1.14 Infanticide by a male lion. Bad fathers in wild life

Transcription

1 1.14 Infanticide by a male lion Bad fathers in wild life

2 Proximate and Ultimate questions Finding phenomena Causal Question Hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Experiments

3 Proximate and Ultimate questions Good scientists make Good hypothesis -Testability -Simplicity -Scope -Fruitfulness -Conservatism

4 Causal question Causal question How to explain the infanticidal Hypothesis behaviors? 1. Cannibalism 2. Group selection (by Wynne-Edwards in 1962) 3. Quicker reproduction (by Sarah Hirdy)

5 Summary of Chapter-1 Evolution of Mating system: A Game Theory Males that want many females (Polygamous) Males with infanticidal mode (Bad father strategy) Females with promiscuity to protect babies Males that keep one female from other males (monogamous) Males with baby sitting behaviors (Good father emerging) Pampeupatal female? Adoption? Homosexuality? Burberry man?

6 Summary of Chapter-1 A Good father in KAIST

7 By proximate causes Genetic variation Behavioral variation By ultimate causes Natural selection

8 Summary of Chapter-1 Proximate cause : How question What mechanism trigger the behavior? (Genetic vs. Environmental) How the behavior is carried out? (Neural circuits) Problems regarding Input and output mechanism Ultimate cause : Why question Why did the animal evolve the mechanism for the behavior? What is the ultimate function or survival value of the behavior? Problems regarding Fitness and reproductive success

9 Chapter 2 Opener: Studies of bird song have relied heavily on male white-crowned sparrows Chapter 2 Understanding the Proximate An Ultimate Causes of bird song

10 Males sing a song to female Female pheromone from urine stimulate male vomeronasal organ USV Male pheromone in tears stimulate female vomeronasal organ

11 Short type syllable Strain X Strain Y Chevron type syllable

12 Chapter 2 Opener Why do males of the common yellowthroat sing similar but not identical versions of their species song? Proximate causes of Bird song Genetic vs. Environmental Social mechanism Developmental mechanism Physiological mechanism

13 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect? Causal question Whistle trill Buzz W B T Try to make hypotheses

14 Video 2.1 White-crowned Sparrow Singing an Alaskan Dialect

15 Video 2.2 White-crowned Sparrow Singing a Washington Dialect

16 Video 2.3 Golden-crowned Sparrow Singing

17 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect? Genetic vs. Environmental? Innate vs. Learning (social cause)?

18 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California Experiment based on learning hypothesis 10 ~50 days Marin male song 150 days Marin dialect Hand reared Male Marin Sparrow Bad singer Berkley male song Marin dialect

19 2.2 Hearing is critically important for song learning in the zebra finch Zebra finch Baby Adult

20 2.2 Hearing is critically important for song learning in the zebra finch

21 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect? The cause was environmental and learning from father Another causal question raised When they learn the song? They can learn any song?

22 2.3 Song learning hypothesis based on laboratory experiments with white-crowned sparrows Developmental cause: A Critical period Hypotheses: 1) There may be a critical period 2) They can learn song any time song of another species Doesn t work (some genetic factor) Critical period

23 2.4 Social experience influences song development Song imitation (learning): tutor Student

24 2.6 Sonograms of contact calls of galahs and pink cockatoos reared under different conditions

25 I believe

26 2.5 Social effects on song learning An example of Song imitation (Lyrebird) Many bird songs, Car, Camera, Sawing

27 2.5 Social effects on song learning The Starling learned Words from his family (Keiko izuka)

28 2.5 Social effects on song learning Talking each other

29 2.5 Social effects on song learning Talking with human

30 2.7 Changes in the song system of young male and female zebra finches A Genetic cause: Male vs. Female (ZZ vs. ZW) Male releases estrogen which cause development of song-related nuclei in the brain

31 2.12 Differences in the size of one nucleus of the song system Male Female Musician (Singer) Listener

32 2.12 Differences in the size of one nucleus of the song system Song vs. Language? Musician Non-musician Subtraction - = Language areas activated

33 2.8 The timing of gene activity in different components of the avian song control system in males Higher vocal center Neostratum Lateral magnocellular anterior nidopallium Robust nuclei of Acropallium Area X nxiits

34 2.9 Gene expression in a component of the zebra finch song system Expression of ZHENK genes in the RA region

35 2.9 Gene expression in a component of the zebra finch song system FoxP2 and song imitation

36 2.10 The song preferences of female starlings Sitting on a twig Singing : male > female Listening : Female < male

37 2.11 The song system of a typical songbird HVC: Song repertoire selection (varied size among individuals) lman: Song learning (Adult vs. Juvenile) RA: signal generation Male > Female Syrinx (sound control)

38 2.13 Single cells and song learning in the swamp sparrow Role of HVC in song type selection A HVC neuron

39 2.13 Single cells and song learning in the swamp sparrow Gene-Environment interactions Behavioral Plasticity Environment (Physical, Seasonal, Social) Neural & Synaptic Plasticity (Physiological mechanism) Development of neural circuits Genome Gene expression

40 Home work: Think about Ultimate causes of Song learning 1) Independent evolution vs. common ancestor hypothesis 2) Reproductive benefit of song learning

41 2.15 The song of a vocal non-learner, the eastern phoebe Eastern phoebe -Small individual variance -Deaf males can sing a complete song

42 2.5 Social effects on song learning An example of song learning (Lyrebird) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Menurae Genus/name Menura novaehollandiae Many bird songs, Car, Camera, Sawing

43 Figure 2.16 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class Aves Orders - 23 Parrots Humming birds Song birds Chicken, Turkey Magpie Herons Pigeon, Dove

44 2.14 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Taxonomy Kingdom: Phylum : Class : Order : Animalia > Planta + Protista + Fungi + Monera Chordata (vertebrata+2), Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Echnoderma, Nemartoda, Platyhelminthes, Cniaria, Porifera Fishes (3 classes), Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves Rodentia, Primates, Chiroptera, Insectivora (moles, 두더쥐 ), Carnivora Family : Genus/Species: Carnidae (dogs), Felidae (Cats), Ursidae (Bears), Hyernidae, Mustelidae Flis catus (cats), Panthera leo (lion), Panthera tigris (tiger), Canis lupus familiaris (Dogs), Canis lupus (wolf) Homo sapiens

45 2.16 The song control systems of parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds (Part 1) Two hypotheses: 1)Independent evolution 2)A common ancestor How to prove?

46 2.16 The song control systems of parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds (Part 2) Brain location of song pathway markers Supporting the common ancestor hypothesis

47 Home work: Think about Ultimate causes of Song learning 1. Independent evolution vs. the common ancestor hypothesis 2. Reproductive benefits of song learning Learning song costs time, energy, etc Then why?

48 2.17 Does bird song repel territorial intruders? The species identity announcement hypothesis Removal Play back of song To protect territories from new comers

49 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect Come loser to the speaker! Females like the same dialect of the areas What does it mean?

50 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect-1 Learners can go farther! since they can acquire a dialect effective in that habitat Non-learner from A Learner from A A B C Learning increase the fitness

51 2.19 Advantage of song learning to overcome sound interference Dense areas Open areas

52 2.19 Advantage of song learning to overcome sound interference

53 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect-2 Why they try to learn neighbor s song? 1) The late acquisition hypothesis: Tutor is just changing from father to neighbors 2) The selective attrition hypothesis: They can memorize a number of dialect version song and matches the dialect of neighbors

54 2.20 Dialect selection by male white-crowned sparrows (Part 1) 1) The late acquisition hypothesis? 2) The selective attrition hypothesis?

55 2.20 Dialect selection by male white-crowned sparrows (Part 2) Two hypotheses 1) The late acquisition hypothesis 2) The selective attrition hypothesis

56 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect-2 Males can compete each other without direct fighting Which one is more costeffective? Vs Males should be fine tuning their song even after settling on an initial version relatively in early in life

57 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of bad words Wow, the weather is sick! 빵꾸똥구

58 2.21 Song type matching in the song sparrow (Part 1) Type matching (aggressive) Repertoire matching (intermediate) Repertoire matching (intermediate)

59 2.21 Song type matching in the song sparrow (Part 2) Non-matching (back-off)

60 Figure 2.26 Song matching and communication of aggressive intent in the song sparrow

61 Figure 2.27 Evidence that male Cassin s finches direct their songs at females Female choice hypothesis Male song is FOR CALLING females?

62 Figure 2.28 Nutritional stress early in life has large effects brain development and song learning Stressed Stressed

63 Figure 2.29 Mean number of precopulatory displays given by female song sparrows in response to playback of the songs of males

64 Figure 2.30 Stress influences song structure in the zebra finch

65 2.5 Social effects on song learning Song and language Clothe Four corners Green

66 2.26 What causes differences among individuals? (Part 1)

67 2.26 Discussion -Different species of birds sing different songs, and even within a single species -Some birds learn their species song -Proximate causes focusing on how the mechanisms of behaviors are assembled during development -Ultimate causes of behavior on two level: 1) Evolutional history 2) Contribution to natural selection in the present

68 2.26 Discussion What is shared features between The bird song and human speech Proximate causes Ultimate causes - - -

69 2.7 Discussion questions What is the ultimate causes of speech ability in human? Good speech Good job Money Happy Good education Money Rich parents