techniques Intestinal parasites are both a real and
More informationloopfull is removed from each dilution and transferred to capable of killing the test organism in 10 minutes but not GERMICIDAL SUBSTANCES
A NEW METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF GERMICIDAL SUBSTANCES A. J. SALLE, W. A. McOMIE AND I. L. SHECHMEISTER Department of Bacteriology, University of California, Berkeley, California Received for publication
More informationParasitological laboratory อ.น.สพ.ดร.กฤษฎา ข าพ ล 17/09/2561
Parasitological laboratory อ.น.สพ.ดร.กฤษฎา ข าพ ล 17/09/2561 Diagnosis Diagnostic techniques: radiography, anatomical pathology, necropsy, microscopic examination of tissue sections, clinical pathology,
More informationAviagenBrief. Best Practice Management in the Absence of Antibiotics at the Hatchery. October Aviagen Veterinary Team.
AviagenBrief October 2017 Best Practice Management in the Absence of Antibiotics at the Hatchery Aviagen Veterinary Team Introduction In light of increased antibiotic resistance, and as consumer pressure
More informationTitle. Author(s)YAMASHITA, Jiro; OHBAYASHI, Masashi; KONNO, Seiji. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(3): Issue Date
Title STUDIES ON ECHINOCOCCOSIS : III. ON EXPERIMENTAL INF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS (BATSCH, 1786 Author(s)YAMASHITA, Jiro; OHBAYASHI, Masashi; KONNO, Seiji CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary
More informationSalwa AT EL-Mansoury, Ph. D.
Personal Information Salwa AT EL-Mansoury, Ph. D. 242 El-Fath Street, Genaklis, Alexandria, Egypt Phone: (203) 5745719/ (20) 1005051527 Email: sallymansoury@gmail.com Date of Birth: August 1 st, 1951(Alexandria,
More informationECHINOCOCCOSIS IN IRAQ: PREVALENCE OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN STRAY DOGS IN ARBIL PROVINCE
Japan. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 42, 137-141,1989. ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN IRAQ: PREVALENCE OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN STRAY DOGS IN ARBIL PROVINCE Abdul Latif MOLAN and Louis Abdul-Ahad SAIDA Department of Biology,
More informationVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CONTROLLING VARROA JACOBSONI AND ACARAPIS WOODI PARASITOSIS IN BEES
VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CONTROLLING VARROA JACOBSONI AND ACARAPIS WOODI PARASITOSIS IN BEES Guideline Title Veterinary Medicinal Products controlling Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi parasitosis
More informationVariation of Chicken Embryo Development by Temperature Influence. Anna Morgan Miller. Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology
Variation of Chicken Embryo Development by Temperature Influence Anna Morgan Miller Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology Anna Morgan Miller Rockdale Magnet School 1174 Bulldog Circle Conyers,
More informationFEEDING CHINESE RINGNECK PHEASANTS FOR EFFICIENT REPRODUCTION. Summary *
FEEDING CHINESE RINGNECK PHEASANTS FOR EFFICIENT REPRODUCTION Robert E. Moreng, William K. Pfaff and Eldon W. Kienholz Summary * Two trials were conducted each using 240 Chinese Ringneck pheasant breeder
More informationPill Bug Environmental Preferences Based on Moisture
Another lab report sample: This is Natasha and Stephanie s first attempt at a lab report so bear that in mind as you read this sample report. Natasha Duell Stephanie Moeller AP Bio/Sastry 10 September
More informationPCR detection of Leptospira in. stray cat and
PCR detection of Leptospira in 1 Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran 2 Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary
More information26. The Relationships between Oxygen Consumption and Duration o f Pupal-Adult Development in the Silkworm Bombyx mandarina
134 Proc. Japan Acad., 69, Ser. B (1993) [Vol. 69(B), 26. The Relationships between Oxygen Consumption and Duration o f Pupal-Adult Development in the Silkworm Bombyx mandarina By Weide SHEN and Kunikatsu
More informationEffects of an Ivermectin Otic Suspension on Egg Hatching of the Cat Ear Mite, Otodectes cynotis, in Vitro*
D. D. Bowman, S. Kato, and E. A. Fogarty Effects of an Ivermectin Otic Suspension on Egg Hatching of the Cat Ear Mite, Otodectes cynotis, in Vitro* Dwight D. Bowman, PhD Satomi Kato, DVM, MS Elizabeth
More informationEcology & Evolutionary Biology 4274 Platyhelminthes Lecture Exam #2 October 22, 2014
Name 1 Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 4274 Platyhelminthes Lecture Exam #2 October 22, 2014 Read through the exam once before you begin. Read the questions CAREFULLY; be certain to provide all of the information
More information206 Adopted: 4 April 1984
OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALS 206 Adopted: 4 April 1984 1. I N T R O D U C T O R Y I N F O R M A T I O N P r e r e q u i s i t e s Water solubility Vapour pressure Avian dietary LC50 (See Test
More informationWhat Is This Module About? What Will You Learn From This Module?
What Is This Module About? Have you ever seen a child who is thin and pale and has a big abdomen? From his/her appearance, you can guess that the child is sick. If a child has no appetite, often gets dizzy
More informationTHE production of turkey hatching
The Use of Artificial Lights for Turkeys* H. L. WlLCKE Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa (Presented at Annual Meeting, August 1938; received for publication September 22, 1938) THE production
More informationSeasonal Variations of yeso sika Deer Skin and its Vegetable Tanned Leather
Seasonal Variations of yeso sika Deer Skin and its Vegetable Tanned Leather Shigeharu Fukunaga, Akihiko Yoshie, Ikuo Yamakawa, Fumio Nakamura Laboratory of Animal By-product Science, Graduate School of
More informationVeterinary Surgical Pathology and Necropsy Services
Veterinary Surgical Pathology and Necropsy Services 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Building Level 6 Singapore 138673 Telephone: (65) 6586 9629 http://www.imcb.a star.edu.sg/php/ittd i histo.php Advanced Molecular
More informationHATCHABILITY THE TIMING OF MAJOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTS
HATCHABILITY Understanding timely embryonic developments, as well as analysing hatch residue, are a useful hatchery management tools. They will provide valuable information in isolating problems in both
More informationAbove: life cycle of toxoplasma gondii. Below: transmission of this infection.
Toxoplasmosis PDF This article is based on a paid for research paper dated 1972 of similar title and authored by J.K.Frenkel and J.P. Dubey. It was published by The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol.
More informationAntihelminthic Trematodes (flukes): Cestodes (tapeworms): Nematodes (roundworms, pinworm, whipworms and hookworms):
Antihelminthic Drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections: helminthic infections Unlike protozoa, helminthes are large and have complex cellular structures It is very important to identify the causative
More informationInfecting Anopheles stephensi With Rodent Malaria Parasites Alida Coppi & Photini Sinnis
Infecting Anopheles stephensi With Rodent Malaria Parasites Alida Coppi & Photini Sinnis A. Reagents: 1. DMEM or RPMI DMEM (4.5g/L glucose) RPMI 1640 Cellgro #MT-10-017-CM Cellgro #MT-10-040-CM 2. Giemsa
More informationTitle コガタアカイエカの越年実験. 大森, 南三郎 ; 伊藤, 寿美代 ; 武富, 正彦 ; 三舟, 求真人 ; 薫. Author(s) Citation 長崎大学風土病紀要 7(4), p , Issue Date
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title コガタアカイエカの越年実験. Author(s) 大森, 南三郎 ; 伊藤, 寿美代 ; 武富, 正彦 ; 三舟, 求真人 ; 薫 Citation 長崎大学風土病紀要 7(4), p.288-295, 1965 Issue Date 1965-12-23 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/3966
More informationGliding Motility Assay for P. berghei Sporozoites
Gliding Motility Assay for P. berghei Sporozoites Important Notes: 1. For all dilutions (including antibodies and sporozoites), always make slightly more than needed. For instance, if you need 200 µl sporozoites
More informationReproductive physiology and eggs
Reproductive physiology and eggs Class Business Reading for this lecture Required. Gill: Chapter 14 1. Reproductive physiology In lecture I will only have time to go over reproductive physiology briefly,
More informationTitle. Author(s)SATO, Gihei; MATSUBARA, Syuzo; ETOH, Shun-ichi; KODA. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 19(3): Issue Date
Title CULTIVATION OF SAMPLES OF HATCHER CHICK FLUFF, FLOOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA INFECTION IN CHICKEN FLOCKS Author(s)SATO, Gihei; MATSUBARA, Syuzo; ETOH, Shun-ichi; KODA CitationJapanese Journal of
More informationReceived 26 April 2005; received in revised form 14 June 2005; accepted 17 June 2005
International Journal for Parasitology 35 (2005) 1517 1524 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpara Estimating sensitivity and specificity of a faecal examination method for Schistosoma japonicum infection in cats,
More informationDr. Kenneth E. Anderson Poultry Science Department North Carolina State University Box 7608 Raleigh, NC
33 rd NORTH CAROLINA LAYER PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT TEST HATCH AND SEROLOGY SUMMARY Vol. 33, No. 1 October 1998 The North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test is conducted under the auspices
More informationName Class Date. After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:
CHAPTER 14 4 Vertebrates SECTION Introduction to Animals BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How are vertebrates different from invertebrates? How
More informationMedical Parasitology (EEB 3895) Lecture Exam #2
1 Name November 2016 Medical Parasitology (EEB 3895) Lecture Exam #2 Read through the exam once before you begin. Read the questions CAREFULLY; be certain to provide all of the information requested. In
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PARAGONIMUS HETEROTREMUS METACERCARIAE IN LABORATORY ANIMALS IN MANIPUR, INDIA
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PARAGONIMUS HETEROTREMUS METACERCARIAE IN LABORATORY ANIMALS IN MANIPUR, INDIA T Shantikumar Singh 1, Hiromu Sugiyama 2, Kh Ranjana Devi 3, L Deben Singh 4, Sutheewan Binchai
More informationGuide for Incubation of Eggs and Care of Newborn Livestock
Guide for Incubation of Eggs and Care of Newborn Livestock Goffle Road Poultry Farm 549 Goffle Road, Wyckoff, N.J. 07481 www.gofflepoultry.com Version_020518 Roadmap This presentation will cover how to
More informationEuropean Scientific Journal June 2016 edition vol.12, No.18 ISSN: (Print) e - ISSN
Biometrical Study Of Brine Shrimp (Artemia franciscana) With Special Emphasis On Hatching Efficiency And Hatching Percentage In Tropical Condition At Bangladesh Sharmin Akter Nipa Rajib Hasan M Niamul
More informationEcology & Evolutionary Biology 4274 Platyhelminthes Lecture Exam #2 October 26, 2011
1 Name Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 4274 Platyhelminthes Lecture Exam #2 October 26, 2011 Read through the exam once before you begin. Read the questions CAREFULLY; be certain to provide all of the information
More informationBurn Infection & Laboratory Diagnosis
Burn Infection & Laboratory Diagnosis Introduction Burns are one the most common forms of trauma. 2 million fires each years 1.2 million people with burn injuries 100000 hospitalization 5000 patients die
More informationMy Simple Aquarium Smart Simple Advice from an Aquarium Maintenance Company
My Simple Aquarium Smart Simple Advice from an Aquarium Maintenance Company By Larry McGee www.mysimpleaquarium.com The information contained in this guide is for informational purposes only. Please understand
More informationEMBRYO DIAGNOSIS AN IMPORTANT TOOL TO HELP THE HATCHERY MANAGER
Issue No.14 / September 2007 EMBRYO DIAGNOSIS AN IMPORTANT TOOL TO HELP THE HATCHERY MANAGER By Avian Business Unit CEVA Santé Animale Libourne, France INTRODUCTION Chick quality is the first criterion
More informationActivity Sheet Chapter 6, Lesson 11 Chemical Reactions & Engineering Design
Activity Sheet Chapter 6, Lesson 11 Chemical Reactions & Engineering Design Name Date DEFINE THE PROBLEM Imagine that you volunteered to rescue reptiles (turtles, snakes, and lizards) that are in the unlucky
More informationantibody test Voller (1963) have shown both in vitro and in vivo that the third stage of Ascaris larvae of man and
J. clin. Path. (1968), 1, 449-4 The detection of circulating antibody in human toxocara infections using the indirect fluorescent antibody test B. BISSERU AND A. W. WOODRUFF From the Department of Clinical
More informationChick quality: hatchery impact on broiler performance. Scott Martin LLC - USA
Chick quality: hatchery impact on broiler performance Scott Martin LLC - USA Chick Quality Hatchery Impact on Performance Scott Martin SCOTT MARTIN, LLC. Field Performance FCR Advantage Advantage of 2
More informationLINKAGE OF ALBINO ALLELOMORPHS IN RATS AND MICE'
LINKAGE OF ALBINO ALLELOMORPHS IN RATS AND MICE' HORACE W. FELDMAN Bussey Inslitutim, Harvard Univwsity, Forest Hills, Boston, Massachusetts Received June 4, 1924 Present concepts of some phenomena of
More informationThis is the smallest tapeworm that can affect human being but it s not really proper human tapeworm (the human is not the primary host).
Echinococcus Granulosus Small Tapeworm (1 cm), Cestode. This is the smallest tapeworm that can affect human being but it s not really proper human tapeworm (the human is not the primary host). The primary
More informationHOOKWORM INFECTIONS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN SOUTHERN THAILAND
SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH HOOKWORM INFECTIONS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN SOUTHERN THAILAND Malinee T Anantaphruti, Wanna Maipanich, Chatree Muennoo, Somchit Pubampen and Surapol Sanguankiat Department
More informationThe Rat Lungworm Lifecycle
Hawaii Island Rat Lungworm Working Group Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy University of Hawaii, Hilo The Rat Lungworm Lifecycle Rat Lungworm IPM RLWL-3 It is important to understand the lifecycle of
More informationThe impact on the routine laboratory of the introduction of an automated ELISA for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in stool samples
The impact on the routine laboratory of the introduction of an automated ELISA for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in stool samples Nigel Stephenson BMS 3 Department of Medical Microbiology
More informationStolen Soybeans!!! Introduction. Learning Objectives. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Lesson Introduction
Stolen Soybeans!!! Introduction Lesson Introduction Genetically modified, or Bt crops, have been in the spotlight over the last few years. The range of acceptance to these Bt crops can vary in their acceptance.
More informationLaboratory 7 The Effect of Juvenile Hormone on Metamorphosis of the Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
Laboratory 7 The Effect of Juvenile Hormone on Metamorphosis of the Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) (portions of this manual were borrowed from Prof. Douglas Facey, Department of Biology, Saint Michael's
More informationEukaryotic Parasites. An Illustrated Guide to Parsitic Life Cycles to Accompany Lecture. By Noel Ways
Eukaryotic Parasites An Illustrated Guide to Parsitic Life Cycles to Accompany Lecture By Noel Ways Giardia lamblia Life Cycle Reservoir: Beavers strongly implicated. Also, many other wild animals as well
More informationMedical Department PHYSIOLOGICAL EAR CLEANSER
PHYSIOLOGICAL EAR CLEANSER Their ears are fragile, take care! Structure of the external ear Pinna Ear canal External ear Border Collie Jack Russel Inner ear? Tympanic membrane Middle ear Bearded Collie
More informationTest of the Impact on Reproductive Potential and Future Generations of Mammals and Test of the Impact on Reproduction of Birds
Test of the Impact on Reproductive Potential and Future Generations of Mammals and Test of the Impact on Reproduction of Birds I. This paper sets forth standard methods of tests concerning the impact on
More informationRules 26: Compulsory Veterinary Community Service Facilities & Regulatory Service Facilities
Veterinary Facility Evaluated: Rule 26: Compulsory Veterinary Community Service (CCS) Facilities & Regulatory Service Facilities NAME OF THE FACILITY: BY TICKING YES TO ANY RULE ON THIS CHECKLIST YOU AGREE
More informationDISSEMINATION OF PULLORUM DISEASE IN THE INCUBATOR
DISSEMINATION OF PULLORUM DISEASE IN THE INCUBATOR SUMMARY Formaldehyde fumigation, regardless of whether all ports are closed or left open, will satisfactorily sterilize incubators of the forced-draft
More informationWildlife DNA Sampling Guide. Instructions for the Wildlife DNA Sampling Kit
Wildlife DNA Sampling Guide Instructions for the Wildlife DNA Sampling Kit Wildlife DNA Sampling Guide This guide has been produced by the PAW Forensic Working Group (FWG) and is designed to accompany
More informationECONOMICS OF DEWORMING BEEF CATTLE & HERD MONITORING WITH FECAL EGG COUNTS
Animal Health Fact Sheet ECONOMICS OF DEWORMING BEEF CATTLE & HERD MONITORING WITH FECAL EGG COUNTS Clell V. Bagley, DVM, Extension Veterinarian Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-5600 July 1997 AH/Beef/12
More informationEggology (Grades K-2)
Eggology (Grades K-2) Grade Level(s) K - 2 Estimated Time 90 minutes Purpose Students will identify how the basic needs of a growing chick are met during egg incubation. Activities include identifying
More informationExcellence Assured Pet Retailer Scheme Audit Standards Criteria
Excellence Assured Pet Retailer Scheme Audit s Criteria PET VENDING STANDARDS 1.1 Businesses retailing live pet animals to the public must be inspected and have a licence. 1.2 The licence must be displayed
More informationSPECIMEN COLLECTION FOR CULTURE OF BACTERIAL PATHOLOGENS QUICK REFERENCE
1 Policy #: Subject: 611 (PLH-611-02) Effective Date: NA Reviewed Date: 2/1/2008 SPECIMEN COLLECTION FOR CULTURE OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS QUICK REFERENCE Approved by: Laboratory Executive Director, Ed Hughes
More informationCanine giardiosis in an urban are Title source on infection of man. NikoliĆ, Aleksandra, DimitrijeviĆ Author(s) BobiĆ, Branko
' ' Canine giardiosis in an urban are Title source on infection of man NikoliĆ, Aleksandra, DimitrijeviĆ Author(s) BobiĆ, Branko The Journal of Protozoology Resea Citation 61-65 Issue Date 2001-10 URL
More informationDEWORMING PROCESS KRISHIMATE AGRO AND DAIRY PVT LTD NO.1176, 1ST CROSS, 12TH B MAIN, H A L 2ND STAGE, INDIRANAGAR BANGALORE , INDIA
DEWORMING PROCESS KRISHIMATE AGRO AND DAIRY PVT LTD NO.1176, 1ST CROSS, 12TH B MAIN, H A L 2ND STAGE, INDIRANAGAR BANGALORE-560008, INDIA Email: sales@srisaiagro.com Www.srisaiagro.com INSTRODUCTION According
More informationThe Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree
The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree NAME DATE This handout supplements the short film The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree. 1. Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola
More informationAARJMD VOLUME 1 ISSUE 19 (MARCH 2014) ISSN : A Peer Reviewed International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates AARJMD
A Peer Reviewed International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates AARJMD ASIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERCENTAGE PREVALENCE OF EIMERIAN SPECIES IN AWASSI SHEEP IN NORTHERN
More informationWheat and Wheat By-Products for Laying Hens
South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Bulletins South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station 5-1-1934
More information(From the Division of Laboratories of Montefiore Hospital, New York.)
CALCIFICATION OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS OF CATS. BY DAVID MARINE, M.D. (From the Division of Laboratories of Montefiore Hospital, New York.) PLATE 11. (Received for publication, January 18, 1925.) It is
More informationAVIAN HUSBANDRY (POULTRY HATCHING AND CHICKS)
1. PURPOSE ACEC SOP061 This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes routine husbandry for housing and maintenance of laboratory poultry hatchlings and chicks up to six (6) weeks of age. 2. RESPONSIBILITY
More informationIranian J Parasitol: Vol. 7, No.1, 2012, pp Iranian J Parasitol. Open access Journal at ijpa.tums.ac.ir
Iranian J Parasitol: Vol. 7, No.1, 2012, pp.59-66 Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publication http:// tums.ac.ir Original Article Iranian J Parasitol Open access Journal at http:// ijpa.tums.ac.ir
More informationLong-distance Live Transport: Common problems and practical solutions
Long-distance Live Transport: Common problems and practical solutions Over the last several years, investigations into long-distance live transport have identified ten frequently recurring yet preventable
More informationGye and Cramer (1919) found that the ionizable salts of calcium injected together with the washed spores of Cl. tetani or of certain
STUDIES ON TETANUS TOXOID III. ANTITOXIC RESPONSE IN GUINEA PIGS IMMUNIZED WITH TETANUS ALUM-PRECIPITATED TOXOID FOLLOWED BY TET- ANUS SPORES F. G. JONES AND W. A. JAMIESON Lilly Research Laboratories,
More information30-3 Amphibians Slide 1 of 47
1 of 47 What Is an Amphibian? What Is an Amphibian? An amphibian is a vertebrate that, with some exceptions: lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult breathes with lungs as an adult has moist
More informationFFA Poultry Career Development Event 2000 Poultry Judging Contest Arkansas State FFA Judging Contest
FFA Poultry Career Development Event 2000 Poultry Judging Contest Arkansas State FFA Judging Contest Contestant Name: Contestant ID: 1. The per capita egg consumption is: A. 100 eggs per year B. 234 eggs
More informationEfficacies of fenbendazole and albendazole in the treatment of commercial turkeys artificially infected with Ascaridia dissimilis
Efficacies of fenbendazole and albendazole in the treatment of commercial turkeys artificially infected with Ascaridia dissimilis Jessica Perkins, Thomas Yazwinski, Chris Tucker Abstract The goal of this
More informationINTERBREEDING OF GLAUCOUS-WINGED AND HERRING GULLS IN THE COOK INLET REGION, ALASKA. By FRANCIS S. L. WILLIAMSON and LEONARD J.
24 Vol. 65 INTERBREEDING OF GLAUCOUS-WINGED AND HERRING GULLS IN THE COOK INLET REGION, ALASKA By FRANCIS S. L. WILLIAMSON and LEONARD J. PEYTON In the course of field studies of birds about the Cook Inlet
More informationDry season survival of Aedes aegypti eggs in various breeding sites
SURVIVAL OF A. AEGYPTI EGGS 433 Dry season survival of Aedes aegypti eggs in various breeding sites in the Dar es Salaam area, Tanzania * M. TRPI 1 Abstract In field experiments in different breeding sites
More informationOcean Teens. Water Quality Worksheet SECTION 1 SECTION 2. Tidal Touch Pools & Seahorse Sanctuary - Temperature. Jellyfish Kingdom - Light
SECTION 1 Tidal Touch Pools & Seahorse Sanctuary - Temperature Feel the temperature of the water in the touch and tell tank. It is water from the ocean! Therefore it has the same temperature as the ocean.
More informationThe Potential of Triclabendazole in Combination with Praziquantel for the Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni Infections
The Potential of Triclabendazole in Combination with Praziquantel for the Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni Infections by Bong Sze How BSc. (Hons.) i This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of
More informationEffects of transportation-induced jarring on ratite embryo development and hatching success
Effects of transportation-induced jarring on ratite embryo development and hatching success M A Potter and S M Bassett Ratite Research Centre Ecology Group Institute of Natural Resources Massey University
More informationTamboli Ashpak Mubarak et al. IRJP 2 (8)
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Research Article DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION
More informationIMPROVEMENT OF SENSORY ODOUR INTENSITY SCALE USING 1-BUTANOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ODOUR EVALUATION
Proceedings of the 14 th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Rhodes, Greece, 3-5 September 2015 IMPROVEMENT OF SENSORY ODOUR INTENSITY SCALE USING 1-BUTANOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
More informationTHE ABSORPTION OF WATER BY THE EGGS OF CORIXA PUNCTATA ILLIG. (HEMIPTERA-CORIXIDAE) UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
THE ABSORPTION OF WATER BY THE EGGS OF CORIXA PUNCTATA ILLIG. (HEMIPTERA-CORIXIDAE) UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS BY C. J. BANKS (Received 12 November 194) (With Two Text-figures) Poisson (1924) states
More informationFishes, Amphibians, Reptiles
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles Section 1: What is a Vertebrate? Characteristics of CHORDATES Most are Vertebrates (have a spinal cord) Some point in life cycle all chordates have: Notochord Nerve cord that
More informationChick Quality breeder and hatchery influences. Daniel B Pearson Veterinary Health Director Aviagen UK Ltd
Chick Quality breeder and hatchery influences Daniel B Pearson Veterinary Health Director Aviagen UK Ltd Outline Definition of chick quality Nutrition Health Inputs Egg Hatchery Chick handling, storage
More informationONTOGENY OF THE SUPERNUMERARY SESAMOIDS IN THE LEG MUSCLES OF THE RING-NECKED PHEASANT. GEORG E. HUDSON, SY YING CI-IEIxl WANG, AND ERNEST E.
ONTOGENY OF THE SUPERNUMERARY SESAMOIDS IN THE LEG MUSCLES OF THE RING-NECKED PHEASANT GEORG E. HUDSON, SY YING CI-IEIxl WANG, AND ERNEST E. PROVOST Ix has long been known to hunters, game managers, gourmets,
More informationVertebrates. Vertebrate Characteristics. 444 Chapter 14
4 Vertebrates Key Concept All vertebrates have a backbone, which supports other specialized body structures and functions. What You Will Learn Vertebrates have an endoskeleton that provides support and
More informationSO YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE A BABY... CHICK!! Tips for Teachers Embarking on the Embryology Experience
SO YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE A BABY... CHICK!! Tips for Teachers Embarking on the Embryology Experience by Walter Reeves The Georgia Gardener (tm) INTRODUCTION Incubating eggs is a marvelous learning experience
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #111 RAT ANESTHESIA
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #111 RAT ANESTHESIA 1. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes methods for anesthetizing rats. 2. RESPONSIBILITY Principal Investigators (PIs) and their research
More informationTOXOIDING OF SNAKE VENOM AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNOGENICITY OF THE TOXOIDS
TOXOIDING OF SNAKE VENOM AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNOGENICITY OF THE TOXOIDS Pages with reference to book, From 9 To 13 Zahid Husain Khan ( Present Addressc Chief Research Officer, Pakistan Medical Research
More information