Life in the Paleozoic
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1 Life in the Paleozoic Ocean Planet & The Great Migration Paleozoic Late Middle Early Myr P r e c a m b r i a n Eon P h a n e r o z o i c Proterozoic Archean Hadean Geologic Time Scale Era Period Age (Myrs) Epoch Holocene 0.01 Quaternary C 1.8 Pleistocene e Pliocene n 5.3 Neogene o Miocene z 23.8 o Tertiary i 33.6 Oligocene c Paleocene 54.8 Eocene 65 Paleocene M e Cretaceous s 144 o Jurassic z 206 o i Triassic c 248 P a Permian Pennsylvanian l Mississippian e o Devonian z o i Silurian 443 c Ordivician Cambrian Age of the Earth 4600 Myrs (4.6 Byrs) Source: Geological Society of America (1999)
2 Vertebrate Evolution From Pikaia to Cheney Phylum Chordata Including Subphylum Vertebrata 1. Notochord 2. Nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal gill slits Vertebrates Vertebral column replaces notochord & skull encloses brain
3 Phylogeny Reminder Fish --> Amphibians --> Reptiles --> Mammals Think in terms of common ancestors and speciation
4 Fish Phylogeny Cephalasphid Fish: Jawless Fish (Agnatha) Early Paleozoic ostracoderms. (A) Thelodus, (B) Pteraspis, (C) Jamoytius, and (D) Hemicyclaspis, drawn to the same scale.
5 Modern Agnatha: Sea Lamprey Origin of Jaws
6 Fish: Armored Fish (Placoderms) Dunkleosteus Bothriolepis Extinct Fish: Armored Fish (Acanthodians) Armor - a form of phosphorus storage? Extinct Acanthodes
7 Fish: Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) Modern Chondrichthyes (Sharks & Rays)
8 Fish: Osteichthyes (Bony Fish) Osteichthyes: Ray Fined Subclass: Actinopterygii Rays
9 Ray Finned Fish Sturgeon Longnose Gar Ray Finned Fish: Teleosts Weedy Sea Dragon 96% of today s fish Zebrafish
10 Osteichthyes: Lobe Finned Subclass: Sarcopterygii Lobe Finned Fish Coelacanth
11 Lobe Finned Fish Lungfish Eusthenopteron
12 The Great Migration (Silurian/Devonian) Plants, Insects, Vertebrates (Tetrapods) Amphibians
13 Amphibians Wood Frog Eggs Lobe Fins to Amphibians
14 Acanthostega (Upper Devonian) Ichthyostega (Upper Devonian)
15 Advantages to Moving onto Land 1. Lots of light for photosynthesis 2. Easy access to oxygen and carbon dioxide 3. Less competition 4. Rich source of nutrients an (eventually) food 5. Fewer predators Challenges to Moving onto Land 1. Conserving water - not drying out 2. Obtaining & circulating water, food & gases 3. Overcoming gravity 4. Reproduction 5. Exposure to UV
16 Vertebrate Solutions 1. Conserving water - not drying out Leathery skin & scales 2. Obtaining & circulating water, food & gases 3 or 4 chambered heart 3. Overcoming gravity Modified skeletal arrangement 4. Reproduction Internal Fertilization & Amniotic Egg 5. Exposure to UV Leathery skin & scales Encloses embryo in water Regulates oxygen.carbon dioxide exchange Amniotic Egg Collects wastes Food = Freedom from Oceans
17 Permian Reptile Egg Modern Reptile Skin
18 The Amniotes Diapsids (Includes lizards, dinosaurs & birds)) Classified based on skull structure Synapsids (Includes mammals) Anapsids (Includes turtles) Amniote Cladogram About 300 Myr
19 Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles) Early Permian - Labidosaurus Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles)
20 Early Synapsids (Mammal-Like Reptiles) Pelycosaurs (Sail Fins) Temperature control? Dimetrodon
21 Therapsids (Permian Synapsids) Dicynodonts Cynodont More on Synapsid, Mammal, and Reptile Evolution in the Mesozoic
22 Paleozoic Plant Evolution First Forays: Intertidal Marine Algae
23 Problems with Moving to Land 1. Conserving water - not drying out 2. Obtaining & circulating water, food & gases 3. Overcoming gravity 4. Reproduction Sunlight above ground Nutrients below ground 5. Exposure to UV Plant Solutions to Dry Living 1. Conserving water - not drying out Developed waxy coating 2. Obtaining & circulating water, food & gases Vascular tissue and roots, and pores 3. Overcoming gravity Thicker cells - wood/cellulose 4. Reproduction First spores, then pollen, seeds, & flowers 5. Exposure to UV Pigments
24 First Colonists: Bryophytes No Plumbing System - small low to the ground Early Plants: 1. Stabilized soil - reduced erosion 2. Began the process of creating soil 3. Provided food for animals to move to land
25 Vascular Plants Rhynia Plumbing and woody material allowed for increase in size Vascular Plant Evolution
26 First Plants Reproduced Using Spores (Still required water) Horsetails (Calamites) Annularia stellata
27 Ferns Pecopteris sp. Clubmoses: Lepidodendron
28 Miss/Penn Forests (Ferns, Horsetails & Clubmoss) Illustration by Mary Parrish Gymnosperms Pollen (male) Seed Cone (Female)
29 Seed Ferns Neuropteris sp. Ginkos
30 Angiosperms Conifers
31 The Not-So-Naked Seed Fossil Leaves and Flowers
32 Plant Summary 1. Paleozoic - Plants move to land - Dominated by bryophytes & seedless vascular Plants 2. Mesozoic - Dominated by gymnosperms - Angiosperms arise 3. Cenozoic - Dominated by angiosperms First in Flight - Pennsylvanian Cretaceous dragonfly
33 Meganeura monyi (roughly to scale) The largest insect in history More to come in the Mesozoic
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