Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 1 (11): 653-659, 013 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 013 Improving Performnce, Met Qulity nd Muscle Fier Microstructure of Ntive Indonesin Muscovy Duck Through Feed Protein nd Metolizle Energy 1 Elly Tugiynti, Tri Yuwnt, Zuprizl nd Rusmn Fculty of Animl Science, University of Jenderl Soedirmn, Purwokerto, Indonesi Fculty of Animl Science, University of Gdjh Md, Indonesi 1 Astrct: Tenderness is determined y the growth nd size of muscle fiers, which cn e rrnged through the feed. The current study ws designed to investigte protein nd metolic energy level on performnce including met qulity nd muscle fier size of mle muscovy ducks. Five protein levels nd metolic energy of feed tretments (13% nd 300 kcl/kg, 15% nd 500 kcl/kg, 17% nd 700 kcl/kg, 19% nd 900 kcl/kg, 1% nd 3100 kcl/kg) nd 100 mle dod of muscovy ducks were dministered in this reserch. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) crcss weight, feed conversion rtio, dominl ft percentge, physicl met qulity nd muscle fier dimeter. Feed with 1% protein nd 3100 kcl/kg metolic energy resulted in good performnce (134.60±43.6 crcss weight, 4.00±0.64 feed conversion nd 68.86±5.59% crcss percentge), physicl met qulity nd lrge muscle fier dimeter of 50.59 µm, ut comprtively high dominl ft level of 5.60±0.71. Key words: Muscovy duck, muscle fier, tenderness INTRODUCTION inducing n increse. Increse in lipid content of rest Muscovy duck is fst growing nd suitle met fowl muscle of mule nd Muscovy ducks is etween 6-8 nd source. Although very common s met duck, Muscovy 1-13 weeks of ge. Bez et l. (00) stted tht t 1 ly 100-15 eggs nnully nd is less preferle met weeks old, rest met of selected Muscovy duck due prtly to its smelly, tough nd drk met. Ntive weighed differently from tht of control s much s 39%. Indonesin Muscovy re mostly found in Jv in Age is the min influence of muscle development. This trditionl system, so they re yet showing mximum ws supported y Chrtrin et l. (005) tht 14 weeks performnce nd met qulity (CIVAS nd FAO, 006). old Muscovy duck hd muscle weight 89% hevier thn In Frnce, Muscovy ducks re under intensive system tht of Pekin duck oserved in redth nd length of nd hve contriuted 45% of duck met supply muscle fier. Muscle fier length cn rech 1 cm with (Znusso et l., 003). However, there hs not een 10-150 µm dimeter. Muscle fier dimeter is fixed feeding guideline for Muscovy sustinility determined y some fctors like species, stte of especilly the need of protein nd metolic energy. nutrition, ge, sex nd ctivity (Suowo, 00; Pur, According to Bintng (000), feed contining 1.47% 010). White muscle fier or "W in mle nd femle protein nd 515 kcl/kg ME ws sufficient to meet Muscovy duck is 8.1 µm nd 7.4 µm, respectively nd Muscovy primry needs ecuse 10-week-old Muscovy red fier or "R is 15.1 nd 14. µm, respectively weighs only 849 g with 8.06 feed conversion rtio nd t (Berncki et l., 008). This condition clls for protein the 1-week-old weighs 995 g with 8.50 feed conversion nd metolic energy level to otin high performnce rtio. From Muscovy fed with 1% protein nd 619 nd met qulity of Muscovy duck oth in physics nd kcl/kg ME diet ws gined 64.78 nd 61.43% crcss microstructure. in mle nd femle, respectively, while 15% protein nd 608 kcl/kg ME diet produced 65.48% nd 61.65% MATERIALS AND METHODS crcss in mle nd femle, respectively (Bintng, This reserch ws conducted in Experimentl frm of 001). Animl Science Fculty Jenderl Soedirmn University, Mgdlen et l. (010) stted tht protein nd Lortory of Pthology Fculty of Animl Medicine metolic energy rtio influenced growth, dominl ft, GdjhMd University nd Biology Reserch Centre ody ft, muscle fier dimeter nd eventully met LIPI Indonesi. Reserch tretments were protein tenderness of roiler. Bez et l. (000) nd (00) content nd energy feeds in which feed in R1 contined showed lipid content of muscle could lso e 13% protein nd 300 kcl/kg ME, R contined 15% mnipulted y feeding levels, with feed restriction often protein nd 500 kcl/kg ME, R3 contined 17% protein decresing intrmusculr ft content nd overfeeding nd ME 700 kcl/kg, R4 contined 19% protein nd Corresponding Author: Elly Tugiynti, Fculty of Animl Science, University of Jenderl Soedirmn, Purwokerto, Indonesi 653
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): 653-659, 013 900 kcl/kg ME nd R5 contined 1% protein nd 3100 kcl/kg ME. Ech tretment consisted of four heds which ws repeted five times. A totl of 100 mle dy old Muscovy ducks were rndomly distriuted to 5-comprtment cge pplying Completely Rndomized Design. Muscovy ducks were kept in cement floored cge t mient temperture 33 C in prior period then decresed ech week up to 8 C t the eighth week. Feed nd wter were given d liitum. Tretment feeds were referred to Ntionl Reserch Council (1994) s shown in Tle 1. The oserved performnces were finl weight, feed conversion rtio, crcss percentge, dominl ft level nd physicl met qulity, while muscle fier oserved ws muscle fier size. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Muscovy duck performnce Crcss weight: The highest crcss weight of 9-weekold Muscovy ducks ws 34.60±4.6 g in R5. It ws still inferior to tht y Omojol (007) nd Solomon et l. (006) producing 000 nd 470 g Muscovy ducks. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) crcss weight. Tle shows tht the higher protein nd metolic energy level, the higher crcss weight gined, while feed with low protein nd metolic energy level ws not sufficient for erly growth phse of Muscovy ducks. Brhmntiyo et l. (003) reported tht mle Muscovy ducks grow fst until 9 weeks old nd need feed with high lnced protein nd energy. Fn et l. (008) stted tht met duck ws highly responsive to high metolic energy feed. On the contrry, Iskndr et l. (001) showed tht tretment feed with 750 kcl ME/kg nd 180 g/kg protein produced crcss weight not significntly different from tht of 3000 kcl ME/kg nd 00 g/kg protein nd 350 kcl ME/kg nd 0 g/kg protein. Atmomrsono (1999), Tnwirih (006), Miclosnu nd Roiu (001) nd Bintng (000) reported tht higher protein level would speed up Muscovy s fether growth, leding to fster dptility nd eventully higher weight gin. Feed conversion: Feed conversion verge of 9-weekold Muscovy fed with different level of protein nd metolic energy diet rnged from 4,00±0,64 to 5.6±0.38, (Tle ). Feed conversion in this reserch ws higher thn tht of Bhuiyn et l. (005), Tnwirih et l. (011) nd Hung et l. (01), reporting mle Muscovy feed conversion ws.64, from.53-4.43 nd 3.09. Protein nd metolic energy tretment significntly ffected (p<0.01) feed conversion which is strongly relted to feed consumption nd ody weight gin nd it could e used to mesure feed efficiency nd fowl productivity (Lcy nd Vest, 004). R1 ws not different from R ecuse of reltively similr feed consumption (5108.16 nd 518 g) nd reltively similr ody weight gin (919.8 nd 106.6 g) in Tle 1: Mterils nd Compositions of Tretment Feed R1 R R3 R4 R5 Percentge Corn 0.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 SBM 0.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Rice rn 98.30 58.60 53.70 46.00 38.0 PMM 0.00.70 7.10 1.00 17.00 Oil 0.00 0.00 0.50 3.30 6.10 L-lysinse HCl 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 DL-Methionine 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Topmix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NCl 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 CCO3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Amount 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Protein (%) 13.00 15.00 17.00 19.00 1.00 ME (kcl/kg) 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00 3100.00 Ft (%) 4.9 4.48 4.80 5.06 5.3 Crude fier (%) 11.1 7.87 7.38 6.57 5.76 C (%) 0.77 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.94 Pv (%) 0.56 0.40 0.48 0.39 0.56 Lysine (%) 0.76 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.11 Methionine (%) 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 Muscovy for nine weeks, respectively. Feed consumption in R4 ws however reltively high, scoring 571 g ut with only 1088 g ody weight gin. R3 nd R5 showed reltively similr ody weight gin (1139 nd 188 g), respectively nd feed consumption of 505 nd 556 g, respectively. Fctors influencing feed consumption re environment, ge, sex nd nutrient content. This ws in ccordnce with Iskndr et l. (001) tht ducks fed with 750 kcl/kg ME nd 18% crude protein diet showed higher feed consumption thn those with 3000 kcl/kg nd 0% protein diet, scoring 96,61 g nd 85.84 g, respectively; however, feed efficiency ws reltively similr. Fn et l. (008) stted tht for to 6 week old ducks to gin weight required 18% protein nd 3008-3030 kcl/kg ME diet. Crcss percentge: The verge crcss percentge in this reserch ws 63.04±5.64 to 68.86±5.59 (Tle ). According to Bhuiyn et l. (005) 9-week-old Muscovy duck hd 68.10 crcss percentge, while Kleczek (006) stted tht crcss percentge of mle nd femle Muscovy ws 74.65-76.54 nd 75.35-75.85, respectively. Protein nd metolic energy level did not significntly ffect (p>0.05) crcss percentge ecuse protein nd metolic energy ffect not only ody weight gin ut lso other non-crcss orgns. This is in line with Soeprno (005) nd Ydny (004) tht crcss weight nd crcss percentge re significntly ffected y slughter weight nd non-crcss weight (weight of lood, fether, leg nd innrds). Rji et l. (009) lso stted tht there ws highly significnt positive correltion (p<0.01) etween ody weight nd ody mesurements nd innrds. Suprynto (006) nd Skln et l. (003) stted tht high slughter weight did not lwys result in high crcss weight nd crcss percentge ecuse higher living ody weight required igger orgns to hve well-lnced metolism. 654
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): 653-659, 013 Tle : Crcss weight, Feed Conversion Rtio, Crcss Percentge nd dominl ft percentge of 9-week-old Muscovy ducks consuming feed with different levels of protein nd metolic energy 1 Tretment Crcss weight g 3 Feed conversion Crcss (%) Adominl ft (%) R1 976.00±69.39 5.6±0.38 63.04±5.64 1.9±1.35 R 1119.60±76.98 4.60±0.33 63.77±7.30 c 4.4±0.78 R3 119.00±6.59 4.38±0.3 65.10±4.43 c.84±0.53 R4 1140.60±57.0 4.63±0.4 63.95±1.90 4.73±0.34 R5 134.60±4.6 4.00±0.64 68.86±5.59 5.60±0.71 Tle 3: ph level, wter holding cpcity (WHC), cooking loss nd met tenderness of 9-week-old Muscovy duck fed with different protein nd metolic energy level diets 1 Tretment ph (%) WHC Cooking Loss (%) Tenderness (kg/cm ) R1 6.07±0.07 35.51±.85 40.14±0.96 5.88±0.06 R 5.89±0.04 37.00±1.83 38.88±1.09 5.60±0.8 R3 c 5.95±0.09 38.67±.05 38.06±1.58 5.63±0.1 R4 d 5.80±0.06 39.7±4.8 3.96±1.37 5.71±0.45 R5 5.87±0.04 4.33±.43 31.38±0.95 c 5.0±0.14 Tle 4: Muscle fier dimeter (µm) of 9-week-old Muscovy duck fed with different protein nd metolic energy level diet using scnning electron microscope (SEM) Repet ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tretment 1 3 4 Averge Sd R1 11.367 14.016 11.115 13.155 1.41 1.69 R 17.8 1.039 14.08 1.633 14.03 3.75 R3 17.514 16.638 17.05 13.84 16.30 1.40 R4 31.551 35.098 33.183 6.365 31.55.3 R5 57.594 56.550 43.153 45.067 50.59 7.54 Adominl ft percentge: Yuniz (00) stted tht duck met ph ws higher, rnging from 6,0 to 6,59. dominl ft, one of ody fts inside dominl cvity, Feed protein nd metolic energy significntly ffected will increse due to sufficient feed nd geing. (p<0.01) met ph of 9-week-old Muscovy ducks ecuse Miclosnu nd Roiu (001) reported tht t the 56th Muscovy fed with high protein nd metolic energy diet dy, Muscovy ducks fed with medium metolic energy were ssumed to hve highly glycogenic met; diet (750 kcl/kg) nd high metolic energy diet (3050 ccordingly glycolysis occurred fster nd ph kcl/kg) hd 0.81±0.45 nd 0.94±0.7 dominl ft otined ws lower. In line with Setiwn (010) tht percentge, respectively, which in this reserch ws even smll mount of protein-crohydrte ond could 1.9±1.35-5.60±0.71 (Tle ). Protein nd metolic ffect insulin hormone level nd eventully glycogen energy significntly ffected (p<0.01) dominl ft synthesis. Tle 3 shows protein nd metolic energy percentge. Energy consumption of R4 nd R5 ws level increse cuses met ph decrese. ph chnge higher thn tht of R1, R nd R3. Soeprno (005) depends on glycogen supply in muscle, the higher stted tht the energy excess would e stored s ody muscle glycogen the more lctic cid so finl ph vlue ft nd dominl ft. Fn et l. (008) supported tht ws lower. In contrst, ducks fed with low protein nd consuming high energy feed did not significntly ffect metolic energy diet hd lower muscle glycogen nd crcss ut significntly incresed dominl ft in slower postmortem glycolysis so finl ph vlue ws which feed energy lower thn 700 kcl/kg could not higher s reported y Soeprno (005) nd Nurwntoro induce dominl ft. Kleczek et l. (006) stted tht nd Mulyni (003). positive correltion existed etween ody weight nd ft in Muscovy (r = 0.373 to 0.59). Wter holding cpcity (WHC): Wter holding cpcity is the ility of met protein to ound wter inside met, Met physicl qulity therefore wter holding cpcity descries dmge level ph: The verge of met ph in this reserch ws ove of met protein. WHC verge in this reserch ws isoelectronic point (5.01-5.01), thus 5.80±0.06-35.51±.85-4.33±.43 (%). Protein nd metolic 6.03±0.13 (Tle 3), reltively similr to tht of Wwro et energy significntly ffected (p<0.01) wter holding l. (004) tht met ph of mle Muscovy ws 5.8±0.07. cpcity of 9-week-old Muscovy. Muscovy WHC vlue It is in ccordnce with Drnsfield nd Sosnicki (1999) incresed long with the consumed protein nd tht fter cttle died, neroic metolism would lower metolic energy diet ecuse the higher met protein ph from 7. (muscle) to 5.8 (met) long with rigor level the higher wter holding cpcity. Austm s mortis, while Alvrdo nd Sms (000) reported tht (005) reported tht WHC ws lso ffected y ph, in 655
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): 653-659, 013 R1 R R3 R4 R5 Fig. 1: Muscle fier of 9 week old Muscovys rest met fed with different protein nd metolic energy nlyzed using SEM which electrons were relesed in ph lower thn met stted tht ft content in Muscovy met ws.6-7, 57% isoelectric point, cusing proton excess met with nd Lrzul et l. (00) showed high collgen in resistnce from myofilment nd gve more rooms for Muscovy rest met of 4.8 mg/g met. Collgen in wter molecules in met; ccordingly, met WHC rest met of Muscovy R1, R, R3, R4 nd R5 ws incresed. Lwrie (006) stted tht lmost ll wter.36, 1.98, 1.53,.16 nd 1.8 mg/g met, respectively. content in met is stored in myofiril nd room etween On the other hnd, Lrzul et l. (00) reported high thick filment nd thin filment. Interfilment mostly collgen in Muscovy rest muscle of 4.30-4.8 mg/g determines WHC of myofiril protein. The higher finl ph muscle, while Mtitputty nd Suryn (010) showed vlue, the lower wter holding cpcity is. Fster ph 1.75 mg/g muscle collgen in Pekin duck nd 1.7 mg/g decrese will increse ctomyosin to contrct ecuse muscle in roiler. more dentured srcoplsmic protein would extrct the juice from met protein. Cooking loss: Muscovy fed with different protein nd metolic energy level hd met cooking loss rnging from 31.38±0.95 to 40.14±0.96% (Tle 3). It ws reltively similr to tht of Alvrdo nd Sms (000) scoring 31.6 to 37.97% nd of Ali et l. (007) nmely 34,48±1,48%. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) cooking loss of 9-week-old Muscovy ducks. Widningsih (011) nd Soeprno (005) stted tht met composition ws ffected y feed nutrient content prticulrly protein nd energy. Increse in feed protein nd energy would increse met protein nd ft, so tht less met juice ws lost when cooking nd cooking loss ws closely relted to ph nd wter holding cpcity. Tenderness: Muscovy met tenderness ws etween 5.0±0.14 nd 5.88±0.06 kg/cm (Tle 3). While Omojol (007) reported lower met tenderness on mle Muscovy of 3.8±0.7 kg/cm nd Bez reported 4.56±0.48-5,14±0,45 kg/cm. The higher protein nd metolic energy level, the more tender the met produced ecuse Muscovy ducks undergo norml growth nd mximum muscle cells growth is followed y ft cells growth, mking met of Muscovy R4 nd R5 fttier. This is in line with Tmunn (009) tht fctors influencing met tenderness is correlted with met composition itself, mong which re ft cells in etween met fier nd collgen. According to Soeprno (005), tenderness ws lso ffected y met collgen ecuse collgen could ccumulte gretly. Chrtrin et l. (003) Muscle fier: The verge of muscle fier dimeter in Muscovy rnged from 1.41±1.69 to 50.59±7.54 µm s shown in Tle 4. Reserch y Sudjtinh (1998) showed dimeter of 8.00 to 3.16 µm, while Sri (003) reported Mule duck/mndlung (Muscovy nd Ans crossred) hd 13.47±3.6 muscle fier dimeter t 8 week old, 15.4±.99 t 10 week old nd 18.08±5.01 µm t 1 week old. Protein nd metolic energy level significntly ffected (p<0.01) muscle fier dimeter which is the result of hypertrophy process. Soeprno (005) reported tht prentl muscle growth ws mrked s muscle fier hyperplsi period nd postntl muscle growth ws prticulrly due to hypertrophy. Mozdzik et l. (00) nd Rehfeldt et l. (004) mentioned tht muscle fier dimeter of fsting fowls ws smller thn those of feed sufficiency. Feed intke limittion either quntittively or qulittively would lower muscle fier dimeter. Choi nd Kim (008) stted tht muscle fier dimeter depended on some fctors s species, sex nd nutrition. According to Kisiel nd Ksizkiewicz (004) nd Biesid-Drzzg et l. (000) slow growing duck or dwrf duck hs smll muscle fier dimeter ut fst growing duck or ig odied duck hs lrge fier dimeter. Muscle fier dimeter is relted to tender or tough met, muscle fier size in cross sectionl re will increse long with geing, lrge muscle fier dimeter ppers rougher nd more elstic thn smll dimeter (Drnsfield nd Sosnicki, 1999). Conclusion: Feed contining 1% protein nd 3100 kcl/kg metolic energy resulted in optimum performnce (crcss weight, feed conversion rtio nd 656
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1 (11): 653-659, 013 crcss percentge) nd met qulity nd high ft dominl nd lrge muscle fier dimeter. Met ph ws however reltively similr to tht of Muscovy ducks fed with lower protein nd energy metolic diet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors would like to express their sincere grtitude to the Directorte Generl of Higher Eduction, Indonesin Ministry of Eduction nd Culture for the study nd reserch funding in Postgrdute Progrm of Animl Science Deprtment, Gdjh Md University Yogykrt, to the Rector nd Den of Animl Science Deprtment, Gdjh Md University Yogykrt nd the Rector nd Den of Animl Science Deprtment, Jenderl Soedirmn University for the doctorl study permit nd to the promoter nd co promoter for guidnce nd dvice during the composition of disserttion, reserch puliction nd study completion. REFERENCES Austm s, E. nd H.M. Ali, 005. Bsic Product Technology. Textook. Progrm niml production, fculty of niml husndry. University of Hsnudin. Mksr, Indonesi. Alvrdo, C.Z. nd A.R. Sms, 000. The influence of postmortem electricl stimultion on rigor mortis development, clpsttin ctivity nd tenderness in roiler nd duck pectorlis. Poult. Sci., 79: 1364-1368. Atmomrsono, U., S. Ronodihrdjo nd W. Hndyni, 1999. Effect of protein level on fether wings growth of muscovy duck. J. Tropicl Livest. Dev.: Specil Issue: 131-135. Ali, S.Md., Geun-Ho Kng, Hn-Sul Yng, Jin-Yeon Jeong, Young-Hw Hwng Gu-Boo Prk nd Seon- Te Joo, 007. A comprison of met chrcteristics etween duck nd chicken rest. Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 100-1006. Bez, E., M.R. Slichon, G. Mrché, N. Wcrenier, B. Dominguez nd J. Culioli, 000. Effects of ge nd sex on the structurl chemicl nd technologicl chrcteristik of mule duck met. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: 300-307. Bez, E.C., Dessy, N. Wcreneir, G. Mrche nd A. Listrt, 00. Effect of selection for improved ody weight nd composition on muscle nd met chrcteristics in muscovy duck. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: 560-568. Berncki, Z., D. Kokoszynski nd T. Mllek, 008. Evlution of selected met trits in seven-week-old duck roilers. Anim. Sci. Pp. Rep., 6: 165-174. Biesid-Drzzg, B., J. Gorski nd B. Witk, 000. Effects of feeding nd ge on thickness of muscle fire in met ducks of the A44 reed. Proc. XXI World s Poultry Congress, 0-4 August, Montrel, Cnd, CD-ROM. Bintng, I.A.K., 000. Addition of lysine nd methionin on rn to the growing muscovy ducks. Medi Peternkn, 1: 15-. Bintng, I.A.K., 001. Effect of protein content of feed ginst in wild duck crcss (Cirin Moscht). Medi Peternkn, 1: 3-6. Brhmntiyo, B., R. Setioko nd H. Prsetyo, 003. Chrcteristics of centell sitic ducks s source of livestock germplsm. Proceedings of the ntionl seminr on niml husndry technology nd veterinry. Livestock reserch nd development center. Agency For Agriculturl Reserch And Development. Deprtment of Agri. Bogor, 375-380. Bhuiyn, M.M., M.H. Khn, M.A.H. Khn1, B.C. Ds, N.S. Lucky nd M.B. Uddin, 005. A study on the comprtive performnce of different reeds of roiler ducks under frmer s condition t frming system reserch nd development (FSRD) Site, Sylhet, Bngldesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 596-599. Chrtrin, P., M.D. Berndet, G. Guy, J. Mourot, M.J. Duclos nd E. BeZ, 005. Effect of genotype nd overfeeding on lipid deposition in myofiers nd intrmusculr dipocytes of rest nd thigh muscles of ducks. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 45: 87-99. Chrtrin, P., J. Mourot, M.D. Berndet, G. Guy, M.J. Duclos nd E. Bez, 003. Effect of genotype nd force feeding on the intrmusculr ft deposition in duck. Pges 4-30 in Proc. 16th Eur. Symp. Qul. Poult. Met, Sint-Brieuc, Frnce. ISPAIA, Ploufrgn, Frnce. Choi, Y.M. nd B.C. Kim, 008. Muscle Fire chrcteristics, myofirillr protein isoforms nd met qulity. Livest. Sci., 008: 1-14. CIVAS nd FAO, 006. A review of free rnge duck frming system in indonesi nd ssessment of their impliction in the spreding of the highly pthogenic (h5n1) strin of vin influenz (hpi). Finl report from center for indonesin veterinry nlitycl studies (civs) nd food nd griculture orgniztion (fo) of the united Ntions. Jkrt. Indonesi. Drnsfield, E. nd A.A. Sosnicki, 1999. Reltionship etween muscle growth nd poultry met qulity. Poult. Sci., 78: 743-746. Fn, H.P., M. Xie, W.W. Wng, S.S. Hou nd W. Hung, 008. Effects of dietry energy on growth performnce nd crcss qulity of white growing pekin ducks from two to six weeks of ge. Poult. Sci., 87: 116-1164. Hung, J.F., H. Pingel, G. Guy, E. Lukszewicz, E. Bez nd SD. Wng, 01. A century of progress in wterfowl production nd history of wps wterfowl working group. World Poult. Sci. J., 68: 551-563. 657
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