Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 Aville t www.veterinryworl.org/vol.8/mrh-2015/25.pf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Aess Prevlene of ommon nine igestive prolems ompre with other helth prolems in tehing veterinry hospitl, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Ciro University, Egypt Gml M. H. Rkh 1, Mounir M. Al-Hleem 1, Hithem A. M. Frghli 2, n Hithm Ael-See 1 1. Deprtment of Internl Meiine n Infetious Diseses, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt; 2. Deprtment of Surgery, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt. Corresponing uthor: Hithm Ael-See, e-mil: Dr.hysm2013@yhoo.om, GMHR: gmlrkh@yhoo.om, MMA: Mounir_12344@hotmil.om, HAMF: r_hithemo@yhoo.om Reeive: 03-11-2014, Revise: 11-02-2015, Aepte: 17-02-2015, Pulishe online: 26-03-2015 oi: 10.14202/vetworl.2015.403-411. How to ite this rtile: Rkh GMH, Al-Hleem MM, Frghli HAM, Ael-See H (2015) Prevlene of ommon nine igestive prolems ompre with other helth prolems t tehing veterinry hospitl, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Ciro University, Egypt, Veterinry Worl 8(3):403-411. Astrt Aim: The present stuy ws onute to sertin the prevlene of ommon igestive prolems ompre to other helth prolems mong ogs tht were mitte to the tehing veterinry hospitl, fulty of veterinry meiine, Ciro University, Egypt uring 1 yer perio from Jnury to Deemer 2013. Also, stuy the effet of ge, sex, rees, n seson on the istriution of igestive prolems in ogs. Mterils n Methos: A totl of 3864 ogs inlue 1488 pprently helthy (inlue 816 mles n 672 femles) n 2376 isese ogs (inlue 1542 mles n 834 femles) were registere for ge, sex, ree, n the min omplint from their owners. A omplete history n etile linil exmintion of eh se were pplie to the is of riogrphi, ultrsonogrphi, n enosopi exmintion tools. Fel exmintion ws pplie for eh mitte se. Rpi tests for prvovirus n nine istemper virus etetion were lso performe. Results: A five igestive prolems were ommonly reore inluing vomiting, irrhe, onurrent vomiting with irrhe, norexi, n onstiption with prevlene (%) of 13.6, 19.1, 10.1, 13.1, n 0.5 respetively while tht of ermtologil, respirtory, urinry, neurologil, riovsulr, uitory, n oulr prolems ws 27.9, 10.5, 3.3, 0.84, 0.4, 0.25, n 0.17 (%) respetively. This prevlene ws otine on the sis of the isese ses. Age n ree h signifint effet on the istriution of igestive prolems in ogs (p<0.001). Gener h n effet on the istriution of igestive prolems with signifint (p 0.01) while seson h non-signifint effet (p>0.05) on the istriution of suh prolems. Conlusion: Digestive prolems were the highest reore prolems mong ogs, n this ws the first reors for suh prolems mong ogs in Egypt. Age, gener, n rees h signifint effet on the istriution of the igestive prolems in ogs while seson h non-signifint effet on the istriution of suh prolems. The present t enle veterinrins in Egypt to sertin their nees for ignosti tools n meition tht must e present t ny pet lini. Key wors: nine, uses, igestive prolems, Egypt, prevlene. Introution Dogs re the most suessful nis tht were kept s pets y mny people ll over the worl irrespetive of their soil sttus n most of these ogs were kept s wth, ompnion nimls, n s guie to hnippe persons. It lso h een use in serh n s resue ogs y polie or rme fores [1]. Helthy igestive orgns unerpin the funtion of the whole igestive system through igestion n sorption of the nutrients, neutrliztion of the toxins n elimintion of the wstes n unwnte prouts. The min prolem for the mjority of gstrointestinl iseses in ogs ws tht of linil signs whih my inlue vomiting, irrhe n weight loss whih shre y mny onitions tht hve either primry or seonry effet on the Copyright: The uthors. This rtile is n open ess rtile liense uner the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriutin Liense (http:// retive ommons.org/lienses/y/2.0) whih permits unrestrite use, istriution n reproution in ny meium, provie the work is properly ite. gstrointestinl trt [2]. For these fts, gstrointestinl isorers in ogs were onsiere s one of the most ommon n importnt use of presenttion to liniins [3,4]. Vomiting n irrhe were onsiere s wys of ishrging offening mterils n toxins from the igestive system [5]. Although the higher ourrene of igestive prolems mong ogs in Egypt, limittion of the t out the prevlene of suh prolems ws present, n the nees for ignosti tools n emergeny meitions in linis were still unler. The min ojet of this stuy ws to etermine the prevlene of the most ommon igestive prolems ompre with other helth prolems in ogs tht were mitte to the tehing veterinry hospitl, eprtment of internl meiine n infetious iseses, fulty of veterinry meiine, Ciro University from Jnury to Deemer 2013. Also, etermintion of the min uses n the effet of ge, sex, rees, n seson on the istriution of igestive prolems in ogs. Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 403
Mterils n Methos Ethil pprovl The reserh proeures were pprove y the eprtment of internl meiine n infetious iseses, fulty of veterinry meiine, Ciro University, Egypt. Stuy re The ogs use for this stuy were those mitte to the tehing veterinry hospitl, fulty of veterinry meiine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt uring the 1 yer stuy perio from Jnury to Deemer 2013. Animls in the stuy A totl of 3864 ogs (inlue 2358 mles n 1506 femles) whih elonging to ifferent ges n rees were inlue in this stuy. This numer inlue 2376 isese ogs (inlue 1542 mles n 834 femles), n 1488 pprently helthy ogs (inlue 816 mles n 672 femles) whih mitte either for vintion or for generl helth hekup. Clinil exmintion All the ses were firstly registere in the registrtion ook for te, ge, sex, ree, n omplint of their owners. Detile linil exmintion of eh ptient ws rrie out inluing omplete meil, vintion, ietry, n environmentl history. Visul inspetion ws one, n pulse, respirtion rtes, n retl temperture were refully tken. Also, exmintion of the ifferent orgns n oy systems ws performe [6]. Other ignosti tools Riogrphi exmintion ws pplie oring to Burk n Feeney [7] using X-ry mhine (Fisher imging, with X-ry tue EMERALD-125, A-045211, Chigo, U.S.A.). Ultrsonogrphy ws pplie oring to Kely n MAllister [8] using ultrsonogrphi evie (Pie meil snner, Mstriht, Netherlnswith mro n miro onvex setor trnsuers 3.5-5 n 5-7.5 MHz). Gstrointestinl enosopy ws pplie oring to Tms n Rwlings [9] using flexile enosope (Fujinon BRO-YP2 Jpn) with n enosopi mer (Lemke MC 204) for oth esophgogstrouoenosopy n olonosopy. Fel nlysis Fel smple of eh se ws ollete n exmine immeitely uring the exmintion. Gross pperne, iret smer, n flottion tehnique were pplie for the presene of ult worms, prsiti eggs n protozol ooyst [10]. Fel sws from irrhei ogs suffere from nine prvovirus infetion, n ornel, nsl sws from ogs with nine istemper virus infetion were sujete to rpi ntigen test kits. The presene of two olor ns (test n ontrol) within the result winow inite positive result. Sttistil nlysis Dt tht were ollete out ge, sex, ree, n seson were reore n to Mirosoft Exel 2010 spresheet, store seprtely n exporte to nlytil softwre using Chi-squre test. Vlues of p 0.05 were onsiere s sttistilly signifint. Results In the present stuy, the totl numer of exmine nimls ws 3864. Out of this numer, 2376 nimls were isese, n 1488 nimls were pprently helthy representing 61.4% n 38.5% respetively. Disese nimls were ivie into ses suffering from igestive prolems (1344) n other helth prolems (1032) representing 56.5% n 43.4% out of isese nimls n 34.8% n 26.7% out of totl exmine nimls respetively. The pprently helthy nimls were 1488 whih inlue 954 vinte n 534 non-vinte ogs representing 64.1% n 35.8% respetively (Tle-1). The stuy showe tht there ws five most ommon ourre igestive prolems in ogs inlue vomiting, irrhe, onurrent vomiting with irrhe, norexi, n onstiption in 324, 456, 240, 312, n 12 ses respetively with isese ses se prevlene of (13.6%), (19.1%), (10.1%), (13.1%), n (0.5%) respetively (Figure-1). Other helth prolems were inlue ermtologil, respirtory, urinry, neurologil, riovsulr, uitory, n oulr prolems n reore in 662, 250, 80, 20, 10, 6, n 4 ses respetively with isese numer se prevlene of (27.9%), (10.5%), (3.3%), (0.84%), (0.4%), (0.25%), n (0.17%) respetively (Tle-2). Regring the type of fee, historil informtion revele tht owners offere oth ommeril ry fee (high or low-qulity gre) n homeme iet tht were offere ll the y. In the present stuy, 260 ses showe foo inisretion inlue 185 ses were fe on homeme iets n 75 ses were fe on low gre ommeril ry foo Figure-1: The linil piture of ifferent igestive prolems. () Vomiting in 5 month ol Germn Shepher. () Germn Shepher puppy suffere from onurrent vomiting with irrhe s result of Prvovirl infetion. () Intestinl intussuseption in 3 months ol Griffon puppy. () 4 months ol Germn Shepher puppy suffere from generlize wekness, norexi n ehyrtion s result of irrhe. Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 404
Tle-1: The prevlene of igestive prolems versus other prolems through 1 yer perio from Jnury to Deemer 2013. Group Su-group No. of ogs Prevlene from (%) Disese group Apprently Helthy group Totl numer Disese Digestive prolems 1344 56.5-34.8 Other helth prolems 1032 43.4-26.7 Totl - 2376 - - 61.4 Apprently Vinte ogs 954-64.1 24.7 Helthy Non-vinte ogs 534-35.8 13.8 Totl - 1488 - - 38.5 Totl - 3864 100 100 100 Tle-2: Common igestive n other helth prolems in ogs mitte through 1 yer perio from Jnury to Deemer 2013. Prolem No. of ses Prevlene (%) towr Digestive group Other prolems group Disese ses Totl no. (3864) Digestive prolems Vomiting 324 24.1-13.6 8.3 Dirrhe 456 33.9-19.1 11.8 Vomiting n Dirrhe 240 17.8-10.1 6.2 Anorexi 312 23.2-13.1 8 Constiption 12 0.89-0.5 0.3 Totl 1344 Other prolems Dermtologil 662-64.1 27.9 17.1 Respirtory 250-24.2 10.5 6.4 Urinry 80-7.7 3.3 2.1 Neurologil 20-1.9 0.84 0.52 Criovsulr 10-0.96 0.4 0.25 Er prolems 6-0.58 0.25 0.15 Oulr 4-0.39 0.17 0.1 Totl 1032 Disese ses 2376 - - - - (Tle-3). The mjor use of vomiting in the present stuy ws the ingestion of foreign oies whih inlue hiken ones n fish hooks n this onition ws note in 112 ses n the reore prevlene ws 4.7% from the totl isese ses. Towr irrhe n onurrent vomiting with irrhe, the min use ws Prvovirl infetion tht reore in 97 n 75 ses respetively with isese ses se prevlene of 4% n 3.15% respetively. Foo inisretion ws the most ommon use for norexi tht reore in 144 ses in the present stuy (6.1% from isese ses). In terms of onstiption, the most reore use ws ingestion of foreign oies n nl sulitis in 4 ses for eh onition with isese ses se prevlene of 0.16% for eh use (Tle-3). The present stuy showe signifint effet (p<0.001) of ge on the ourrene of igestive prolems s the puppies up to 6 months of ge were more prone to irrhe thn other ges while ogs rnge from 6 months up to 3 yers were more prone to norexi. Oler ogs showe n inrese in the ourrene of vomiting thn other igestive prolems (Tle-4). Gener h signifint effet (p 0.01) on the ourrene of igestive prolems s mles were foun to e more ffete with irrhe, vomiting, n onurrent vomiting with irrhe while femles were more prone to norexi n onstiption (Tle-5). In terms of ree, there ws signifint effet (p<0.001) on the ourrene of igestive prolems s vomiting ws of higher prevlene in gint n smll rees (Mstiff, Sint Bernr, Gret Dne, n Cusin) n (Griffon, Bug, n Pekingese) respetively. In lrge ree ogs (Germn Shepher, Rottweiler, n Golen Retriever), irrhe ws the most prevlent prolem while in meium ree ogs (Pit Bull, Lror Retriever, n Boxer), norexi ws the most prevlent (Tle-6). Seson h non-signifint effet (p>0.05) on the istriution of igestive prolems mong ogs (Tle-7). Regring the ignosti tools require for efinitive ignosis in the present stuy, riogrphi exmintion ws rrie out on 209 ses inlue 169 ses with foreign oies, 30 ses with hroni onstiption, n 10 ses suffere from renl stones (Figure-2). Ultrsonogrphi exmintion ws rrie out on 236 ses inlue enteritis, liver iseses, IBD, iliry sluge, renl iseses, pnretitis, enign prostti hyperplsi, n intestinl intussuseption in 150, 40, 19, 17, 3, 3, 2, n 2 ses respetively (Figure-3). Gstrointestinl enosopy ws performe on 64 ses inlue 34 ses with foreign oies, 20 ses with intestinl prsites, n 10 ses with IBD (Figure-4). Rpi tests for etetion of prvovirus n nine istemper virus were performe on Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 405
Tle-3: The prevlene of the ommon uses of igestive prolems in ogs. Prolem Cuses No. Prevlene (%) on the sis of 412 ses. Out of them, 232 ses showe positive result tht inlue 172 ses for prvovirus infetion Prolem ses Digestive isese ses Disese ses Totl numer Vomiting Foreign oy 112 34.5 8.3 4.7 2.8 Foo inisretion 60 18.5 4.4 2.5 1.5 Drugs (NSAIDs) 40 12.3 2.9 1.68 1.03 Pneumoni 35 10.8 2.6 1.47 0.9 Liver iseses 30 9.2 2.2 1.26 0.77 Poisoning 15 4.6 1.1 0.63 0.38 Biliry sluge 10 3 0.74 0.42 0.25 Motion sikness 10 3 0.74 0.42 0.25 IBD 9 2.7 0.66 0.37 0.23 Renl iseses 3 0.9 0.22 0.12 0.07 Dirrhe Prvovirl infetion 97 21.3 7.2 4 2.51 Toxor spp. 95 20.8 7.1 3.9 2.4 Dipyliium ninum 80 17.5 5.9 3.3 2 Foo inisretion 46 10.1 3.4 1.93 1.19 Teni spp. 41 8.9 3 1.72 1.06 Anylostom spp. 35 7.6 2.6 1.47 0.9 Isospor spp. 30 6.5 2.2 1.26 0.77 Coron virl infetion 22 4.8 1.6 0.92 0.56 IBD 10 2.1 0.74 0.42 0.25 Conurrent vomiting with irrhe Prvovirl infetion 75 31.3 5.5 3.15 1.94 Cnine istemper 60 25 4.4 2.52 1.55 Foreign oy 53 22 3.9 2.23 1.37 Toxor spp. 22 9.1 1.6 0.92 0.56 Foo inisretion 10 4.1 0.74 0.42 0.25 Liver isese 10 4.1 0.74 0.42 0.25 Biliry sluge 7 2.9 0.52 0.29 0.18 Pnretitis 3 1.25 0.2 0.12 0.07 Anorexi Foo inisretion 144 46.1 10.7 6.1 3.72 Orl lesions 120 38.4 8.9 5.1 3.11 During estrus yle (Femles) 28 8.9 2.1 1.17 0.72 Phryngitis 20 6.4 1.4 0.84 0.51 Constiption Anl sulitis 4 33.3 0.29 0.16 0.10 Foreign oy 4 33.3 0.29 0.16 0.10 Benign prostti hyperplsi 2 16.6 0.14 0.08 0.05 Intestinl intussuseption 2 16.6 0.14 0.08 0.05 Tle-4: Age-wise prevlene of most ommon igestive prolems in ogs. Prolem Age (%) p-vlue Chi-squre 1-3 months 3-6 months 6-12 months 12-36 months >36 months Totl Vomiting 192 (27.9) 12 (7.3) 24 (11.6) 60 (28.9) 36 (45) 324 0.00001*** 263.31 Dirrhe 264 (38.5) 96 (58.5) 48 (23.2) 24 (11.6) 24 (30) 456 Vomiting 132 (19.2) 24 (14.6) 24 (11.6) 48 (23.2) 12 (15) 240 with irrhe Anorexi 96 (13.9) 30 (18.3) 108 (52.2) 72 (34.8) 6 (7.5) 312 Constiption 2 (0.29) 2 (1.2) 3 (1.5) 3 (1.5) 2 (2.5) 12 Totl 686 164 207 207 80 1344 ***p<0.001 (signifint) Tle-5: Sex-wise prevlene of most ommon igestive prolems in ogs. Prolem Mles (%) Femles (%) Totl p-vlue Chi-squre Vomiting 228 (26.2) 96 (20.3) 324 0.012** 12.65 Dirrhe 300 (34.5) 156 (32.9) 456 Vomiting with irrhe 156 (17.9) 84 (17.7) 240 Anorexi 180 (20.7) 132 (27.8) 312 Constiption 6 (0.69) 6 (1.3) 12 Totl 870 474 1344 **p 0.01 (signifint) n 60 ses for nine istemper virl infetion. Fel nlysis showe some prsiti infetions inlue Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 406 Sex
Tle-6: Bree-wise prevlene of most ommon igestive prolems in ogs. Brees Prolems p-vlue Chi-squre Vomiting Dirrhe Vomiting n Dirrhe Anorexi Constiption Totl Gint ree ogs 0.00001*** 122.74 Mstiff 15 12 3 13-43 Sint Bernr 3 5 2 5-15 Gret Dne 17 12 18 9 1 57 Cusin 2 4 5 5-16 Totl (%) 37 (28.2) 33 (25.2) 28 (21.4) 32 (24.4) 1 (0.76) 131 (100) Lrge ree ogs Germn Shepher 96 276 132 96 5 605 Rottweiler 30 36 24 20 2 104 Golen Retriever 24 10 20 12 1 67 Blk Cot 12 20 10 40 1 83 Totl (%) 162 (18.6) 342 (39.5) 186 (21.5) 168 (19.4) 9 (1) 867 (100) Meium ree ogs Pit Bull 48 30 10 48 1 137 Boxer 20 20 5 24-69 Lror Retriever 12 3 6 24-45 Doermn 6 - - - - 6 Dlmtin - 5 - - - 5 Mixe Brees - - - 4-1 Totl (%) 86 (32.3) 58 (21.8) 21 (7.9) 100 (37.6) 1 (0.38) 266 (100) Smll ree ogs Griffon 33 21 5 12 1 72 Bug 5 1 - - - 6 Pekingese 1 1 - - - 2 Totl (%) 39 (48.8) 23 (28.8) 5 (6.3) 12 (15) 1 (1.3) 80 (100) Totl 324 456 240 312 12 1344 ***p<0.001 (signifint) Tle-7: Seson-wise prevlene of most ommon igestive prolems in ogs. Prolems Seson p-vlue Chi-squre Winter (%) Spring (%) Summer (%) Autumn (%) Totl Vomiting 64 (24.8) 70 (20.5%) 120 (27.2) 70 (23.1) 324 0.123 17.74 Dirrhe 81 (31.4) 125 (36.6) 135 (30.5) 115 (37.9) 456 Vomiting with irrhe 53 (20.5) 58 (17) 73 (16.5) 56 (18.5) 240 Anorexi 55 (21.3) 86 (25.2) 112 (25.3) 59 (19.5) 312 Constiption 5 (1.9) 2 (0.58) 2 (0.45) 3 (0.99) 12 Totl 258 341 442 303 1344 p>0.05 (Non-signifint) Toxor nis, Dipyleium ninum, Anylostom spp., n Isospor spp. (Figure-5). Disussion The present stuy h given n overll ie out the prevlene of the most ommon ourre igestive prolems ompre with other prolems mong ogs whih presente for the tehing niml hospitl, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Ciro University uring 1 yer perio from Jnury to Deemer 2013. The present work showe tht igestive prolems h prevlene of 56.5% from the totl isese ogs. Similr finings were reporte in stuy in Turkey, n the reore prevlene ws 52% [11]. Also, igestive prolems h the first orer uring first oservtion etween 1995 n 1997 in Kosie, Slovki [12]. Other stuies were isgree with the fining in the present stuy [13-18]. This ifferene n e expline s there ws mgnifient ifferene in geogrphil istriution n the perio of the stuies. Also, feeing mngement n the enemi nture of most infetious iseses in Egypt suh s prvovirus, nine istemper virus infetion, n internl prsites infetions shre in the elevtion of suh prevlene. The reore prevlene of vomiting in the present stuy ws 13.6% from the isese ses, n this fining ws isgree with Atsh et l. [18] who reore prevlene of 4.6% from isese ses in Mekelle City, Ethiopi. This my e ue to the ifferenes in feeing mngement, type of fee (when ontine ones), n owner s wreness towr the gre of fee stuff tht introue to their ogs [19]. Also, in some ses, foo ws sujete to environmentl ontmintion if introue one time per y mking it more prone to e spoile n eompose. Another use ws Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 407
Figure-2: Left lterl riogrphi views in some igestive prolems mong ogs. () Shrp foreign oy insie the intestine of 8 months ol Germn Shepher. () Thikene intestinl loop ue to enteritis in 1 yer ol Gret Dne. () Riopque stool mss in the olon of 10 months ol Germn Shepher suffere from severe onstiption. () Riopque pinpoint res with gses formtion insie the olon of 7 months ol Rottweiler with signs of onstiption n history of ingestion of hiken ones. Figure-4: Showe the enosopi finings of gstrointestinl prolems in ogs. () Gstri uler (rrow he) showe irumsrie re evoi of muos with ongestion in 5 yers ol Germn Shepher sujete to prolonge tretment with NSAIDs. () Dipyliium ninum ult worm within olon (rrow he) in 4-month-ol Rottweiler suffere from fle s infesttion n irrhe. () An emee foreign oy in the gstri muos of 1-yer-ol Pit Bull. () Colonosopy showe hiken legs n ones within the olon of 6 months ol Golen Retriever suffere from severe onstiption n intermittent vomiting. e f Figure-3: The ultrsonogrphi finings in ogs with ifferent igestive prolems. () Biliry sluge (rrow he) in 3 yers ol Pit Bull suffere from hroni vomiting. () Choleystitis with eem etween the two lyers of gll ler wll (0.4 m) in 2 yers ol Germn Shepher. () Free ominl flui (sites) with presene of floting intestinl loop within flui in 9 month ol Pit Bull suffering from onurrent vomiting with irrhe. () Thikene intestinl wll lyers (0.52 m) in 6 months ol Germn Shepher with irrhe. (e) Chrteristi view (Bull eye) of the intestinl intussuseption in 3 months ol Griffon suffere from severe ostiption. (f) 3 yers ol Rottweiler with severe onstiption s result of enign prostti hyperplsi (mesure 7.28 3.91 m). the use of nti-inflmmtory rugs without ny meil reommention or justment of its oses ws shre in inrese the hne for gstritis n vomiting [20]. The min reore use of vomiting in the present work ws the ingestion of foreign oies (Tle-3) n this fining ws in orne with Tms n Seim [21]. In greement with the finings in the present stuy, irrhe ws the most often registere prolem [22]. Severl stuies were reore Figure-5: The ifferent ignose prsiti eggs n ooysts in the stool of ogs suffere from igestive prolems. () Toxor nis egg ( 100). () The egg nest of Dipyliium ninum ( 100). () Anylostom spp. egg ( 100). () Isospor spp. ooysts ( 400). similr prevlene in the present stuy [1,18,23]. The reore prevlene of onurrent vomiting with irrhe in the present stuy ws 10.1% from the isese ses, n this result ws gree with Atsh et l. [18] who reore prevlene of 9.1% in stuy in Mekelle City, Ethiopi. This oul prove tht there ws positive ssoition etween the ourrene of oth irrhe n vomiting in the sme og while the episoes of oth prolems in t our t the sme time [4]. The most ommon use of irrhe, n onurrent vomiting with irrhe ws the Prvovirl infetion, n this fining ws gree with Nppert et l. [24]. In terms of norexi, the Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 408
reore prevlene ws isgree with tht of Prvez et l. [25] n Chuhri n Atsn [26]. These ifferenes n e expline s norexi ws the most ommon presente omplint for mny iseses with wie vriety of etiology n pthogenesis [27,28]. Constiption ws of the lowest prevlene through igestive prolems in the present work. This fining expline s onstiption wsn t oserve in ogs y mny owners [29]. Another use ws tht owners ten to tret this onition y tritionl methos without resorting to veterinrin. Dermtologil relte ses were the seon mjor helth prolems uring the stuy perio with reore prevlene of 27.9% from totl isese ses. This result ws in orne with Jffri n Rni [1] who reore prevlene of 22% for suh onition in Lhore re, Pkistn while Atsh et l. [18] n Trfer n Sm [23] were in isgreement with the stuy fining n reore prevlene of 38.5% n 37.12% respetively. This ws ttriute to the ifferenes in the geogrphil istriution n the environmentl temperture tht ontrolling most popultions of externl prsites. The reore prevlene of respirtory prolems ws lose to tht of Atsh et l. [18] n Yelmz et l. [11] who reore prevlene of 13.8% n 8% respetively from isese ses in Ethiopi n Turkey respetively. Towr urinry prolems, Jffri n Rni [1] n Trfer n Sm [23] reore prevlene of 1.27% n 5.15% from isese ses respetively n these finings were lose to tht in the present work 3.3%. Another stuy ws isgree with these finings n reore this prolem in 7.8% of iseses ses [11]. The remining prolems showe lower prevlene s these onitions were slightly mitte to the lini. The present stuy showe signifint effet (p<0.001) of ge on the ourrene of igestive prolems in ogs. Similr stuies emonstrte the sme effet [22]. Some workers showe tht irrhe ws of higher prevlene in puppies, n it ws eline with inresing ge [30,31]. This n e expline s the puppies were immunologilly intive n y 12 weeks of ge, the mjority lost their mternl immunity [32]. Another use ws tht stress of wening, rehoming, n trnsporttion n le to inrese the suseptiility of suh prolem [33]. Anorexi ws prevlent prolem in ogs rnge from 6 to 36 months of ge in the present stuy. This result ws ttriute to the ssoition etween norexi n mny iseses with wie vrition of etiology n pthogenesis [27,28]. In oler ges (more thn 36 months), vomiting ws foun to e the most prevlent prolem in the present stuy. Most of ol ogs were more suseptile to hroni iseses tht shre y mny linil signs inlue vomiting [34]. Other stuies reporte no ssoition etween the ge n frequeny of gstrointestinl isorers [35]. In the present stuy signifint effet (p 0.01) of gener on the ourrene of the igestive prolems ws foun n this fining ws in greement with nother stuy s mles were renere t high risk for eveloping gstrointestinl isorers [22] espeilly for irrhe [35,36]. This result explite s mles h inrese sniffing n roming ehvior thn femles [37,38]. Also, mles ten to inspet the he n nogenitl res of other ogs thn femles [39]. The present stuy showe tht norexi ws more prevlent in femles thn mles. Some workers lso etete this result s the pregnny h some omplitions tht my le to norexi [40]. Another explntion ws tht femle sex hormones were foun to inrese the risk of onstiption in femles [41]. Some workers were isgree with these finings n onlue no effet [30,42]. In the present work, ree h signifint effet (p<0.001) on the istriution of igestive prolems in ogs. Similr stuy showe tht the iniene of vomiting n irrhe ws signifintly ffete y ree [22,35]. Germn Shepher h higher prevlene of the gstrointestinl prolems thn other rees [23] s there were either ifferenes in geneti suseptiility, feeing regimens, ehvior, n the type of fee [22,43]. Regring seson, the present stuy showe non-signifint effet (p>0.05) of the seson on the ourrene of igestive prolems in ogs. This fining ws in the line with nother stuy showe tht irrhe ws ommonly etete throughout the yer [3]. This n e expline s the symptoms my e seen throughout the yer, ut the uses for eh prolem were ifferent. Some stuies were isgree with this fining [22]. Conlusion It ws the first reore t out the prevlene of igestive prolems n the other helth prolems for the ses tht were mitte to the tehing veterinry hospitl, fulty of veterinry meiine, Ciro University, Giz, Egypt uring 2013. It ws onlue tht igestive prolems onsiere s the mjor helth prolem mong ogs. Age, sex, n rees h signifint effet on the istriution of igestive prolems while seson h non-signifint effet on the istriution of suh prolems in ogs. Integrtion etween ignosti tools h n effetive role in getting rpi n urte ignosis of igestive prolems. Meil wreness of the owners shoul e inrese through the linis towr the fee type (goo, n toxi fee stuffs), feeing regimens, n qulity of fee towr ogs. Gret onern shoul e given to eworming n vintion sttus of the ogs with oservne the ooster vintion n perioil helth hekup. The present t enle the veterinrins in Egypt to sertin their nees for ignosti tools n meition tht must e present t ny pet lini. Authors Contriutions GMHR n MMAH esigne the entire stuy. HAMF n HAS rrie out ll ignosti proeures Veterinry Worl, EISSN: 2231-0916 409
inlue linil exmintion, fel nlysis, riogrphy, ultrsonogrphy, n enosopy. HAS reore the prevlene long with nlysis of t, finlize the mnusript for ommunition to the journl. All the uthors re the mnusript n pprove the finl mnusript. Aknowlegments The uthors re highly thnkful to Deprtment of Meiine n Surgery, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Ciro University, Egypt for proviing support to rry out this stuy. This stuy ws fully self-fune. Competing Interests The uthors elre tht they hve no ompeting interests. Referenes 1. Jfri, S.A. n Rni, M. (1999) Prevlene of nine isese in Lhore re. Pk. Vet. J., 19(1): 40-42. 2. Btt, R. (2009) Lortory ignosis of intestinl iseses in ogs n ts. Vet. Fous, 19(1): 10-19. 3. Mlnus, R.N., Tofn, C. n Soln, G. (2010) The use of ultrsonogrphy in the ignosis of gstrointestinl iseses in ogs. Vet. Me., 67(2): 143-149. 4. Armstrong, P.J. (2013) Gstrointestinl intervention: Approh to ignosis n therpy of the ptient with ute irrhe. Toy s Vet. Prt., 20-56. 5. Burns, J. 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