Ch. 17: Classification

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Transcription:

Ch. 17: Classification

Who is Carolus Linnaeus? Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.

Taxonomy What is? the science of naming and classifying organisms. A taxon group of organisms in a classification system.

Linnaean Taxonomy Organisms are grouped based on physical and structural similarities. Basic taxon is the species Defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring that can reproduce Each species is given a scientific name

Binomial Nomenclature Two-part scientific naming system uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Binomial Nomenclature A genus includes one or more physically similar species. Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. always lowercase always follows genus name; never written alone (1) Genus (2) species

Seven Levels Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

Taxonomy of Lions Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Panthera Species: leo

Taxonomy of Leatherback Sea Turtles Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Family: Cheloniidae Genus: Dermochelys Species: coriacea

Taxonomy of Humans Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn t account for molecular evidence, only on physical similarities The technology didn t exist during Linneaus time. Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

Dichotomous Keys Used to identify objects or organisms that have already been described by another scientist. Made up of paired statements. Pair of statements divides the objects to be classified into one category or the other, but not both. As you proceed from step to step, the classification is narrowed down. http://cbe.wisc.edu/assets/docs/pdf/biolearn/classification/whatislife/dichotomous_key.pdf

Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. classification based on common ancestry species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

Cladogram an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

Derived Characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. basis of arranging species in cladogram more closely related species share more derived characters represented on cladogram as hash marks

Cladogram Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. 1 Tetrapoda clade NODE 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS CLADE SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE DERIVED CHARACTER FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS.

Domains and Kingdoms The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains are above the kingdom level. proposed by Carl Woese based on rrna studies of prokaryotes domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

Domain Bacteria Domain Bacteria includes singlecelled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. one of largest groups on Earth classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

Domain Archaea Domain Archaea includes single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. cell walls chemically different from bacteria differences discovered by studying RNA known for living in extreme environments Can live areas that lack oxygen, an area with a high salt concentration, or extremely hot environments.

Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes (cells have a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles). Eukarya may be: Single-celled: protists Colonial: some algae Multicellular: You!! Domain includes the following kingdoms: kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi kingdom Animalia

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