L.A. Ibom, B. Okon, B.I. Adinya and F.I. Okon. Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria 2
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1 World Journl of Zoology 7 (2): , 2012 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2012 DOI: /idosi.wjz Reproductive Performnce nd Correltions Among Egg Trits of Two Ectotypes of Adult Snil (Archchtin mrgint Vr. Sturlis) in e Humid Tropics L.A. Iom, B. Okon, B.I. Adiny nd F.I. Okon 1 Deprtment of Animl Science, University of Clr, Clr, Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics/Extension, Cross River University of Technology, Our Cmpus, Nigeri 3 Deprtment of Environmentl Hel, College of Hel Technology, Clr, Nigeri Astrct: Eighty (80) dult or sexully mture lnd snils, A. mrgint vr. sturlis (P.), forty ech of e lck-skinned (BS) nd white-skinned (WS) ectotypes wi weight rnging from g nd g for e BS nd WS ectotypes respectively were rered in pirs (two snils) for twelve weeks to evlute reproductive performnce. Correltions etween e trits of produced eggs were lso estimted. Assessed reproductive trits included clutch size, men egg weight t ly nd weekly, men egg leng nd wid t ly nd weekly, incution period (dys), numer of htched eggs, percent htchility nd htchlings weights t htch. Results of reproductive performnce showed t considerle reproductive differences exist etween snil ectotypes of prticulr reed. This is ecuse significntly different (P<0.05) vritions existed etween e numer of eggs lid y e BS ectotypes nd ose lid y e WS ectotypes. The BS ectotypes were ctully more prolific (lid more eggs) n e WS ectotypes. Results of correltions etween trits estimted on eggs from e mting of e respective ectotypes (BS X BS nd WS X WS) reveled t ll trits correlted positively nd significntly (P<0.05) in o ectotypes. The egg leng (EL) nd egg wid (EH) hd perfect positive reltionship (r = 1.00) in e BS X BS mting group. The pirs of egg weight (EW) nd egg leng (EL) nd egg weight (EW) nd egg wid (EH) were mildly correlted (r = 0.49) in e sme mting group. Egg wid (EH) nd egg leng (EL) were closely correlted (r = 0.89) in e WS X WS mting group, while egg weight (EW) nd egg leng (EL) nd egg weight (EW) nd egg wid (EH) were modertely correlted (r = 0.59 nd r = 0.70) respectively in e sme mting group. Key words: Ectotypes Correltions Snil Egg Trits Reproductive Performnce INTRODUCTION production. This is ecuse ough hermphrodites, snils prctice sexul reproduction. This ct enles Snils hve consistently contriuted to e diet of snils of e sme species to mte wi one noer, our ncestors, especilly ose living in e humid tropicl fertilizing ech oer simultneously efore lying eggs rinforest. The snils consumed y our ncestors were [2-7]. It mens t cross-fertiliztion is e rule wi e gered from e wild y villgers [1]. There hs een ct. Coinh [3] nd [4 nd 6] noted t e possiility incresing interest nd wreness in snils (especilly of self-fertiliztion in some snil species like Achtin Archchtin mrgint, A. degneri, Achtin chtin, chtin nd A. fulic cnnot e solutely ruled out. A. fulic, Thpsi species nd Limicolri species) Mting in snils occurs only when sexul mturity is domestiction/production in recent yers. This could e ttined nd is is usully fter severl hours of s result of e decline of snil popultion in e wild, courtship [2]. High degree of vritions hd een reported coupled wi e lrm rised y e Food nd Agriculture y severl workers for ge t sexul mturity. For Orgniztion on e niml protein intke deficit sttus of instnce, [6, 8] reported 5-6 mons nd 7-12 mons Nigerins in e erly 1980s [2]. Snils hve high respectively s ges t sexul mturity for lck-skinned reproductive potentil (i.e. high fecundity nd prolificcy). snils (A. mrgint). Omole et l. [9] reported 8-12 The reproductive performnce of snils is very mons s ge t sexul mturity for e sme strin of importnt feture t determines e efficiency of snils. Iom [2] reported 6.32 mons nd 7.02 mons s Corresponding Auor: L.A. Iom, Deprtment of Animl Science, Eonyi Stte University, Akliki, Nigeri. Tel:
2 ges t sexul mturity for white-skinned nd MATERIALS AND METHODS lck-skinned strins respectively of e sme snil reed (A. mrgint). It could erefore e inferred t ge t This study ws conducted t e Snilery Unit, sexul mturity in snils is reed or strin specific, Deprtment of Animl Science Teching nd Reserch following e vriility in eir genetic resource pool. Frm, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH.), Omole nd Kehinde [7] reported t snils re sometimes Our Cmpus, Nigeri. The loction, temperture nd uninterested in mting wi oer snils of e sme men nnul rinfll of Our hd een previously species t originted from considerle distnce wy. descried y [2, 12, 16]. These uors lso descried e On e oer hnd, [6, 8] reported t mting, egg lying micro-environment of e study re. nd ctive grow generlly occur during e riny Eighty dult or sexully mture lnd snils seson from Ferury/Mrch to Octoer/Novemer in [A. mrgint vr. sturlis (Philippi)], forty ech of e e wild. In e contrst, [2, 7, 10] reported t mting, lck-skinned (BS) nd white-skinned (WS) ectotypes egg lying nd ctive grow occur ll yer round wi weight rnging from g nd g (dry nd riny sesons) under proper mngement in for e BS nd WS ectotypes respectively were used for confinement. is study. The snils were llowed stiliztion period When e tmosphere is conducive, two ctive, of four weeks. During is time, it is elieved t eggs sexully-mture snils come togeer for courtship from mting t occurred in e wild would hve een ceremony t culmintes in copultion [2, 4, 6, 8]. The shed efore e commencement of e study. The snils frequency of mting is species- nd weer- dependent were grouped into two tretments on e sis of skin [8]. Clutch sizes resulting from such mting re ffected (foot) colour, nmely; BS x BS nd WS x WS. Ech y genetic composition nd us vry mong reeds tretment ws replicted twenty times in e completely nd/or strins. Adegju [11] nd [7, 12-14] reported t rndomized design (CRD). Snils were mrked nd rered clutch or cluster or tch of eggs contins 8-16 eggs, in pirs (two snils) of similr weights to hutch 4-18 eggs, 1-16 eggs, 4-6 eggs nd 4-8 eggs for e lck- comprtment mesuring 40 sq. cm y 30 cm dept for skinned strins of A. mrgint. Wheres, [2] reported purposes of reproduction. The pir ws llowed togeer 2-13 eggs nd 1-9 eggs s clutch sizes for lck-skinned in one hutch comprtment (cell) for one week nd en nd white-skinned strins of A. mrgint respectively. seprted for noer one week efore eing returned in Okon et l. [15] reported 4-6 eggs nd 3-5 eggs t cycle until ey lid eggs. respectively s clutch sizes for e sme strins of The snils were fed n verge of 10 g of formulted A. mrgint. Iom nd Okon [16] reported 2-4 eggs nd diet nd some quntity of pwpw leves per hed, 1-3 eggs respectively s clutch sizes for e sme strins, once dily t 5-7 pm rough out e twelve weeks e while [17] reported 2-14 eggs s clutch size for lino present study lsted. The formulted diet contined (white-skinned) strin of e sme reed. Akinnusi [6] 24 % crude protein (CP) nd 2650 Kcl/Kg ME. It ws nd [2] noted t snil eggs re deposited in shllow formulted using mize (41.6 %), soyen mel (1-2 cm) urrows in e ground, in moist or cool res to (30.3 %), fish mel (7.6 %), one mel (2.0 %), whet offl prevent desicction. The snil covers e hole in which (10.0 %), oyster shell (8.0 %) nd vitmin/minerl premix eggs re lid wi mixture of soil nd slime it secrets nd (0.5 %). leves e eggs wi no furer mternl cre [4, 6]. Ejidike The ssessed reproductive performnce trits [18] nd [2] stted t it tkes 24 hours for e snil to ly included clutch size counted s numer of lid eggs, clutch or cluster of eggs. Omole nd Kehinde [7] nd men egg weight t ly nd weekly mesured using [12] reported shorter durtion (1-2 minutes) for snil to TM Scout Pro electronic scle hving sensitivity of deposit clutch of eggs, unlike poultry t lys t lest 0.01 g, men egg leng nd wid t ly nd weekly two eggs in ree dys. mesured using Vernier cliper, incution period in In view of e reported vrile ges t sexul dys (counted s numer of dys eggs took to htch mturity nd clutch sizes resulting from mting snils, from e dy of ly), numer of htched eggs e present study ssessed e reproductive performnce counted s emerged htchlings (juveniles), percent of e Archchtin mrgint vr. sturlis. The htchility ws clculted. Htchlings weights t htch correltions etween trits of eggs lid y is micro- were lso tken. Correltions etween e egg trits were livestock were lso estimted. estimted. 114
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of reproductive performnce otined in is study re presented on Tle 1. The results showed t e lck-skinned snils lid 2-6 clutches per cell to give totl of 38 clutches. On e oer hnd, e whiteskinned snils lid 1-7 clutches per cell to give totl of 33 clutches. These results showed t e lck-skinned snils lid more eggs nd were erefore more prolific n e white-skinned (lino) snils. Iom [2] reported t e prolificcy might e due to inherent genetic potentils of e lck-skinned snils. The clutch sizes rnged from 2 to 13 eggs per snil for lck-skinned strins nd 1 to 9 eggs per snil for white-skinned strins. It ws oserved t some of e egg clutches were lid on e soil surfce (Plte 1), contrsting e position of Iom [2] nd Akinnusi [6] who reported t snils deposit clusters or clumps of eggs in shllow (1-2 cm) urrows in e ground. Tle 2 shows t e lck-skinned snils lid totl of 289 eggs from 38 clutches, while e white-skinned snils lid fewer clutches nd numer of eggs, 33 nd 174 respectively. This gives n verge clutch size of 1.90 per cell nd 0.95 eggs per lck-skinned snil. On e oer hnd, e white-skinned snils lid 33 egg clutches, giving n verge clutch size of 1.60 per cell nd 0.80 eggs per lino snil. These oserved vritions differed (P<0.05) significntly (Tles 1). It cn erefore e inferred t considerle reproductive differences exist etween snil strins of prticulr reed. The clutch size otined in e current study is in greement wi previous reports [5, 6, 19, 20]. Tle 1: Reproductive performnce of dult snils mting groups Prmeter BS X BS WS X WS SEM Totl numer of clutches Av. numer of clutches/cell Av. numer of clutches/snil Totl numer of lid eggs Av. numer of eggs/clutch Av. numer of eggs/snil Av. egg weight t ly (g) Av. egg leng t ly (mm) Av. egg wid t ly (mm) Av. incution period (dys) Av. egg shell ickness (mm) Htchility (%) Survivility (%) Mens wiin e sme row wi different superscripts re significntly (P<0.05) different SEM = Stndrd Error of Men BS = Blck-Skinned ectotype, WS = White-Skinned ectotype Plte 1: White-skinned (lino) dult snil depositing eggs on e surfce (pwpw leves) Tle 2: Egg production pttern, men clutch sizes (±S.E.), Stndrd Devition nd Coefficient of Vriility (%) of dult snils mting groups BS X BS WS X WS Clutch size Clutch size Cell numer Totl eggs Totl eggs Totl ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± NS NS NS NS SD CV% BS = Blck-Skinned ectotype, WS = White-Skinned ectotype, SD = Stndrd Devition, CV = Coefficient of Vrition Mens long e sme row ering different superscript re significntly different (P<0.05), NS = Non-significnt 115
4 Tle 3: Correltions mong trits of eggs from e dult snils mting groups BS X BS EW EL EH EW EL EH EW EL EH WS X WS BS = Blck-Skinned ectotype, WS = White-Skinned ectotype, EW = Egg Weight, EL = Egg Leng, EH = Egg Wid The correltion estimtes of egg trits otined from e mting of e dult snils (BS X BS nd WS X WS) re presented in Tle 3. The results showed t ll evluted eggs trits of e two studied strins hd positive nd significnt (P<0.05) correltions. The egg leng (EL) nd egg wid (EH) hd perfect positive reltionship (r = 1.00) in e BS X BS mting group. The pirs of egg weight (EW) nd egg leng (EL) nd egg weight (EW) nd egg wid (EH) were mildly correlted (r = 0.49) in e sme mting group (Tle 3). Egg wid (EH) nd egg leng (EL) were closely correlted (r = 0.89) in e WS X WS mting group, while egg weight (EW) nd egg leng (EL) nd egg weight (EW) nd egg wid (EH) were modertely correlted (r = 0.59 nd r = 0.70) respectively in e sme mting group. The vlues reported here re in greement wi e vlues reported previously [2, 21] for lck-skinned ectotype of A. mrgint nd white-skinned ectotype of e sme snil reed respectively. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The two mting groups (BS X BS nd WS X WS) expressed considerle vritions in egg production ility. Perhps e BS ectotype is geneticlly nd inherently endowed for higher egg production. Therefore, it is recommended t intending snil frmers ptronize e BS ectotypes ecuse of eir prolificcy. REFERENCES 1. Okon, B. nd L.A. Iom, Commerciliztion of Snil production in Nigeri: Potentils, Viilities nd Chllenges. J. Appl. Sci. (JAS)., 13: Iom, L.A., Vritions in Reproductive nd Grow Performnce trits of white- skinned x lck-skinned Africn gint snil htchlings [Archchtin mrgint (Swinson)] in Our, Nigeri. Ph.D. Thesis, Deprtment of Animl Science, University of Clr, Clr, Nigeri. 3. Coinh, J.R., Snil Frming in West Afric. A Prcticl Guide. U. K. Syee Pulishing. CTA Puliction. 4. Amusn, J.A. nd M.O. Omidiji, Edile Lnd Snil. A Technicl Guide to Snil Frming in e Tropics. Idn. Vriety Printers Limited. 5. Pyne, W.J.A. nd R.T. Wilson, An Introduction to Animl Husndry in e Tropics. 5 ed. Osney Med, UK. Blckwell Pulishing Compny, pp: Akinnusi, O., Introduction to Snils nd Snil nd Frming. 2 ed. Aeokut, Nigeri. Triols Exquisite Ventures. 7. Omole, A.J. nd A.S. Kehinde, Bckyrd snil frming t glnce. Bck to Agriculturl series (1). Idn. Technovisor Agriculturl Pulictions. st 8. Akintomide, T.O., Tropicl Snil Frming. 1 ed. Aeokut, Nigeri. Ok Ventures. 9. Omole, A.J., A.A. Tiwo nd J.A. Amusn, Technicl Guide/Bulletin. Prcticl snil frming. Idn, Nigeri. Institute of Agriculturl Reserch nd Trining, Moor Plnttion. 10. Ogogo, A.U., The replcement of cssv flour wi groundnut cke in e nutrition of e Africn Snil (Archchtin mrgint) (Swinson). M. Sc. Thesis, Deprtment of Wildlife nd Fisheries. University of Idn, Idn. 11. Adegju, S.W., A Guide to Successful Poultry nd Snilery Business. Agrocre Series, pp: Iom, L.A., B. Okon nd A. Essien, Morphometric nlysis of eggs lid y two ectotypes of Snils Archchtin mrgint (Swinson) rised in cptivity. Glol J. Agric. Sci., 7: Okon, B., L.A. Iom nd E.E. Odido, Reproductive performnce nd Egg qulity trits of crossreeding etween lck nd white skinned Archchtin mrgint sturlis. Archivos de Zootecni, 60: Okon, B., L.A. Iom, M.E. Willims nd O.M. Etukudo, Effects of Prity on Breeding nd Morphometric Trits of Eggs nd Htchlings of F 1 Crossred of Snils (Archchtin mrgint vr. sturlis). J. Agric., Biotechnol. nd Ecol., 3:
5 15. Okon, B., L.A. Iom, M.E. Willims nd 19. Uu, J.A., Reproductive potentils of two I.E Akpkpn, Comprtive evlution of snils-archchtin mrgint ovum nd reproductive performnce nd some egg qulity Archchtin mrgint sturlis in e Swmp prmeters of lck nd white skinned snils. Forest Zone of Nigeri. M. Sc. Thesis. Deprtment of Glol J. Agric. Sci., 8: Animl Science, University of Clr, Clr, 16. Iom, L.A. nd B. Okon, Vritions in Nigeri. morphometric trits of eggs produced from e inter- 20. Iom, L.A., B. Okon nd B.O. Nweze, Egg mting of two ectotypes of snil [Archchtin Production Pttern of Purered Blck-skinned nd mrgint (Swinson)] in humid tropicl White-skinned Snil ectotypes [Archchtin environment. Proceedings, 35 Annul Conference, mrgint (S)] Rered in Confinement. Proceedings, Nigerin Society for Animl Production. (NSAP). 36 Annul Conference, Nigerin Society for Animl Mrch 14-17, University of Idn, Idn, Production. (NSAP). Mrch 13-16, University of Oyo Stte, Nigeri, pp: Auj, Nigeri, pp: Okon, B., L.A. Iom, M.E. Willims nd N.T. Akw, 21. Okon, B., L.A. Iom, M.E. Willims nd N.T. Akw, Prity Effects on Breeding nd Morphometric Prity Effects on Breeding nd Morphometric Trits of Eggs nd Htchlings of Purered Alino Trits of Eggs nd Htchlings of Purered Alino Snils [Archchtin mrgint (Swinson)]. J. Snils [Archchtin mrgint (Swinson)]. J. Agric. Biotechnol. nd Ecol., 3: Agric. Biotechnol. nd Ecol., 3: Ejidike, B.N., Snil Rering prctices in Souern Nigeri. Proceedings of e 27 Annul Conference of Nigerin Society for Animl Production (NSAP). Mrch 17-21, Akure, Nigeri, pp:
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