Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/oct-2013/5.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Concurrent infection nd sesonl distriution of gstrointestinl prsites in cross-red cttle of Sirjgnj district in Bngldesh doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.720-724 How to cite this rticle: Aktruzzmn M, Rony SA, Islm MA, Ysin MG nd Rhmn AKMA (2013) Concurrent infection nd sesonl distriution of gstrointestinl prsites in cross-red cttle of Sirjgnj district in Bngldesh, Veterinry World 6(10): 720-724. Introduction 1 2 3 2 3 M. Aktruzzmn, S. A. Rony, M. A. Islm, M. G. Ysin nd A.K.M.A. Rhmn 1. Milk Vit, Bghri Centre, Shhzdpur, Sirjgnj, Bngldesh; 2. Deprtment of Prsitology, Fculty of Veterinry Science, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh-2202, Bngldesh; 3. Deprtment of Medicine, Fculty of Veterinry Science, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh-2202, Bngldesh Corresponding uthor: M. A. Islm, emil: minu14@gmil.com Received: 22-05-2013, Revised: 27-06-2013, Accepted: 28-06-2013, Pulished online: 06-08-2013 The gstrointestinl trct (GIT) of niml hrours vriety of prsites prticulrly helminthes nd cilites which cuse clinicl nd su clinicl prsitism. Gstrointestinl prsitism is the most importnt diseses encountered y livestock sector of Bngldesh nd thought to e one of the mjor constrints in development of diry cttle worldwide [1, 2]. Gstrointestinl prsites not only ffect the helth of cttle ut lso ffect the productive nd reproductive performnce, loss in ody weight, digestive disturnces, nd emcition for longer period [3, 4]. In diry cows, prsitic infections reduce milk yield etween 1.2 nd 2.2 kg milk/cow/dy [5]. Infections lso negtively impct crcss qulity nd Copyright: The uthors. This rticle is n open ccess rticle licensed under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriution License (http://cretivecommons.org/licenses/y/2.0) which permits unrestricted use, distriution nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the work is properly cited. Astrct Aim: To determine the extent of concurrent infection nd sesonl distriution of gstrointestinl prsites in cross-red cttle of Shhzdpur upzil of Sirjgnj district, Bngldesh. Mterils nd Methods: Fecl smples from 4248 cross-red cttle presented to the dignostic centre of Milk Vit, Bghri, Sirjgnj with complins of digestive disturnces over the period from Novemer, 2008 to Octoer, 2009 were exmined grossly with nked eye followed y microscopic exmintion with direct smer method, Will's flottion nd sedimenttion techniques. Results: Out of 4248 fecl smples exmined, 3268 (76.93%) smples hroured one or more prsitic ov or cyst nd the rest 980 (23.07%) smples found free of prsitic ov or cyst. Among the positive cses, single infection of fsciolisis (29.0.5%), prmphistomisis (8.3%), toxocrisis (11.32%), hemonchosis (2.47%), moniezisis (0.7%), lntidisis (4.19%), trichurisis (1.1%), trichostrongylosis (1.4%) nd strongyloidosis (1.6%) were dignosed. Mixed infection with t lest two (dul infection) nd/ or ny three of ove mentioned prsitic species (triple infection) were lso recorded. Cttle hrouring eggs of one prsite were more common [60.03% (95% Confidence intervl (CI): 58.53, 61.51)] thn those hrouring eggs of two [15.44% (95% CI, 14.36, 16.56)] or three [1.46% (95% CI, 1.12, 1.87)] prsites concurrently. Significntly (p<0.001) higher proportion of fsciolisis cses oserved in riny seson compred to those in winter nd summer seson, similr trends were lso noticed in cse of prmphistomisis, toxocrisis nd lntidisis. An incresing trend of occurrence from summer through riny nd winter seson ws oserved in cse of hemonchosis, moniezisis, trichurisis nd strongyloidosis ut not sttisticlly significnt (p>0.05). A non-significnt (p>0.005) decresing trend of occurrence from winter through summer nd riny seson ws lso oserved in cse of trichostrongylosis. Conclusion: The result of current study clerly indicte tht helminth infections re highly prevlent in cross-red cttle of the study re. The findings on undnce nd distriution of gstrointestinl prsitism in different ge groups of cttle, the polyprsitism nture of the disese nd the sesonl vrition of occurrence otined from present study will therefore ssist the clinicins for forecsting of prsitism nd mke wreness mong the frmers to tke pproprite control mesures ginst them. Keywords: concurrent infection, cross-red cttle, gstrointestinl prsitism, sesonl distriution. reproductive performnce including clving rte nd clf mortlity [6]. Report reveled tht 50% clves up to 1 yer of ge died due to gstrointestinl prsitism in Bngldesh [7]. Potentil economic loss resulting from gstrointestinl (GI) nemtode infections is clerly recognized y producers nd veterinrins, s evidenced y the fct tht pproximtely 99% of feedlots nd 69% of diries use prsiticide in their opertions [8]. GI prsitosis is neglected in mny cses, s most of the prsitic infections re suclinicl. It is reported tht t lest two third of the totl livestock popultion of Bngldesh re infected sucliniclly with prsitic helminth prsites [9]. Suclinicl diseses re often ignored resulting in hevy economic loss. The economic losses due to suclinicl prolems in the livestock popultion re significntly higher thn clinicl prolems in individul nimls [10]. The extent of infection nd co-infection of gstrointestinl prsites vries depending upon Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 720
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/oct-2013/5.pdf different intrinsic nd extrinsic epidemiologicl nd on 4248 cross-red cttle presented to the dignostic iologicl fctors. It differs gretly from one yer to the centre of Milk Vit, Bghri, Sirjgnj with next nd etween geogrphicl loctions depending on complins of digestive disturnces over the period the previling climtic conditions [11]. Moreover, from Novemer, 2008 to Octoer, 2009. Numer of stress, poor nutrition nd concurrent disese my e cses ws recorded sed on the dte of intervention, ssocited with the relese of hypoiotic lrve from species nd ge of nimls. the dormnt stte leding to clinicl helminthosis. The Fecl smple of ech niml ws collected geologicl condition together with the wter logged directly from the rectum in polythene gs nd ws nd low lying res in Bngldesh, poor husndry exmined immeditely fter collection grossly with methods nd chronic shortge of nutrients predispose nked eye for different worms followed y to rpid multipliction nd dissemintion of prsites microscopic exmintion with direct smer method, [12, 13]. Will's flottion nd sedimenttion techniques. Shhzdpur upzil of Sirjgnj district is Positive cses were dignosed sed on the considered s one of the milk pockets of Bngldesh chrcteristic morphologicl fetures of egg of ecuse of its milk production strength, where diry helminth prsites nd cyst of protozol prsites [15]. sector is expnding in noticele wy over the lst In this study, only gstrointestinl helminth nd three decdes. Milk vit, the rnd nme of Bngldesh protozol prsites were considered. At lest three Milk Producer's Coopertive Union Limited, orgnized slides were exmined efore declring cse negtive. frmers of the study re who experienced cttle The results of fecl smple exmintion were then rering in semi-extensive nd intensive mngement recorded ccording to ge, sesons nd sex of nimls. system nd received free veterinry consultncy such Three sesons nmely summer (Mrch to June), riny s deworming in regulr sis. In such setting, it is (July to Octoer) nd winter seson (Novemer to essentil to ssess the sttus of GI prsitism even fter Ferury) were considered. regulr tretment. Only limited inlnd literture is Sttisticl nlysis: The dt were entered nd ville on single gstrointestinl prsitism in cttle mnged in MS Excel work sheet (MS Office 2010). while the multiple prsitic infections were overlooked Proportion of different prsitism ws expressed s in previous reports [12, 13, 14]. Hence, the present percentge y dividing the totl numer of cttle study ws undertken to investigte the severity of positive to specific prsitic egg or cyst to the totl gstrointestinl prsitism of cttle nd their sesonl numer of cttle exmined. The exct inomil 95 % distriution pttern in the study re. confidence intervls (CI) of proportion nd the Z-test Mterils nd Methods for proportions were performed to find out the significnces in the proportion of different prsitism Ethicl issues: Prior consent ws otined from the owner of cttle from which fecl smples were in three sesons nd the proportion of single, dul or collected for this study. Cre ws tken to void triple infection y using STATA-12 [16]. Sttisticl ccidentl injury to the cttle during per rectum fecl significnce ws considered up to 5% (p<0.05) level. smpling. Results Origin of study popultion: The study cttle popultion Concurrent infection of gstrointestinl prsites: ws originted through Shhzdpur upzil of Out of 4248 fecl smples exmined, 3268 (76.93%) Sirjgnj district (Fig.1). The nnul verge smples hrored one or more prsitic ov/ cyst nd temperture of this re reches mximum of 34.6 C, the rest 980 (23.07%) smples were found free of with minimum of 11.9 C nd receives rinfll from prsitic ov/ cyst. The proportion of single prsitic June to Septemer with men nnul rinfll is 1610 infection [60.03% (95% CI, 58.53, 61.51)] ws mm (63.4 in). significntly higher thn those of dul [15.44% (95% CI, 14.36, 16.56)] nd triple infection [1.46% (95% CI, Study sujects: Cross-red cttle, cliniclly sick with 1.12, 1.87)] (Fig. 2). different digestive disorders, were the study suject. In Single infections of GI endo-prsites during the Bhgri re, cttle mngement system prcticed in study were fsciolisis, prmphistomisis, toxocrisis, two distinguished methods depending on vilility hemonchosis, moniezisis, lntidisis, trichurisis, of psture lnd. During the riny seson (July to trichostrongylosis nd strongyloidosis. Dul infection Octoer) when psture lnd goes under wter, cttle re comprised of fourteen different pirs of the ove kept in intensive mngement system, fed on mentioned prsites nd triple infection included concentrtes nd hy. During dry-winter seson sixteen different comintions tking t lest three of (Novemer to June) cttle re rered in semi- foresid prsites concurrently (Tle-1). intensive system populrly termed s Bthn. In this Among the single infection, the highest frequency system nimls re kept in the psture encircled y ws recorded for fsciolisis (29.05%) where moo fence. Concentrte supplement nd wter re moniezisis (0.7%) ws the lest frequent one. Among provided during milking once dily. the dul infection, fsciolisis with lntidisis Study design: It ws retrospective study conducted [3.55% (95% CI, 3.02, 4.16)] hd the highest frequency Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 721
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/oct-2013/5.pdf Figure-1. Mp of Bngldesh showing the study re Figure-2. Proportion of gstrointestinl prsitism in cross-red cttle t Sirjgnj Tle-1. Overll proportion of gstrointestinl prsitism in cross-red cttle t Sirjgnj Prsitosis No. of positive Proportion cses (N=4248) (95% CI*) Fsciolisis (F) 1234 29.05% (27.7, 29.14) Toxocrisis (Tx) 481 11.32% (10.4, 12.31) Prmphistomisis (P) 353 8.31 % (7.52, 9.18) Blntidisis (B) 178 4.19 % (3.36, 4.48) Hemonchosis (H) 105 2.47 % (2.05, 2.98) Moniezisis (M) 28 0.7 % (0.5, 1) Trichurisis (T) 46 1.1 % (1, 1.4) Trichostrongylosis (Ts) 59 1.4 % (1.1, 1.8) Strongyloidosis (S) 66 1.6 % (1.2, 2) Su-totl (single infection) 2550 60.28 % (58.53, 61.51) F + B 151 3.55 % (3.02, 4.16) P + B 85 2.0 % ( 1.6, 2.47) F + H 78 1.8 % (1.4, 2.3) F + S 71 1.7 % (1.3, 2.1) F + Ts 43 1 % (0.8, 1.4) P + Ts 9 0.2 % (0.1, 0.4) P + H 24 0.6 % (0.4, 0.8) F + M 10 0.24 % (0.13, 0.43) F + Tx 32 0.75 % (0.52, 1.06) F + P 69 1.62 % (1.27, 2.05) P + Tx 31 0.73 % (0.5, 1.03) B + Tx 35 0.8 % (0.6, 1.1) H + S 4 0.1 % (0.04, 0.2) Ts + S 14 0.3 % (0.2, 0.6) Su-totl (dul infection) 656 15.44 % (14.36, 16.56) F + H + Tx 2 0.05 % (0.01, 0.2) F + M + H 3 0.07 % (0.02, 0.2) F + B + H 14 0.3 % (0.2, 0.6) P + S + Tx 2 0.05 % (0.01, 0.2) F + S + H 6 0.14 % (0.005, 0.31) F + B + Ts 1 0.02 % (0, 0.13) F + P + Tx 5 0.12 % ( 0.05, 0.3) F + Tx + S 5 0.12 % ( 0.05, 0.3) F + Tx + B 2 0.05 % (0.01, 0.2) F + P + S 6 0.14 % (0.005, 0.31) F + P + Ts 2 0.05 % (0.01, 0.2) P + Ts + H 3 0.07 % (0.02, 0.2) H + B + S 5 0.12 % ( 0.05, 0.3) F + Tx + Ts 1 0.02 % (0, 0.13) Tx + B + H 1 0.02 % (0, 0.13) Tx + S + Ts 1 0.02 % (0, 0.13) Su-totl (triple infection) 62 c 1.46 % ( 1.12, 1.87) *CI= Confidence intervl; Vlues with different letters (,,c) in superscript within the lst column differ significntly (p<0.001) Figure-3. Age relted proportion of gstrointestinl prsitism in cross-red cttle t Sirjgnj nd hemonchosis with strongyloidosis [0.1% (95% CI, 0.04, 0.2)] ws the lowest. The proportion of infection cuses y different prsitic species vried in different ge groups of cttle. The proportion of fsciolisis, prmphistomisis, lntidisis nd hemonchosis were higher in the group of more thn two yers in comprison to other ge groups. The proportion of toxocrisis, moniezisis, trichurisis, trichostrongylosis nd strongyloidosis were reltively higher in younger cttle (up to 1 yer of ge) thn those in older ge groups (>1 yer to 2 yers nd > 2yers of ge) (Fig. 3). Concurrent infection with two or three prsites is higher in cttle of older ge group compred with younger one. Sesonl distriution of gstrointestinl prsitism: The overll proportion of gstrointestinl prsitism cused y single prsite is significntly higher in riny seson thn those in summer seson. Significntly higher proportion of fsciolisis ws oserved in riny seson thn tht in winter nd summer sesons. Similr trend ws lso noticed in cse of prmphistomisis, toxocrisis nd lntidisis. An incresing trend of occurrence from summer through riny nd winter seson ws oserved in cse of hemonchosis, moniezisis, trichurisis nd strongyloidosis which re insignificnt sttisticlly. An insignificnt decresing trend of occurrence from winter through summer nd riny seson ws oserved in cse of trichostrongylosis (Tle-2). In this study, the proportion of dul prsitic infection is higher in riny seson compred with those in winter nd summer seson ut sttisticlly Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 722
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/oct-2013/5.pdf Tle-2. Sesonl distriution of different gstrointestinl prsitism in cttle in Sirjgnj Prsitosis Summer (n=1289) Riny (n=1766) Winter (n=1193) Proportion (95% CI*) Proportion (95% CI*) Proportion (95% CI*) Fsciolisis 22.3%(19.91,24.63) 43.6%(40.81,46.42) 34.19%(31.55,36.92) Prmphistomisis 24.09%(19.71,28.89) 46.74%(41.44,52.1) 29.18%(24.49,34.22) Toxocrisis 27.44%(23.5,31.67) 42.2%(37.75,46.76) 30.35%(26.27,34.68) Blntidisis 27.53%(21.11,31.71) 39.32%(32.1,46.91) 33.14%(26.28,40.58) Hemonchosis 47.62%(37.78,57.6) 33.33%(24.43,43.2) 17.14%(10.49,25.73) Moniezisis 25%(10.7,44.9) 35.71%(18.64,55.93) 39.29%(21.5,59.42) Trichurisis 15.21%(6.34,28.870 32.61%(19.53,48.02) 52.17%(36.95,67.11) Trichostrongylosis 25.42%(14.98,38.44) 23.73%(13.62,36.59) 33.9%(22.08,47.39) Strongyloidosis 25.75%(15.78,38.01) 37.88%(26.22,50.66) 34.89%(23.53,47.58) Overll 30.34%(28.96,31.75) 41.57%(40.08,43.07) 28.1%(26.73,29.46) *CI= Confidence intervl; Vlues with different letters (,) in superscript within the lst column differ significntly (p<0.001) insignificnt nd the proportion of concurrent infection consistency with the previous oservtions [12, 21, with three prsites is higher in winter seson thn 22]. It might e due to hot humid climte in summer those in riny nd summer sesons. nd low temperture in winter seson provides Discussion unfvourle environment for the survivl nd development of prsitic lrve [23] which decresed Proportion of gstrointestinl prsitism over the the vilility of infective lrve in the psture [24]. study popultion clerly indicted hevy prsitic The proportion of hemonchosis found in summer urden leded y fscioliosis. Higher prevlence of seson is consistent with the reports of [23] who prsitosis might e due to frequent exposure to the reported tht reltively high temperture nd humidity sme communl grzing lnd tht cuses contmin- in the microclimte required for the lrvl development tion of the psture. The psture in the study re nd survivl. remins sumerged for four months ut the remining 8 months cttle grze there. Initilly the psture my Conclusion remin clen for nemtode lrve ut proly infected The result of current study clerly indicted tht with encysted metcercri of tremtodes. These helminth infections re highly prevlent in cross-red metcercri my remin vile for up to 6 months cttle of the study re. It lso demonstrted the [17]. As the pre-ptent periods of most nemtodes re undnce nd distriution of gstrointestinl shorter (less thn month) grdul uildup of infective prsitism in different ge groups of cttle, the polystge of nemtode in psture is possile. However, prsitism nture of the disese nd the sesonl cttle of the study re re routinely (innully) vrition of occurrence. The findings of current study treted with rod spectrum nthelmintics. Inppro- will therefore ssist the clinicins regrding prite dose, ineffective drugs nd development of epidemiologicl forecsting of prsitism nd wre nthelmintic resistnce my e responsile for such the frmers to tke pproprite control mesures high level of GI prsitism in this re even fter ginst them. The higher prevlence of helminth regulr tretment. Vrition in the lod of different infection in such setting demnds the determintion of species of gstrointestinl prsitic infections might e efficcy nd/ or resistnce pttern of nthelmintics due to geo-climtic conditions, reed, ge, sex, plne commonly prcticed over there. of nutrition, stress, vilility of intermedite host [18]. In present reserch, smpling popultion ws Authors contriutions femle (diry cows nd femle clves) dominted nd MA nd MGY did the smpling nd lortory works. only very few numer clves were mle. Adult cttle MAI did the sttisticl nlysis. SAR drfted the were found to e vulnerle for GI prsitism mnuscript. AKMAR designed nd pproved the study compred to tht of young. It might e due to keeping pln nd criticlly reviewed the mnuscript. All uthors them for longer period of time in reeding nd milk red nd pproved the finl mnuscript. production purposes or supply indequte feed ginst their high demnd [19]. Acknowledgements The proportions of most of the gstrointestinl The uthors re grtefully cknowledges 'Khn prsitism were higher in riny seson which ws in Drug House', Shhzdpur, Sirjgnj for providing the close greement with erlier reports [14, 20, 21]. It my lortory fcilities to conduct the study. All uthors e explined s dequte moisture nd optimum contriuted the fund for this study. temperture which fvoured the growth nd survivl of infective stges of nemtodes leding to more Competing interests contmintion of the psture or feed [1, 3, 22] nd The uthors declre tht they hve no competing interests. vilility of snil host for prmphistomisis nd fsciolisis. On the other hnd, susequent occurrences References of gstrointestinl prsitic infections were oserved in 1. Regss, F., Sori, T., Dhugum, R., Kiros, Y. (2006) winter followed y summer seson which showed Epidemiology of Gstrointestinl Prsites of Ruminnts in Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 723
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