Vet. World, 2011, Vol.4(10):437-443 RESEARCH Bteril nd prsiti zoonoses enountered t slughter in Miduguri ttoir, Northestern Nigeri 1 1 2* Admu Nuhu Bl, Ali Emmnuel Gr, Admu Jmes Yzh 1. Deprtment of Veterinry Puli Helth nd Preventive Mediine, 2. Bteriology Reserh Unit, Deprtment of Veterinry Miroiology nd Prsitology, University of Miduguri, PMB 1069, Miduguri, Borno Stte, Nigeri. Corresponding uthor emil: dmuyz@yhoo.om Reeived: 18-05-2011, Aepted: 28-05-2011, Pulished Online: 05-09-2011 doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.437-443 Astrt An ttoir survey to determine the prevlene of zoonoti diseses enountered t postmortem exmintion of orgns nd rsses ws onduted in Miduguri muniiplity, Nigeri, etween 2000 nd 2009. A totl of 1,378,066 nimls were exmined nd slughtered from whih 403,560 were ttle, 381,601 gots, 373,567 sheep nd 219,308 mels. Out of these numers, totl of 14,944 teril nd prsiti zoonoti diseses were dignosed whih inluded tuerulosis (67.6%), dermtophilosis (15.8%), mnge (16.7%), fsiolisis (1.5%) nd hydtidosis (4.3%). Ourrene of the diseses sed on sex, speies of nimls nd seson of the yer did not show ny signifint differene (P>0.05). It ws not possile to get the ext reords on reed nd ge for eh slughtered niml due to poor reording systems t the ttoir. With regrds to the type of nimls rought for slughter, lmost ll nimls ome from the trditionl setor nd it ws diffiult to preisely tre k the geogrphil origins of ll nimls slughtered due to lk of relile niml identifition method nd so relting the finding of the study to prtiulr lolity eomes diffiult. Speies-speifi prevlene of tuerulosis ws 1.6%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.3% for ttle, sheep, gots nd mels respetively with 0.7% rude prevlene. Anlysis of the tuerulosis ses showed high rte of ourrene in ttle (P<0.05) nd the most ffeted orgns were the lungs (55.1%) nd ssoited lymph nodes (27.7%) (P<0.05). It ws onluded tht zoonoti diseses suh s tuerulosis, dermtophilosis nd mnge re endemi in the study re. Attoir reords re invlule in epidemiologil surveillne nd other spets of disese ontrol nd prevention strtegies. Keywords: Zoonoses, Ruminnts, Attoir, Survey, Miduguri, Tuerulosis, Fsiolisis, Hydtidosis, Postmortem, Dermtophilosis. Introdution the fight ginst mlnutrition nd unemployment in the urn nd rurl res of the world (Tny et l., Nigeri hs the lrgest numer of livestok 2004). popultion in the West Afrin su-region nd out High prevlene of niml diseses ffets oth 11.6% of the livestok popultion re in su-shrn helth nd produtivity of livestok popultion. As Afri (FAO, 2000). The ountry hs livestok result of devstting outome of livestok diseses, popultion of out 16.3 million ttle, 40.8 million niml protein output hs not een le to keep up with gots, 27 million sheep, nd 151 million poultry the ntion's demnds (Njome nd Msng, 2009). (http://www.fringriulturelog.om/2007/12/nig Inresing demnd for met nd met produt y eri-hs-16-million-ttle.html). Livestok nd humn popultion hs mde humn ontt with poultry prodution re the min eonomi tivities of nimls unpreedented, oupled with movement of out 70% of Nigerins living in rurl nd urn res. nimls ross interntionl frontiers to supplement There is inresing ontt etween humns nd the lol supply nd inresing the risk of zoonoti nimls worldwide due to rising popultion density diseses espeilly from endemi zones (Shwe, nd growth espeilly in developing ountries where 1984). livestok offers importnt soio-eonomi, ulturl The ontrol of livestok diseses still remins nd religious pthwys out of poverty (WHO, 2004). prolem euse of indequy of veterinry servies However, food niml prodution hs eome extended to livestok owners prtiulrly those in the strtegi susetor for diversifition of inome nd rurl res (Kmrge et l., 1995). This my www.veterinryworld.org Veterinry World, Vol.4 No.10 Otoer 2011 437
Bteril nd prsiti zoonoses enountered t slughter in Miduguri ttoir, Northestern Nigeri ontriute to widespred prevlene of diseses in Qulified veterinrins serve s met inspetors under trditionl setor (Mellu et l., 2010). Some livestok the supervision of Veterinry Surgeon s offier in owners dispose sik, deilitted nd infertile nimls hrge. Reords of totl numer of ttle, sheep, gots in n effort to minimize losses. Suh nimls nd mels rought for slughter, ntemortem nd sometimes re rought to the ttoir for slughter postmortem exmintion reords of lesions were while some re slughtered elsewhere. In developing retrieved from Miduguri ttoir reord ooks. Suh ountries, ttoirs nd slughter sls hve poor met reords were used to estlish the prevlene of inspetion filities nd shortge of qulified met teril nd prsiti zoonoti diseses nd lesions inspetors (Edwrds et l., 1997; Biu et l., 2006) nd ffeting ttle, sheep, gots, nd mels. Routinely, my serve s fol points for disese dissemintion. met inspetors rry out ntemortem exmintions of The slughterhouse nd its regultions, represents ll nimls presented for slughter dy efore or key ontrol point of livestok prodution hin (Rji et shortly prior to slughter. This is followed y l., 2010) nd ny oservtion nd informtion postmortem met inspetion involving visul otined t slughterhouse n ontriute to the exmintion, plption nd systemti inision of understnding of slughtered nimls' diseses. rsses nd viserl orgns prtiulrly lung, liver, Slughterhouses provide n exellent opportunity for kidney, hert nd spleen ording to proedures deteting diseses of oth eonomi nd puli helth desried y Grey et l. (1999). Diseses nd importne (Rji et l., 2010). Therefore, the use of lesions re grossly dignosed sed on pthologil met inspetion reords is n esy soure of dt for hnges of orgn olour, size, morphology, evlution of epidemiologil spets of niml onsisteny, presene of lesions nd prsites (Mellu diseses (Edwrds et l., 1997; Shweizer et l., et l., 2010). 2003). This study is therefore imed t investigting Definition of some onditions enountered in the prevlene of some zoonoti diseses in this study: Tuerulosis is ontgious nd usully Miduguri during 10-yer period (2000-2009). hroni deilitting disese in nimls nd mn used y terium in the genus Myoterium spp. Mterils nd methods whih pthologilly is hrterized y tuerule formtion in the lungs nd ssoited lymph nodes. The study re: The study ws rried out in Miduguri, the pitl nd lrgest urn enter in The disese n e spred hemtogenously to other Borno Stte, Nigeri. The stte lies etween ltitude orgns of the ody. 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' Dermtophilosis (Streptothriosis) is skin 11 05 N nd 11 40 N nd longitude 13 05 E nd 13 25 disese used y terium lled Dermtophilus E (My et l., 2008). The stte hs totl re of ongolensis. The ondition is sometimes referred to s 72,609 sq. km nd is the lrgest of 36 sttes in Nigeri rin sld s it often looks like rindrops hve just in terms of lndmss nd hs humn popultion of fllen on the skin. The ondition is initilly seen s 4,151,193 sed on 2006 ensus (NBS, 2011). The pustules tht re often over-looked. However, the stte hs totl Gross Domesti Produt (GDP) of pustules quikly ome to together to form lrge ovl out US$5.18 illion nd per pit inome of rusts s the longer hirs eome stuk together in the US$1,214. The stte is ordered y three frnophone s. These lrge rusty ss re esily seen. Thik, ountries nmely Niger, Chd nd Cmeroon remy pus n e found under tive rusts. When the (https://www.gidd.om/geogrphy-seletion.spx). ss or rusts re removed, the underlying skin is Borno Stte hs reltively short riny seson strting usully hollowed out nd often leeds. Most nimls in June nd ending in Otoer, nd longer dry seson do not pper to hve ithing senstion, however, the with the hrmttn strting in Novemer nd ending in lesions re pinful when the s is mnipulted. The Ferury. The verge monthly temperture of most ommon lotions of the lesions in ttle re 0 Miduguri is 35 C, however, during the ooler periods rump, topline, udder nd tets s well s the elly. (Novemer-Ferury) the verge temperture drops Mnge is persistent ontgious skin disese of to out 20 0 C (http://www.limte-hrts.om/ mmmls used y tissue-urrowing rthropod, the Lotions/n/NI65082.php). mnge mite using lot of skin irrittion nd ithing. Dt retrievl, olltion nd proedures: The Hydtidosis or ehinooosis is prsiti Miduguri entrl ttoir ws seleted for the study infetion used y the lrve of mirosopi nd is under the supervision of Ministry of Animl nd tpeworm of genus Ehinoous. The term hydtid Forest Resoures of the Borno Stte Government. refers to the hrteristi multiysti lesion lrge, Permission ws otined from the relevnt uthority. roughly spheril, hollow yst filled with fluid tht www.veterinryworld.org Veterinry World, Vol.4 No.10 Otoer 2011 438
Bteril nd prsiti zoonoses enountered t slughter in Miduguri ttoir, Northestern Nigeri Tle-1. Annul distriution of teril nd prsiti zoonoti diseses mong slughtered nimls in Miduguri ttoir from 2000-2009. Diseses 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Totl Perentge Tuerulosis 395 364 400 455 1299 1308 1578 849 1550 1311 9509 63.63 Dermtophilosis 265 279 232 280 190 164 208 176 169 254 2217 14.84 Mnge 111 143 472 408 341 302 261 0 171 136 2345 15.69 Fsiolisis 20 16 16 25 21 26 30 23 29 23 229 1.53 Hydtidosis 29 60 110 88 57 63 51 61 57 68 644 4.31 Totl 820 862 1230 1256 1908 1863 2128 1109 1976 1792 14944 Perentge 5.48 5.76 8.23 8.40 12.76 12.46 14.23 7.42 13.22 11.99 100 Vlues with different supersript long the olumn differ signifintly (P<0.05) ours fter infetion. It ffets oth humns nd other totl of 14,944 teril nd prsiti zoonoti mmmls, suh s sheep, dogs, rodents nd horses. diseses were enountered whih omprised of 9,509 There re three different forms of ehinooosis, ses of tuerulosis (67.6%), 2,217 dermtophilosis eh of whih is used y the lrvl stges of different (15.8%), 2,345 ses of mnge (16.7%), 644 ses of speies of the tpeworm of genus Ehinoous. hydtidosis (4.3%) nd 229 ses of fsiolisis These re the ysti ehinooosis lso known s (1.5%) with tuerulosis ourring more signifintly uniloulr ehinooosis), whih is used y thn others (P<0.05). Fsiolisis ws enountered Ehinoous grnulosus. The seond is lveolr minly in ttles while hydtidosis ws enountered ehinooosis (lso known s lveolr olloid of the mjorly in the other niml speies under liver, lveolr hydtid disese, lveolooosis, onsidertion. The sex-speifi prevlene of the multiloulr ehinooosis, smll fox tpeworm ), zoonoti diseses enountered is shown in Tle 2. whih is used y Ehinoous multiloulris nd Tle-2. Ourrene of the diseses sed on the third is polyysti ehinooosis (lso known s sex humn polyysti hydtid disese), whih is used y Diseses Mles Femles Totl Ehinoous vogeli. Fsiolisis is n infetious disese used y Tuerulosis 5389 4120 9509 Fsiol prsites, whih re flt worms referred to s Dermtophilosis 1287 930 2217 Mnge 1090 1255 2345 liver flukes. The dult (mture) flukes re found in the Fsiolisis 101 128 229 ile duts nd liver of infeted people nd nimls, Hydtidosis 346 298 644 suh s sheep nd ttle. In generl, fsiolisis is Totl 8213 6731 14944 more ommon in livestok nd other nimls thn in people. On the sis of sesonlity, more ses were Dt nlysis: The dt for this study were nlyzed reorded in the rining seson thn the dry nd old using simple desriptive sttistis in exel spredsttistilly signifint (P>0.05). Detiled nlysis of hrmttn sesons s seen in Tle 3 ut not sheet. Ctegorized vriles were omputed nd further ompred using Chi-squre test t ritil the tuerulosis ses re shown in Tle 4 with ttle, proility of P<0.05. The strength of ssoitions gots, sheep nd mels hving prevlenes of 1.6%, etween dependent nd independent vriles ws 0.25%, 0.4%, nd 0.33% respetively. Orgn-speifi determined using 2 x 2 ontingeny tles. The vriles prevlene of tuerulosis in the slughtered nimls ompred inluded prevlene of the diseses sed showed tht the lungs nd ssoited lymph nodes on yers, speies of niml, sex nd seson. Orgns shown in Tle 5. Prevlene of tuerulosis were ffeted more signifintly thn the other orgns speifi prevlenes of tuerulosis lesions were lso ompred. etween ttle nd other speies vried signifintly ut not ross the yers. The trend of tuerulosis Result infetion in the nimls showed rising nd flling A totl of 1,378,066 nimls omprising of pttern ross the yers. 403,560 (29.3%) ttle, 381,601 (27.7%) gots, 373,567 (27.1%) sheep nd 219,308 (16.0%) mels Disussion were exmined, slughtered nd inspeted etween Slughter houses provide n exellent Jnury 2000 nd Deemer 2009. Annul opportunity for deteting diseses of oth eonomi distriution of the teril nd prsiti zoonoti nd puli helth importne (Rji et l., 2010). diseses is shown in Tle 1. The result showed tht Frequent enounter of ovine, prine nd ovine www.veterinryworld.org Veterinry World, Vol.4 No.10 Otoer 2011 439
Bteril nd prsiti zoonoses enountered t slughter in Miduguri ttoir, Northestern Nigeri Tle-3. Sesonl distriution of teril nd prsiti zoonoti diseses mong slughtered nimls in Miduguri Attoir (2000-2009). Sesons 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Totl Perentge Dry seson 381 472 512 574 423 388 386 364 384 480 4364 29.20 Riny seson 459 421 522 610 597 405 579 405 643 556 5197 34.77 Cold seson 600 391 560 566 565 604 501 419 621 556 5383 36.03 Totl 1440 1284 1594 1750 1585 1397 1466 1188 1648 1592 14944 Vlues with supersript long the olumn do not differ signifintly (P>0.05) pthologil lesions in vrious orgns of the niml reorded during the rining seson. Opr (2005) hs een onstnt fetures in the nnul reports of reported more ses of tuerulosis during the riny vrious government sttions in Nigeri (Blol, seson whih ontrsted tht of Alhji (1976) who 1975; Ogurinde nd Ogunrinde, 1980; Anti nd reorded higher prevlene of the disese during the Alonge, 1982). The results of this study showed tht dry seson. out 1,378,066 nimls were exmined nd Among the diseses of ttle, sheep nd gots, slughtered in the Miduguri ttoir whih infesttion y mnge mites nd tiks, s well s omprised of 29.3% ttle, 27.6% gots, 27.1% sheep dermtophilosis pose onsiderle eonomi loss nd 16.0% mels. A totl of 14,944 teril nd prtiulrly to the skin nd hide export due to vrious prsiti zoonoti diseses were enountered whih defets (Woldemeskel, 2000). In Nigeri, the inluded tuerulosis, dermtophilosis mnge, eonomi signifine of dermtophilosis in nimls hydtidosis nd fsiolisis with prevlene rte of hd rehed n enormous proportion suh tht it ws 67.5%, 15.7%, 16.7%, 4.3% nd 1.5% respetively, delred s seond to ontgious ovine pleurowith tuerulosis eing enountered more thn the pneumoni (Llyod nd Ojo, 1976). Though mites re other diseses (P<0.05). tive in kertin lyer nd uses diret dmge to The presene of these zoonoti diseses hs lso skin, they lso use indiret eonomi loss y een reported previously y Opr (2005), Aliyu et l. deresing/esing reprodution nd prodution (2009), Rji et l. (2010), nd Alw et l. (2011). performne (Soulsy, 1998). Dermtophilosis hs Anlysis of the sex prevlene of the diseses did een dignosed in mn in New York, nd surveillne show tht, generlly, mles were ffeted more thn is neessry to estlish the zoonoti sttus of the the femles ut not sttistilly signifint, likewise in infetion in Nigeri. The orgnism requires existing terms of disese speifiity, mles were ffeted more skin lesions to estlish infetion, so people with skin ut not signifintly. Suh differene my our y lesions re t higher risk espeilly herdsmen, frmers, hne or my e due to differene in geneti mkeup veterinrins nd uthers who mke diret ontt in terms of sexul predisposition. Blood et l. (2007) with infeted nimls (Ikpeze, 2004). hs erlier reported higher prevlene of tuerulosis Fsiolisis whih is used y the tremtode mong femle ttle thn their mle ounterprts. Fsiol spp. onstitute oth eonomi nd puli Sesonlity did not hve muh influene on the helth onstrins to profitle ruminnt prodution in outome of the study even though more ses were tropil Afri (Fiyi nd Adeleye, 1982). Tle-4. Prevlene of tuerulosis lesions mong nimls slughtered t the Miduguri ttoir from 2000-2009. Speies Prtiulrs 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Totl Bovine No. exmined 12458 31906 47483 44350 40372 47331 46781 45761 43977 43141 403560 No. with TB 329 270 225 249 702 890 878 663 1139 1023 6368 Prevlene (%) 2.64 0.85 0.47 0.56 1.74 1.88 1.88 1.45 2.59 2.37 1.58 Cprine No. exmined 36205 39601 40332 38627 41501 40320 37103 31500 40728 35684 381601 No. with TB lesions 32 31 105 49 273 151 117 23 176 29 986 Prevlene (%) 0.09 0.08 0.26 0.13 0.66 0.37 0.32 0.07 0.43 0.08 0.28 Ovine No. exmined 33281 38412 35589 33922 36888 40791 37896 38456 40067 38265 373567 No. with TB lesions 7 28 50 131 286 247 397 4 105 168 1423 Prevlene (%) 0.02 0.07 0.14 0.39 0.78 0.61 1.05 0.01 0.26 0.44 0.38 Cmel No. exmined 16682 17893 17892 20182 17761 20578 16725 29435 22081 40076 219308 No. with TB lesions 27 35 20 26 38 20 186 179 110 91 732 Prevlene (%) 0.16 0.20 0.11 0.13 0.21 0.10 1.11 0.61 0.50 0.23 0.33 All No. exmined 98626 127812 141296 137084 136552 149020 138505 145152 146853 157166 1378066 No. with TB lesions 395 364 400 455 1299 1308 1578 869 1530 1311 9509 Prevlene (%) 0.40 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.95 0.88 1.14 0.59 1.04 0.83 0.33 Vlues with different supersript long the olumn differ signifintly (P<0.05) www.veterinryworld.org Veterinry World, Vol.4 No.10 Otoer 2011 440
Bteril nd prsiti zoonoses enountered t slughter in Miduguri ttoir, Northestern Nigeri Tle-5. Orgn-speifi ourene of tuerulosis mong slughtered nimls in Miduguri ttior from 2000-2009. Orgns 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Totl Perentge Lungs 650 540 469 515 552 447 503 475 541 548 5240 55.10 Lymph node 96 192 333 447 319 349 240 102 338 219 2635 27.71 Liver 28 47 11 62 29 52 120 116 33 31 529 5.55 Hert 28 52 13 26 44 21 23 34 15 22 278 2.92 Kidney 31 21 8 16 10 22 11 28 21 8 176 1.85 Spleen 21 28 6 16 36 31 44 29 37 5 253 2.56 Intestine 30 30 46 77 40 35 29 40 25 46 398 4.19 Totl 884 910 886 1159 1030 957 970 824 1010 879 9509 100 Vlues with different supersript long the olumn differ signifintly (P<0.05) Fsiolisis ffets the liver leding to liver tuerulosis is the respirtory system nd ssoited ondemntion in slughtered nimls. The overll lymph nodes. This is in onordne with the reports prevlene in this study ws 1.5% whih is lower thn of Igokwe et l. (2001) nd Lien et l. (2008). those reported y Njoku-Tony nd Okoli (2011), Even though not novel finding per se, the ffirmtion Aee et l. (2010), Swi nd Uliky (2009), Kithuk of suh detil is importnt in the overll ontext of et l. (2002), Okoli et l. (2000) nd Alonge nd disese surveillne nd monitoring (Cssidy, 2008). Fsmi (1979). Differenes in prevlene of Trend of the ourrene of tuerulosis mong the fsiolisis my rise due to poor met inspetion different niml speies in this study showed rising filities nd unoopertive ttitudes of uthers nd flling pttern whih suggests tht tuerulosis euse of lk of ompenstion of ondemned mong niml popultions in this prt of the world is orgns, sesonlity nd differenes in geogrphil still endemi. Endemi nture of zoonoti diseses in lotions in reltion to the ionomis of their snil the re of study ould e due to the lk of proper intermedite host (Anosike et l., 2001). Hydtidosis mngement of nimls ginst importnt zoonoti is prsiti zoonoti disese used y the diseses, filure to dopt the test nd slughter poliy metestode stge of the dog tpeworm Ehinoous in Nigeri nd the influx of infeted nimls from spp. A prevlene of 4.3% in this study ws higher neighoring ountries due to the porosity of our when ompred with the 0.1% reported y Tijjni et l. orders (Aliyu et l., 2009). (2010) in smll ruminnts in the sme region. Hydtidosis is ssoited with livestok moridity nd Conlusion mortlity, orgn nd met ondemntion t inspetion The prevlene of zoonoti diseses suh s nd thret to puli helth s result of the lose tuerulosis, dermtophilosis, mnge, fsiolisis nd ssoition etween dogs, food nimls nd mn. hydtidosis ontriute to orgn ondemntion Detiled nlysis of tuerulosis mong the ssoited with eonomi loss. Results of this study slughtered nimls shows tht ttle hd the overll revels tht these diseses re endemi in the study highest prevlene rte of 1.6% whih is signifintly re. Retrospetive study of diseses enountered t different from those of the other niml speies in the ttoir will provide useful pthology profiles whih study. The prevlene ross the yers ws not ould e useful in future risk ssessment nd plnning signifint. Prevlene of tuerulosis mong niml of ontrol nd prevention strtegies. It is therefore slughtered in ttoir hs een reported y mny reommended tht retrining of ttoir stff on uthors. The overll prevlene of tuerulosis in this modern methods of met inspetion prties e done. study is 0.7%. Higher prevlene rte of 4.05% ws This suggests need for rigorous met inspetion reported y Aliyu et l. (2009) from ttle in six proedure to minimize the hne of onsumers northern sttes of Nigeri; 3.4% y Opr (2005) from quiring infetion through ontt with nd/or ttle in Akw Iom stte; 9% y Mho et l. (1999) onsumption of infeted met. Proper reord keeping from ttle in Chd. Lower prevlene rtes of 0.01% of ttoir dt nd if possile omputeriztion of suh nd 0.08% were lso reported y Alw et l. (2011) dt is neessry. Puli enlightenment mpigns on nd Ojo (1996) respetively in Zri. Orgn speifi good livestok husndry prties t lol nd prevlene of tuerulosis did showed tht the lungs ntionl levels should e enourged. were mostly ffeted (P<0.05) s ompred to the other orgns followed y the lymph nodes. This Aknowledgements further onfirms tht the primry orgn of infetion of The uthors re grteful to the Ministry of www.veterinryworld.org Veterinry World, Vol.4 No.10 Otoer 2011 441
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