AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS FELLOWSHIP GUIDELINES. Veterinary Ophthalmology

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1 2010 (modified 2014) AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS FELLOWSHIP GUIDELINES Veterinary Ophthalmology ELIGIBILITY 1. The candidate must meet the eligibility prerequisites for Fellowship outlined in the Fellowship Candidate Handbook. 2. Membership of the College must be achieved prior to Fellowship examination. 3. Membership must be in Canine Medicine, Feline Medicine, Small Animal Medicine, Small Animal Surgery, Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Equine Medicine or Equine Surgery. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate that the candidate has sufficient knowledge, training, experience, and accomplishment to meet the criteria for registration as specialist in Veterinary Ophthalmology. LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. The candidate will have a detailed 1 knowledge of: 1.1. the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases in all domestic animal and major wildlife species 1.2. the principles of ophthalmic pharmacology and therapeutics 1 Knowledge levels: Detailed knowledge candidates must be able to demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the topic including differing points of view and published literature. The highest level of knowledge. Sound knowledge candidate must know all of the principles of the topic including some of the finer detail, and be able to identify areas where opinions may diverge. A middle level of knowledge. Basic knowledge candidate must know the main points of the topic and the core literature. Page 1 of 31

2 1.3. ocular diagnostic procedures including gonioscopy, tonometry, cytology, ultrasonography, computerised tomography (CT scanning) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1.4. ocular techniques including medicine and surgery of the eye and neuroophthalmology 1.5. ocular embryology, ocular and comparative anatomy, ocular biochemistry, ocular physiology, optics and physiology of vision, ocular immunology 1.6. clinical microbiology and clinical pathology as they relate to diseases of the eye 1.7. ocular pathology and ocular histology and histopathology 1.8. the principles of comparative ophthalmic examination. 2. The candidate will have a sound knowledge of: 2.1. ophthalmology as a comparative science with particular reference to all domestic animals, major wildlife species, birds, fish and reptiles 2.2. eye diseases in exotic species, wildlife, laboratory animals, fish and reptiles 2.3. ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in animals 2.4. aspects of human eye research and clinical ophthalmology that have relevance to ophthalmology of domestic animal species 2.5. ophthalmic oncology. 3. The candidate will, with detailed 2 expertise, be able to: 3.1. perform all specialist level ophthalmologic diagnostic and surgical procedures 3.2. design pre-operative, operative and post-operative management plans in clinical cases involving the eye and related organ systems 3.3. analyse complex ophthalmologic medical problems and make clinical judgements 3.4. collect, interpret and record clinical data including interpreting a range of diagnostic modalities (gonioscopy, tonometry, cytology, ultrasonography, computerised tomography (CT scanning) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in complex ophthalmologic cases 3.5. communicate effectively with clients, referring veterinarians and peers 2 Skill levels: Detailed expertise the candidate must be able to perform the technique with a high degree of skill, and have extensive experience in its application. The highest level of proficiency. Sound expertise the candidate must be able to perform the technique with a moderate degree of skill, and have moderate experience in its application. A middle level of proficiency. Basic expertise the candidate must be able to perform the technique competently in uncomplicated circumstances. Page 2 of 31

3 3.6. integrate these skills to provide high-quality care for patients with the most efficient use of resources in a manner that is responsive to the owner s needs and wishes 3.7. evaluate and incorporate new scientific information relevant to the practice of Veterinary Ophthalmology 3.8. advance knowledge in Veterinary Ophthalmology through clinical innovation, research and publication. EXAMINATIONS The Fellowship examination has four separate, autonomous components: 1. Written Paper 1 (Component 1) Basic Science Principles (three hours) 2. Written Paper 2 (Component 2) Clinical Practice and Applications (three hours) 3. Practical Examination (Component 3) (three hours) Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Techniques Surgical Technique 4. Oral Examination (Component 4) Oral (two hours) The written examination will comprise of two separate three-hour written papers taken on two consecutive days. There will be an additional 20 minutes perusal time for each paper, during which no writing on the examination paper is permitted. Each examination will consist of Section A and Section B. Section A, will have twenty (20) short answer questions, worth four (4) marks each, providing a total of 80 marks. Candidates should allow approximately 80 minutes to complete this section. Section B consists of ten (10) long answer questions worth 10 marks each. Candidates should allow approximately 100 minutes to complete this section. There is no choice of questions. Marks allocated to each question and to each subsection of questions will be clearly indicated on the written paper. Written Paper 1: Basic Science and Principles This paper is designed to test the candidate s knowledge of the principles of Veterinary Ophthalmology as described in the Learning Outcomes listed earlier. Answers may cite specific examples where general principles apply, but should primarily address the theoretical basis underlying each example. Page 3 of 31

4 Written Paper 2: Clinical Practice and Applications This paper is designed to (a) test the candidate s ability to apply the principles of Veterinary Ophthalmology to particular cases/problems or tasks, and (b) test the candidate s familiarity with the current practices and current issues that arise from activities within the discipline of Veterinary Ophthalmology. Practical Examinations These examinations further test the candidate s achievement of the Learning Outcomes. The duration of the practical examination (Parts 1 and 2 combined) must be a minimum of one hour and a maximum of three hours. The combined practical will consist of twelve (12) questions in total, each worth ten (10) marks, providing a total of 120 marks. Practical Examination Part 1: Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Techniques (approximately one hour) The candidate will be required to demonstrate and discuss ophthalmologic examination, observation and diagnostic skills pertaining to commonly encountered species. Methods of delivery of question material include radiograph, CT and MRI images; audiovisual presentation of images; verbal presentation of scenarios; written presentation of clinical material and the use of a whiteboard. The candidate may also be expected to critically examine and discuss the pathological changes in histological sections of ocular tissue. Practical Examination Part 2: Surgical Technique (approximately one hour) The candidate will be required to demonstrate and discuss preoperative ophthalmologic surgical preparation; surgical knowledge and techniques pertaining to the adnexa, eyelids, anterior and posterior segment; choice of suture materials; and postoperative management. Oral Examination (duration of minimum one hour, maximum two hours) The oral examination will consist principally of a digital image session and the candidate will be required to identify, assess and problem solve using the information presented. The images used will include but not be limited to clinical photographs of the eye of a patient, fundus photographs, gonio photographs, photographs of imaging techniques, special diagnostic techniques, slit lamp photographs, cytologic specimens and gross and microscopic pathology specimens. Questions typically include listing lesions or abnormalities, discussing a differential diagnosis list for the specific disease process, stating the most likely aetiologic diagnosis(es) and pathogenesis, listing morphologic diagnosis, listing appropriate therapy for the condition, or identifying species on the slide. Candidates will be presented with twelve (12) questions asked verbally in a face-to-face setting. The oral examination has a total of 120 marks with each question allocated 10 marks. Page 4 of 31

5 TRAINING PROGRAM In addition to the requirements of the Fellowship Candidate Handbook, the Chapter imposes the following: weeks of Direct Supervised Training (DST), at least 25 hours a week, is required during a three-year, 156-week period. 2. The candidate is expected to attend relevant scientific meetings and conferences and attendance at an international veterinary ophthalmology conference is recommended. The credentials document must show documentary evidence that the candidate has prepared and presented at least one oral or poster presentation paper at a national or international ophthalmologic meeting or conference prior to examination. 3. Cases must be of the type seen in ophthalmology referral institutions which are considered to be specialist procedures. The candidate should attempt to gain as broad a range of experience as possible. 4. Case Minima Case minima by category are only relevant for cases that require surgery. The candidate must be the primary surgeon for 25% of these cases. For example, if 40 eyelid surgeries are required the candidate must be the primary surgeon for at least 10 of these cases and assistant surgeon for no more than 30 of the cases. Case minima for species are relevant for all cases seen, both medical and surgical. These must be supervised ophthalmic examinations or surgeries recorded individually. Thus, they may include herd examinations as long as individual animals are recorded separately in hospital records. It is expected however, in the species where herd examinations are performed e.g horses and cattle, that clinical cases will also constitute some part of the totals. Case minima refer to the period of the training program and must be met in order for credentials to be successful. Orbital/globe surgery Case Minima for Category (includes enucleation, intrascleral prosthesis, orbitotomy, retinal detachment, intraocular tumour removal, laser surgery, glaucoma surgery) 30 Page 5 of 31

6 Eyelid surgery (includes entropion, eyelid reconstruction [following trauma or tumour removal or eyelid agenesis], distichiasis, ectopic cilia) 40 Conjunctiva/TE (includes scrolled cartilage of the third eyelid, prolapse of the third eyelid gland, repair/reconstruction [trauma/tumour removal/eyelid agenesis], symblepharon) 20 Cornea/Sclera (includes tumour removal, foreign body removal, corneal repair, conjunctival graft, keratectomy, corneo-conjunctival transposition, keratoleptynsis, corneal grafting) 50 Lens (include extracapsular lens removal, intracapsular lens removal, phacoemulsification, foreign body removal) 40 Case Minima for Species Canine 300 Feline 100 Equine 30 Other large animal (incl bovine, ovine, caprine) 10 Exotics/birds/Zoo 30 TRAINING IN RELATED DISCIPLINES Refer to the Fellowship Candidate Handbook, Section Candidates for Fellowship in Veterinary Ophthalmology must spend eight of the 144 weeks supervised time in the Training in Related Disciplines (TRD). Five weeks must be as per the following: William Magrane Basic Science Course in Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology (40 hours, 1 week) small animal medicine (80 hours, 2 weeks) small animal or large animal surgery (80 hours, 2 weeks). Page 6 of 31

7 The other three weeks of TRD should be composed from any of the following disciplines: veterinary ocular histopathology training (40 hours, 1 week) veterinary diagnostic imaging (40 hours, 1 week) veterinary oncology (40 hours, 1 week) veterinary dermatology (40 hours, 1 week) veterinary anaesthesia and critical care (40 hours, 1 week) veterinary neurology (40 hours, 1 week) human ophthalmic clinical training (40 hours, 1 week) laboratory animals/ocular toxicology (40 hours, 1 week) feline medicine (40 hours, 1 week) aquatic, avian, zoo or wildlife medicine (40 hours, 1 week). TRD must be undertaken with a registered specialist in that discipline or other person approved by the Training and Credentials Committee (TCC) (see Appendix 2). EXTERNSHIPS Refer to the Fellowship Candidate Handbook, Section Candidates for Fellowship in Veterinary Ophthalmology must complete four weeks of Externship activity. This may be completed in two, two-week blocks or alternatively, one continuous four week externship. The candidate may be required to complete additional Externship(s), following assessment of the Training Program Document by the TCC. ACTIVITY LOG SUMMARY Candidates should refer to the Fellowship Candidate Handbook. The Activity Log Summary (ALS) should be kept in the format of Appendix 1. An electronic version of the template is available on the college website. This log records detailed case information which should be recorded on a daily basis throughout training. The activity log summary should include medical AND surgical cases although only initial presentation of cases should be documented. Candidates are required to state whether a case was managed medically (Md) or surgically (Sx) and the system involved, by placing the correct abbreviation in the appropriate box. Obviously more than one system may be involved in an individual case and all systems should be indicated. Candidates should also indicate the working diagnosis (where possible). The template for the ALS must be submitted for approval with the Training Program documents and completed throughout the training program. The cumulative ALS must be submitted with the annual supervisor report. Page 7 of 31

8 PUBLICATIONS Refer to the Fellowship Candidate Handbook, Section 2.10 RECOMMENDED READING LIST The candidate is expected to research the depth and breadth of the knowledge of the discipline. This list is intended to guide the candidate to some core references and source material. The list is not comprehensive and is not intended as an indicator of the content of the examination. CORE TEXTS Anatomy, Histology, Embryology Cook CS, Ozanics V, Jakobiec FA. Prenatal development of the eye and its adnexa. In Tasman W, Jaeger EA, editors. Duane s foundations of clinical ophthalmology, Vol. 1, ch. 2, pp Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Duke-Elder S. The eye in evolution. System of ophthalmology, Vol. 1, Mosby, 1958 (especially important are chapters on exotic and domestic species). Evans H, editor. Miller s anatomy of the dog (ocular and orbital sections). 3rd edn. WB Saunders, 1993 (chapters on eye, orbit, and cranial nerves). Hudson L. Atlas of clinical anatomy of the cat. WB Saunders, 1993 (special senses chapter). Kern T, editor. Laboratory and exotic animal ophthalmology. Wiley Blackwell, Prince JH. Comparative anatomy of the eye. Charles C Thomas, 1956 (recommended review of the rabbit, pig, ruminant sections, other species covered in more contemporary text). Walls GL. The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Hafner Publishing, Wilkie DA & Wyman M. Comparative anatomy and physiology of the mammalian eye. In Hobson DW, Dermal and ocular toxicology, CRC Press Inc., Physiology Kaufman PL & Alm A. Adler s physiology of the eye. 10th edn. Mosby Co, Pharmacology Bartlett JD, editor. Ophthalmic drug facts th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Bartlett JB and Jaanus SD. Clinical ocular pharmacology. 5th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Mauger TF & Craig EL, editors. Havener s ocular pharmacology. 6th edn. Mosby, Pathology, Immunology Klintworth GK & Garner AG, editors. Garner and Klintworth s pathobiology of ocular disease. 3rd edn. Informa HealthCare, Page 8 of 31

9 Maxie M, editor. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer s pathology of domestic animals. 5th edn. Saunders Elsevier, 2007 (eye chapter only). Peiffer RL & Simons KB, editors. Ocular tumors in animals and humans. Iowa State Press, Peiffer RL, editor. Comparative ophthalmic pathology. CC Thomas, Saunders LZ & Rubin LF. Ophthalmic pathology of animals. S Harger, McGavin MD, Carlton WW, & Zachary JF. Thomson s special veterinary pathology. Mosby, 2000 (chapter by Render only). Yanoff M & Fine, BS. Yanoff and Fine ocular pathology. 5th edn. Text and CD-ROM package. Mosby, Neuro-ophthalmology DeLahunta A& Glass E. Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. 3rd edn. Saunders Elsevier, 2009 (chapters relevant to the eye only). Oliver JE, Lorenz MD, & Kornegay JN. Handbook of veterinary neurology. 3rd edn. WB Saunders, 1997 (chapter 11 Blindness, anisocoria, and abnormal eye movements). Surgery Benjamin L. Surgical techniques in ophthalmology: cataract surgery. Text with DVD, Saunders Elsevier, Eisner G. Eye surgery. Springer-Verlag, Gelatt KN & Gelatt J (Peterson). Small animal ophthalmic surgery. Reed Educational/Elsevier, 2001/3. Obstbaum SA. Cataract and intraocular lens surgery. In Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, vol. 4. WB Saunders, Seibel BS. Phacodynamics: mastering the tools and techniques of phacoemulsification surgery. 4th edn. SLACK Incorporated, Slatter DH. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd edn. WB Saunders, 2002, (ocular surgery sections). Clinical Ophthalmology ACVO Genetics Committee Text on Ocular Disease Suspected or Proven to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs 1999 (Fellowship candidates should familiarise themselves with this book, but not memorise all specific diseases) Barnett and Crispin. Feline Ophthalmology: An Atlas and Text, Balliere Tindall, 1997 Bamett. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Williams and Wilkins, Page 9 of 31

10 Barnett. Equine Ophthalmology: An Atlas and Text, Mosby, 2004 Barnett, Sansom and Heinrich. Canine Ophthalmology: An Atlas and Text, Saunders, 2002 Brooks. Ophthalmology for the Equine Practitioner, Teton New Media, 2002 Gilger. Equine Ophthalmology, Saunders, 2005 Gelatt. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th Edition Blackwell Publishing 2007 Gelatt. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology Lippincott 2001 Kettring K and Glaze M. Atlas of Breed-Related Canine Ocular Disorders. Veterinary Learning Systems 1998 Kettring K and Glaze M. Atlas of Feline Ophthalmology. Veterinary Learning Systems 1994 Lavach. Large Animal Ophthalmology, CV Mosby Maggs, Miller and Ofri. Slatter s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th Edition, Saunders, 2007 Martin. Ophthalmic Disease in Veterinary Medicine, Manson Publishing, 2005 Petersen-Jones and Crispin. BSAVA Manual of Small Animal Ophthalmology 2nd Edition, BSAVA, Rubin, Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmoscopy, Lea and Febiger, 1975, (though this text is out of print it is still available in most veterinary school libraries and is essential reading). Rubin. Inherited Eye Diseases in Purebred Dogs. William and Wilkins, 1989 (out of print but available). Walde et al. Atlas of Ophthalmology in Dogs and Cats. BC Decker Inc, 1990 JOURNALS Core Journals Veterinary Clinics of North America (prior to 2001) Equine Practice: Equine Ophthalmology (December 1992, vol. 8, no. 3) Large Animal Practice: Large Animal Ophthalmology (November 1984, vol. 6 no. 3) Small Animal Practice: Small Animal Ophthalmology (May 1990, vol. 20, no. 3) Surgical Management of Ocular Disease (September 1997, vo. 27, no. 5) Infectious Disease and the Eye (September 2000, vol. 30, no. 5) Page 10 of 31

11 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Journals Note: articles from these veterinary journals should be reviewed for any situation or disease that involves ocular, periocular, or neuro-ophthalmic structures, or systemic conditions relevant to ocular disease. Some of these journals may be no longer published. It is recommended that the candidate be at least familiar with articles that have appeared in the last seven years. American Journal of Veterinary Research Australian Veterinary Journal Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian Equine Veterinary Journal Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Journal of Small Animal Practice Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine New Zealand Veterinary Journal Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine, Exotic Animal, Food Animal and Small Animal Practice Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Ophthalmology Veterinary Pathology Veterinary Record Veterinary Surgery Other Resource Material AAHA Self Study Courses in Ophthalmology Kerry Ketring. The Retina Parts I and II ACVO Histology Teaching Set Page 11 of 31

12 FURTHER READING Journals Note: Review of basic science and human clinical journals should be limited to those articles dealing with situations or diseases directly applicable to veterinary ophthalmology, or one where a common domestic animal is used as an animal model. Reviews of human clinical conditions or basic science articles unrelated to veterinary ophthalmology are not necessary for exam preparation. Journals Human Titles British Journal of Ophthalmology Current Opinion in Ophthalmology Experimental Eye Research Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Survey of Ophthalmology Vision Research Journals Veterinary titles A copy of some of the classic papers in Veterinary Ophthalmology follows. This list has been revised in March 1999 by the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists 1. Acland, G.M., and Aguirre, G.D.: Retinal degenerations in the dog: IV. Early retinal degeneration (erd) in Norwegian Elkhounds. Exp. Eye Res., 44:491, Aguirre, G.D., and Acland, G.M.: Variations in retinal degeneration phenotype inherited at the prcd. locus. Exp. Eye. Res. 46:663, Aguirre, G.D., and Laties, A.: Pigment epithelial dystrophy in the dog. Exp. Eye. Res., 23:247, Aguirre, G.D., and Rubin, L.F.: Progressive retinal atrophy in the Miniature Poodle: An electrophysiologic study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 160:191, Aguirre, G.D., and O Brien, P.: Morphological and biochemical studies of canine progressive rod-cone degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:635, Aguirre, G.D., et al.: Rod-cone dysplasia in Irish Setters: A defect in cyclic GMP metabolism in visual cells. Science, 201:1133, Aguirre, G.D.: Electroretinography in veterinary ophthalmology. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 9:234, Aguirre, G.D.: Retinal degeneration in the dog. I. Rod dysplasia. Exp. Eye Res., 26:233, Page 12 of 31

13 9. Albert, D.M., et al.: Retinal neoplasia and dysplasia. I. Induction by feline leukemia virus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16:325, Albert, D.M., et al: Canine herpes-induced retinal dysplasia and associated ocular anomalies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:267, Anderson: Morphologic recovery in the reattached retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27(2): , Bellhorn, R.W., and Bellhorn, M.S.: The avian pecten. I. Fluorescein permeability. Ophthalmol. Res., 7:1, Bellhorn, R.W., Aguirre, G.D., and Bellhorn, M.B.: Feline central retinal degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 13:608, Bellhorn, R.W.: A survey of ocular findings in 16-to-24-week-old beagles. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 162:139, Bellhorn, R.W.; Fluorescein fundus photography in veterinary ophthalmology. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 9:227, Bergsma, D.R., and Brown, K.S.: White fur, blue eyes and deafness in the domestic cat. J. Hered., 62:171, Berson, E.L., et al.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. II. Supplementation with methionine, cysteine, or taurine. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:52, Bill, A.: Formation and drainage of aqueous humor in cats. Exp. Eye Res., 5:185, Bistner, S.I., Rubin, L.F., and Saunders, L.Z.: The ocular lesions of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease. Vet. Pathology, 7:272, Bito, L.Z.: Species differences in the responses of the eye to irritation and trauma: A hypothesis of divergence in ocular defense mechanisms, and the choice of experimental animals for eye research. Exp. Eye Res., 39:807, Blair, N.P., Dodge, J.T., and Schmidt, G.M.: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Labrador Retrievers. I. Development of retinal tears and detachment. Arch. Ophthalmol., 103:842, Blair, N.P., Dodge, J.T., and Schmidt, G.M.: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Labrador Retrievers. II. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol., 103:848, Bok: Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26(11): , Buyukmihci, N.C., Aguirre, G., and Marshall, J.: Retinal degenerations in the dog. II. Development of the retina in rod-cone dysplasia. Exp. Eye Res., 30:575, Buyukmihci, N.C.: Photic retinopathy in the dog. Exp. Eye. Res., 33:95, Page 13 of 31

14 26. Carmichael, L.E.: The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis I. Pathology and virological observations. Pathol. Vet., 1:73, Carmichael, L.E.: The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis II. Experimental ocular hypersensitivity produced by the virus. Pathol. Vet., 2:344, Chase, J.,: The evolution of retinal vascularization in mammals. Ophthalmology, 89: , Donovan, A.: The postnatal development of the cat retina. Exp. Eye Res., 5:249, Engerman, R.L., Molitor, D.L., and Bloodworth, J.M.B.: Vascular system of the dog retina: Light and electron microscopic studies. Exp. Eye Res., 5:296, Gelatt, K.N. et al.: Animal models for inherited cataracts: A review. Curr. Eye Res., 3(5): , Gelatt, K.N., Henderson, S.F., and Steffen, G.R.: Fluorescein angiography of the normal and diseased ocular fundi of the laboratory dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 169:980, Gum, G.C., et al.: Maturation of the retina of the canine neonate as determined by electroretinography and histology. Am. J. Vet. Res., 45:1166, Gwin, R.M., Lerner, I., Warren, K., and Gum, G.: Decrease in canine corneal endothelial cell density and corneal thickness as a function of age. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 22:267, Hayes, K.C., Nielson, S.W., and Eaton, H.D.: Pathogenesis of the optic nerve lesion in vitamin A deficient calves. Arch. Ophthalmol., 80:777, Henkind, P.: The retinal vascular system of the domestic cat. Exp. Eye Res., 5:10, Johnston, M.C., et al.: Origins of avian ocular and periocular tissues. Exp. Eye Res., 29: Jubb, K.V., Saunders, L.Z., and Coates, H.V.: The intraocular lesions of canine distemper. J. Comp. Pathol., 67:21, Kaswan, R.L., Martin, C.L., and Chapman, W.L.: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Histopathologic study of nictitating membrane and lacrimal gland from 28 dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45(1): , Martin, C.L., and Chambreau, T.: Cataract production in experimentally orphaned puppies fed a commercial replacement for bitch s milk. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 18:115, Martin, C.L.: Development of pectinate ligament structure of the dog: Study by scanning electron microscopy. Am. J. Vet. Res., 35:1433, Martin, C.L.: Gonioscopy and anatomical correlations of the drainage angle of the dog. J. Small Anim. Prac., 10:171, Page 14 of 31

15 43. Martin, C.L.: Scanning electron microscopic examination of selected canine iridocorneal angle abnormalities. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 11:300, Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment. Part I: Introduction and technique. J. Small Anim. Pract., 10:143, Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment. Part II: Description. J. Small Anim. Pract., 10:151, Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment. Part III: Description and summary. J. Small Anim. Pract. 10:163, Martin, C.L.: The normal canine iridocorneal angle as viewed with the scanning electron microscope. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 11:180, Mutlu, F., and Leopold, I.H.: Structure of the retinal vascular system of the dog, monkey, rat, mouse, and cow. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 58:261, Morrison, J.C., Defrank, M.P., and Van Buskirk, E.M.: Comparative microvascular anatomy of mammalian ciliary processes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 28:1325, Murphy, C.J., and Howland, H.C.: The optics of comparative ophthalmology. Vision Res., 27:599, Narfstrom, K.: Progressive retinal atrophy in the Abyssinian cat: Clinical characteristics. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26:193, Pedler, C.: The fine structure of the tapetum cellulosum. Exp. Eye Res., 2:189, Peiffer, R.L., Jr., Gelatt, K.N., and Gum, G.C.: Determination of facility of outflow in the dog comparing in vivo and in vitro tonographic and constant pressure perfusion techniques. Am. J. Vet. Res., 37:1473, Percy, D.H., Scott, F.W., and Albert, D.M.: Retinal dysplasia due to feline panleukopenia virus infection. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 167:935, Priester, W.A.: Congenital ocular defects in cattle, horses, cats, and dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 160: , Roberts, S.R., and Dellaporta, A., and Winter, F.C.: The collie ectasia syndrome. Pathology of the eyes of young and adult dogs. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 62:728, Roberts, S.R., Dellaporta, A., and Winter, F.C.: The collie ectasia syndrome. Pathologic alterations of the eyes of pups one to fourteen days of age. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 61:1458, Roberts, S.R.: The Collie eye anomaly. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 155:859, Rodriquez-Peralta, L.: The blood aqueous barrier in five species. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 80:713, Page 15 of 31

16 60. Sandberg, M.A. et al.: Full field electroretinograms in miniature poodles with progressive rod-cone degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:1179, Schmidt, S.Y., Berson, E.L., and Hayes, K.C.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. I. Taurine deficiency. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:47, Schmidt, S.Y., et al.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. III. Taurine deficiency and ERG amplitudes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16:673, Sharpnack, et al.: Vascular pathways of the anterior segment of the canine eye. Am. J. Vet. Res., 45(7): , Shatz, C.J., and Levay, S.: Siamese cat: Altered connections of visual cortex. Science, 204:328, Shively, J.N., and Epling, G.: Fine structure of the canine eye: cornea. Am. J. Vet. Res., 13:713, Shively, J.N., and Epling, G.P.: Fine structure of the canine eye: Iris. Am. J. Vet. Res., 30:219, Shively, J.N., Epling, G.P., and Jensen, R.: Fine structure of the postnatal development of the canine retina. Am. J. Vet. Res., 32:283, Shively, J.N., Epling, G.P., and Jenson, R.: Fine structure of the canine eye: Retina. Am. J. Vet. Res., 31:1339, Silverstein, A.M.: The pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 72:13-21, Stryer, L. The molecules of visual excitation. Sci. American, 257(1), 42-50, Tripathi, R.C., and Tripathi, B.J.: The mechanisms of aqueous outflow in primates, lower mammals and birds. A comparative study. Exp. Eye Res., 17:393, Tripathi, R.C.: Ultrastructure of the exit pathway of the aqueous in lower mammals. Exp. Eye Res., 12:311, Van Buskirk, E.M.: The canine eye: The vessels of aqueous drainage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 18:223, Wen, et al.: A comparative study of tapetum, retina, and skull of ferret, dog, and cat. Lab Anim. Sci., 35(3): , Whiteley, H.E., et al.: Ocular lesions of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Pathol., 22:219, Wilcock, B.P., and Peiffer, R.L.: Morphology and behavior of primary ocular melanomas in 91 dogs. Vet. Pathol., 23:418, Page 16 of 31

17 77. Wilcock, B.P., and Peiffer, R.L.: The pathology of lens-induced uveitis in dogs. Vet. Pathol., 24:549, Witzel, D.A., et al.: Congenital stationary night blindness: An animal model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 17: , Wong, et al.: Vasculature of cat eye. Arch. Ophthalmol., 72: , USEFUL JOURNAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES This is intended as a useful guide to more recent publications, it is not a compulsory reading list. Acott, T. S. and M. J. Kelley (2008). Extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 86(4): Aguirre, G. D., V. Baldwin, et al. (1998). Congenital stationary night blindness in the dog: common mutation in the RPE65 gene indicates founder effect. Mol Vis 4: 23. Appleyard, G. D., G. W. Forsyth, et al. (2006). Differential mitochondrial DNA and gene expression in inherited retinal dysplasia in miniature Schnauzer dogs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(5): Bentley, E. (2005). Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41(3): Bertelmann, E. and U. Pleyer (2004). Immunomodulatory therapy in ophthalmology - is there a place for topical application? Ophthalmologica 218(6): Bjerkas, E., O.Breck, R. Waagbo (2006). The role of nutrition in cataract formation in farmed fish. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources(1, No 033). Brooks, D. E., A. M. Komaromy, et al. (1999). Comparative optic nerve physiology: implications for glaucoma, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. Vet Ophthalmol 2(1): Brooks, D. E., A. M. Komaromy, et al. (1999). Comparative retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve morphology. Vet Ophthalmol 2(1): Carter, R. T., C. Giudice, et al. (2005). Telomerase activity with concurrent loss of cell cycle regulation in feline post-traumatic ocular sarcomas. J Comp Pathol 133(4): Chandler, H. L., C. M. Colitz, et al. (2007). The role of the slug transcription factor in cell migration during corneal re-epithelialization in the dog. Exp Eye Res 84(3): Chang, J. H., P. J. McCluskey, et al. (2006). Toll-like receptors in ocular immunity and the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 90(1): Page 17 of 31

18 Chintala, S. K. (2006). The emerging role of proteases in retinal ganglion cell death. Exp Eye Res 82(1): Chucair, A. J., N. P. Rotstein, et al. (2007). Lutein and zeaxanthin protect photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress: relation with docosahexaenoic acid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(11): Colitz, C. M., J. A. Bomser, et al. (2005). The endogenous and exogenous mechanisms for protection from ultraviolet irradiation in the lens. Int Ophthalmol Clin 45(1): Collin, S. P. and H. B. Collin (2006). The corneal epithelial surface in the eyes of vertebrates: environmental and evolutionary influences on structure and function. J Morphol 267(3): Cunha-Vaz, J. G. (2004). The blood-retinal barriers system. Basic concepts and clinical evaluation. Exp Eye Res 78(3): Cutler, T. J., D. E. Brooks, et al. (2000). Disease of the equine posterior segment. Vet Ophthalmol 3(2-3): Davidson, M. G. (1997). Clinical Retinoscopy for the Veterinary Ophthalmologist. Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology 7(2): Deeg, C. A., B. Amann, et al. (2006). Inter- and intramolecular epitope spreading in equine recurrent uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(2): Deeg, C. A., E. Marti, et al. (2004). Equine recurrent uveitis is strongly associated with the MHC class I haplotype ELA-A9. Equine Vet J 36(1): Deretic, D. (2006). A role for rhodopsin in a signal transduction cascade that regulates membrane trafficking and photoreceptor polarity. Vision Res 46(27): Devgan, U. (2006). Phaco fluidics and phaco ultrasound power modulations. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 19(4): Edelhauser, H. F. (2006). The balance between corneal transparency and edema: the Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(5): Fautsch, M. P. and D. H. Johnson (2006). Aqueous humor outflow: what do we know? Where will it lead us? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(10): Ford, M. M., R. R. Dubielzig, et al. (2007). Ocular and systemic manifestations after oral administration of a high dose of enrofloxacin in cats. Am J Vet Res 68(2): Freddo, T. F., S. Patz, et al. (2006). Pilocarpine s effects on the blood-aqueous barrier of the human eye as assessed by high-resolution, contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Eye Res 82(3): Galan, A., E. M. Martin-Suarez, et al. (2006). Ophthalmoscopic characteristics in sheep and goats: comparative study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53(4): Page 18 of 31

19 Gancz, A. Y., Malka, S.,Sandmeyer, L. et al (2005). Horner s Syndrome in a Red-bellied Parrot (Poicephalus rufiventris). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 19(1): Gilger, B. C., R. D. Whitley, et al. (1994). Modified lateral orbitotomy for removal of orbital neoplasms in two dogs. Vet Surg 23(1): Gipson, I. K. (2007). The ocular surface: the challenge to enable and protect vision: the Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(10): 4390; Gonzalez-Fernandez, F. and D. Ghosh (2008). Focus on Molecules: interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Exp Eye Res 86(2): Gonzalez, E. M., A. Rodriguez, et al. (2001). Review of ocular ultrasonography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42(6): Gregerson, D. S., N. D. Heuss, et al. (2007). Interaction of retinal pigmented epithelial cells and CD4 T cells leads to T-cell anergy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(10): Guillery, R. W., V. A. Casagrande, et al. (1974). Congenitally abnormal vision in Siamese cats. Nature 252(5480): Guo, Y., M. Satpathy, et al. (2007). Benzalkonium chloride induces dephosphorylation of Myosin light chain in cultured corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(5): Guziewicz, K. E., B. Zangerl, et al. (2007). Bestrophin gene mutations cause canine multifocal retinopathy: a novel animal model for best disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(5): Gwon, A. (2006). Lens regeneration in mammals: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 51(1): Hahn, C. N. (2003). Horner s syndrome in horses. Equine Veterinary Education(April): Hartskeerl, R. A., M. G. Goris, et al. (2004). Classification of leptospira from the eyes of horses suffering from recurrent uveitis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 51(3): Im, E. and A. Kazlauskas (2007). The role of cathepsins in ocular physiology and pathology. Exp Eye Res 84(3): Ittner, L. M., H. Wurdak, et al. (2005). Compound developmental eye disorders following inactivation of TGFbeta signaling in neural-crest stem cells. J Biol 4(3): 11. Jones, M., K. Pierce, D.Ward (2007). Avian Vision: A review of form and function with special consideration to birds of prey. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 16(2): Kanan, Y., A. Kasus-Jacobi, et al. (2008). Retinoid processing in cone and Muller cell lines. Exp Eye Res 86(2): Page 19 of 31

20 Kang Derwent, J. J., L. Padnick-Silver, et al. (2006). The electroretinogram components in Abyssinian cats with hereditary retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(8): Katz, M. L., K. Narfstrom, et al. (2005). Assessment of retinal function and characterization of lysosomal storage body accumulation in the retinas and brains of Tibetan Terriers with ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Am J Vet Res 66(1): Klauss, G., E. A. Giuliano, et al. (2007). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with administration of etodolac in dogs: 211 cases ( ). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(4): Kumbalasiri, T. and I. Provencio (2005). Melanopsin and other novel mammalian opsins. Exp Eye Res 81(4): Kuszak, J. R., R. K. Zoltoski, et al. (2004). Fibre cell organization in crystalline lenses. Exp Eye Res 78(3): Lamb, T. D. and E. N. Pugh, Jr. (2004). Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 23(3): Lamb, T. D. and E. N. Pugh, Jr. (2006). Phototransduction, dark adaptation, and rhodopsin regeneration: the Proctor lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(12): Little, B. C., J. H. Smith, et al. (2006). Little capsulorrhexis tear-out rescue. J Cataract Refract Surg 32(9): Lohr, H. R., K. Kuntchithapautham, et al. (2006). Multiple, parallel cellular suicide mechanisms participate in photoreceptor cell death. Exp Eye Res 83(2): Lundmark, P. O., S. R. Pandi-Perumal, et al. (2007). Melatonin in the eye: implications for glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 84(6): Maggs, D. J. and H. E. Clarke (2005). Relative sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction assays used for detection of feline herpesvirus type 1 DNA in clinical samples and commercial vaccines. Am J Vet Res 66(9): Marmorstein, A. D. and T. R. Kinnick (2007). Focus on molecules: bestrophin (best-1). Exp Eye Res 85(4): Mason, C. S., D. Buxton, et al. (2003). Congenital ocular abnormalities in calves associated with maternal hypovitaminosis A. Vet Rec 153(7): Mason, D. R., C. R. Lamb, et al. (2001). Ultrasonographic findings in 50 dogs with retrobulbar disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37(6): Mathias, R. T. and J. L. Rae (2004). The lens: local transport and global transparency. Exp Eye Res 78(3): May, C. A. and K. Narfstrom (2008). Choroidal microcirculation in Abyssinian cats with hereditary rod-cone degeneration. Exp Eye Res 86(3): Page 20 of 31

21 Millichamp, N. J., E. R. Jacobson, et al. (1983). Diseases of the eye and ocular adnexae in reptiles. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183(11): Moiseyev, G., Y. Chen, et al. (2005). RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(35): Momke, S. and O. Distl (2007). Bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmos (BCSE) in cattle: an overview of clinical signs and genetic traits. Vet J 173(2): Muniz, A., E. T. Villazana-Espinoza, et al. (2007). A novel cone visual cycle in the conedominated retina. Exp Eye Res 85(2): Murphy, C. J. (1987). Raptor Ophthalmology. Compendium Small Animal 9(3): Noller, C., W. Henninger, et al. (2006). Computed tomography-anatomy of the normal feline nasolacrimal drainage system. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(1): Parviainen, A. K. and C. M. Trim (2000). Complications associated with anaesthesia for ocular surgery: a retrospective study Equine Vet J 32(6): Paskowitz, D. M., M. M. LaVail, et al. (2006). Light and inherited retinal degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 90(8): Pauli, A. M., E. Bentley, et al. (2006). Effects of the application of neck pressure by a collar or harness on intraocular pressure in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42(3): Payne, A. P. (1994). The harderian gland: a tercentennial review. J Anat 185 (Pt 1): Petrescu, M. S., C. L. Larry, et al. (2007). Neutrophil interactions with keratocytes during corneal epithelial wound healing: a role for CD18 integrins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(11): Pitz, S. and R. Moll (2002). Intermediate-filament expression in ocular tissue. Prog Retin Eye Res 21(2): Polak, M. E., N. J. Borthwick, et al. (2007). Presence and phenotype of dendritic cells in uveal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol 91(7): Pusterla, N., J. L. Watson, et al. (2003). Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses: 63 cases ( ). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(7): Ropstad, E. O., K. Narfstrom, et al. (2008). Functional and structural changes in the retina of wire-haired dachshunds with early-onset cone-rod dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(3): Rubowitz, A., E. I. Assia, et al. (2003). Antioxidant protection against corneal damage by free radicals during phacoemulsification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(5): Sanchez, R. F., G. Innocent, et al. (2007). Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: disease trends in a Page 21 of 31

22 review of 229 cases. J Small Anim Pract 48(4): Sidjanin, D. J., J. K. Lowe, et al. (2002). Canine CNGB3 mutations establish cone degeneration as orthologous to the human achromatopsia locus ACHM3. Hum Mol Genet 11(16): Simoens, P., S. Muylle, et al. (1996). Anatomy of the ocular arteries in the horse. Equine Vet J 28(5): Sosnova-Netukova, M., P. Kuchynka, et al. (2007). The suprabasal layer of corneal epithelial cells represents the major barrier site to the passive movement of small molecules and trafficking leukocytes. Br J Ophthalmol 91(3): Stepp, M. A. (2006). Corneal integrins and their functions. Exp Eye Res 83(1): Theodossiadis, P. G., N. N. Markomichelakis, et al. (2007). Tumor necrosis factor antagonists: preliminary evidence for an emerging approach in the treatment of ocular inflammation. Retina 27(4): Theon, A. P., W. D. Wilson, et al. (2007). Long-term outcome associated with intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases ( ). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(10): Topaz, M., V. Shuster, et al. (2005). Acoustic cavitation in phacoemulsification and the role of antioxidants. Ultrasound Med Biol 31(8): Turney, C., N. H. Chong, et al. (2007). Pathological and electrophysiological features of a canine cone-rod dystrophy in the miniature longhaired dachshund. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(9): Willis, A. M., K. A. Diehl, et al. (2001). Effects of topical administration of 0.005% latanoprost solution on eyes of clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 62(12): Willis, A. M., T. E. Robbin, et al. (2001). Effect of topical administration of 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride or 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride-0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 62(5): Wilson, S. E., S. S. Chaurasia, et al. (2007). Apoptosis in the initiation, modulation and termination of the corneal wound healing response. Exp Eye Res 85(3): Yu, F. S. and L. D. Hazlett (2006). Toll-like receptors and the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(4): Zarfoss, M. K., G. Klauss, et al. (2007). Uveal spindle cell tumor of blue-eyed dogs: an immunohistochemical study. Vet Pathol 44(3): Zoukhri, D. (2006). Effect of inflammation on lacrimal gland function. Exp Eye Res 82(5): Page 22 of 31

23 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information contact the College Office Telephone: International +61 (07) Fax: International +61 (07) Web: Postal Address : admin@anzcvs.org.au Building 3, Garden City Office Park, 2404 Logan Road EIGHT MILE PLAINS QLD 4113 Australia 2013 The Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists ABN This publication is copyright. Other than for the purposes of and subject to the conditions prescribed under the Copyright Act, no part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission. Enquiries should be addressed to the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Page 23 of 31

24 APPENDIX 1 Ophthalmology Activity Log Summary (ALS) Candidate:... Address: Date Case Id Species Breed Ancillary Diagnostics performed ^ Diagnosis Orbital / globe (Md/Sx)* Eyelids (Md/Sx)* Conjunctiva/TE (Md/Sx)* Lacrimal (Md/Sx)* Cornea / Sclera (Md/Sx)* Uvea (Md/Sx)* Anterior chamber (Md/Sx)* Vitreous (Md/Sx)* Lens (Md/Sx)* Retina/ON (Md/Sx)* Gaucoma (Md/Sx)* Neuro-Ophtho (Md/Sx)* ^ Ancillary test include Gonioscopy / ERG / US / CT or MRI / C&S Cytology / FNA Bx / Histopathology * indicates primary surgeon while procedure should also be listed Md refers to medical management of Cases Sx refers to surgical management of Cases Candidate s signature:... Date:... Supervisor s signature:... Date:... Page 24 of 31

25 APPENDIX 2 Learning Outcomes for Training in Related Disciplines Throughout the 144-week training program, the Fellowship candidate in Veterinary Ophthalmology must be exposed to and actively involved in training in several related disciplines. The Fellowship candidate is encouraged to develop a working relationship with one or more specialists in each discipline to facilitate regular discussion and interaction regarding case management. In addition, involvement and participation of a specialist in these disciplines in clinical rounds and seminars attended by the Fellowship candidate is encouraged, as is participation of the Fellowship candidate in relevant rounds and seminars specific to this discipline. The Fellowship candidate must ensure that this time is spent effectively in consolidating knowledge and skills and in covering aspects of this discipline that will not be addressed adequately during the remainder of their program. The Fellowship candidate is expected to be proactive in searching out opportunities, materials and expert tuition and in compiling and organizing relevant material for future reference. Attendance at the William Magrane Basic Science Course in Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology The William Magrane Basic Science Course will contribute to 40 hours (one week) of the candidate s Training in Related Disciplines requirement. For course dates and registration details see The purpose of course attendance is to assist the candidate in acquiring a detailed knowledge of ocular embryology, ocular and comparative anatomy, ocular biochemistry, ocular physiology, optics and physiology of vision, ocular immunology, ocular pathology and histopathology. Training in the Related Discipline of Small Animal Medicine The 80 hours (2 weeks) must be directly supervised by a Fellow of the ACVSc (Small Animal Medicine, Canine Medicine or Feline Medicine), or a Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM, or exceptionally and with prior approval from the credentials committee, another recognised expert. The role of the supervisor is to provide guidance and training in internal medicine as it applies to veterinary ophthalmology patient. Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with, include but are not limited to the following: 1. exposure to medical conditions with ocular manifestation of disease e.g. diabetes, renal disease, endocrine diseases, infectious diseases and medical conditions that may affect the patient during anaesthesia, surgery or recovery 2. the development of a broad view of veterinary medical patient evaluation and their ocular implications 3. the formulation of treatment plans that encompass the medical needs of veterinary patients 4. the indication for laboratory and other diagnostic tests and interpretation of their results e.g. blood pressure measurement, techniques and pitfalls 5. monitoring the patient s response to treatment and modifying treatment as indicated. Page 25 of 31