Vertebrates skull ribs vertebral column
endoskeleton in
cells working together tissues tissues working together organs working together organs systems
Blood carries oxygen to the cells carries nutrients to the cells carries carbon dioxide away from the cells
oxygenated blood blood which has received oxygen from the lungs and is on its way to supply the cells with the oxygen they need
deoxygenated blood blood which has been to the cells, has delivered the oxygen, and has picked up carbon dioxide
Fish 2-chambered heart
gills upper chamber lower chamber artery capillaries vein
Reptiles and Amphibians 3-chambered heart
artery upper chambers lower chamber vein lungs vein capillaries in lungs artery capillaries in body
Birds and Mammals 4-chambered heart
gills lungs Respiration
Breathing moving air into and out of the lungs to take in oxygen and to release carbon dioxide
central peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System brain spinal cord
sensory organ a collection of sensory receptors and their supporting structures
Peripheral Nervous System sensory organs nerves sensory receptors
Two Types of Nerves cranial nerves connect your eyes, ears, and nose to your brain
Two Types of Nerves spinal nerves carry impulses from sensory receptors of skin and internal organs to the spinal cord
Central Nervous System brain spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System optic nerve cranial nerves olfactory nerve spinal nerves auditory nerve
Digestive System stomach food esophagus small intestine
Digestive System pancreas liver blood vessels food gallbladder small intestine
Digestive System stomach food esophagus large intestine anus small intestine
Kidneys filter wastes out of the body ureter urinary bladder
Ectothermic cold-blooded
ectothermic thermic outside heat
Bony Fish (Class Osteichthyes) largest group of fish live in water endoskeleton made of bones fins gills scales
Lateral Line detects vibrations and pressure
Swim Bladder helps the fish adjust to different depths
Jawless Fish (Class Agnatha) do not have jaws do not have scales do not have paired fins
Cartilage Fish (Class Chondricthyes) sharks, rays, and skates endoskeleton made of cartilage, not of bones
double life Amphibian
Amphibians are the only vertebrates that go through metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis Gills are absorbed as lungs are formed. Heart changes from two chambers to three.
Metamorphosis Appetite changes from scum to insects and spiders. Digestive tract changes.
Tailless amphibians: frogs and toads
Frogs smooth, moist skin always near water Toads rough, dry, bumpy skin can be far away from water
Frogs eggs deposited as large jellycoated masses Toads eggs in long, jellycoated strings
Frogs strong, long, webbed hind feet for leaping and swimming Toads short hind legs for walking and hopping
Common Characteristics start out as tadpoles are ectothermic
hibernation state of inactivity during which life processes slow down and stored energy supplies are used up
Tailed amphibians: salamander groups
Newts rough, dry skin Salamanders smooth, moist skin
Breathing keep gills throughout their lives develop lungs lungless
ectothermic dry, scaly skin Reptiles eggs with leathery shells can live in either wet or dry environments
have lungs Reptiles 3-chambered hearts (most reptiles) internal fertilization of eggs
Reptile Groups snakes and lizards alligators and crocodiles turtles tuatara
Snakes do not have legs do not have ears keen sense of smell do not have eyelids
Lizards have 2 pair of limbs external ear openings have eyelids belly scales similar to other scales
alligators crocodiles caimans Crocodilians
Crocodilians cold-blooded animals four-chambered hearts large nests for incubation of their eggs feed on fish, turtles, other crocodilians and mammals
Crocodiles native to parts of South and Central America, Africa, parts of Asia, and Australia American crocodile is found in southern Florida
Crocodile narrow, pointed snouts Alligator broad, rounded snouts
Alligators native to North America (U.S.) and China
Turtles sea turtles live in the ocean tortoises live on land
terrapins Turtles live in fresh water but can come on land