Review on status of babesiosis in humans and animals in Iran

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Review on status of babesiosis in humans and animals in Iran Mousa Tavassoli, Sepideh Rajabi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia

1 Review on status of babesiosis in humans and animals in Iran Mousa Tavassoli, Sepideh Rajabi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Babesiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by blood parasites of the genus Babesia. These parasites are transmitted by hard ticks and blood transfusion. 1

Clinical Signs and Symptoms The clinical spectrum of babesiosis is broad and can range from asymptomatic to severe infections including death.

2 Clinical Signs and Symptoms The clinical spectrum of babesiosis is broad and can range from asymptomatic to severe infections including death. The most common symptoms are fever, muscle pain, sweats, fatigue, and jaundice. Complications can include hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes. Diagnosis Microscopy (gold standard) Giemsa/Wright stain Molecular Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Serology Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) 2

3 Babesia cabali Babesia canis Babesia equi Babesia bigemina 3

Supportive treatments Irons Vitamins Purgatives and fluid

4 Babesia divegens Babesia bovis Babesia microti Treatment Animal Quinuronium sulfate Diminazene aceturate Imidocarb diproprionate Supportive treatments Irons Vitamins Purgatives and fluid replacements; blood transfusion is highly recommended for animals with acute anaemic anoxia. 4

5 Human Imidocarb Combination of quinine and clindamycine over 7 to 10 days A Combination of atovaquine and azithromycin blood transfusion Methods and Materials Data was collected from several English and Persian databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Elm net, Web of Science, MAGIRAN, SID, etc. to identify the status of babesiosis. 5

6 Results In the survey of the seroepidemiology of Babesia Ovis by Tavassoli and Rahbari,1999 on Sheeps in four regions of Iran including the Caspian Sea, Mountainous area, the Persian Gulf and Central desert, showed that B.ovis in Iran had a significant prevalence in the mountainous region. A total 1639 sheep: 36% seropositive magazine Region Number of sample blood Percentage of positive Babesia Tavassoli et al 2003 J.Fac.Vet.Med.Univ.Tehra n Ardabil 181sheep 49.73% Razmi et al 2003 Small Ruminant Research Mashhad 391sheep-385 goats 26.1%-14.8% Hashemzadeh Farhang et al 2006 Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research Khuzestan 1000sheep 47.5% Gharekhani and Tavassoli 2010 Azad University journal Mako 183sheep 20.76% Ziapour et al2011 Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances Mazandaran 2894Sheep-292Goat 16.03%-22.27% Esmaeilnejad et al 2012 VRF West Azerbaijan 280 sheep-122 goats 18.6%-12.2% Motavalli Haghi et al 2013 Research in Molecular Medicine Mazandaran and Golestan 160 sheep-60goats %15.45 Seidabadi et al 2014 Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine North Khorasan 90sheep 6.6% Naderi et al 2017 J Parasit Dis Kuhdasht 306 sheep-51 goats 4.2%-0.5% Bazmani et al 2018 Veterinary World East Azerbaijan 123 sheep-43 goats 17.5%-5.4% small ruminants 6

7 Ziapour et al 2011 Fakhar et al 2012 Khamesipour et al 2015 magazine Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances Trop Anim Health Prod Archives of Biological Sciences Region Mazandaran Kurdistan Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary Number of sample blood 575 6, Percentage of positive Babesia 18.13% %16.4 %7.10 Rajabi et al 2017 VRF West- Azerbaijan %B.bigemina 7.5% B.bovis Hasheminasab et al 2018 Annals of Parasitology Dehgolan % Cattle magazine Region Number of sample blood Percentage of positive Babesia Malekifard et al 2014 VRF Urmia % Abedi et al 2014 Ticks and Tickborne Diseases North Khorasan 100 )%2(IFAT )%0(PCR Davoodi 2014 Scientific Journal of Veterinary Advances Meyaneh 300 %4.1 Habibi et al 2016 Iran J Parasitol Kurdistan 31 %96.77 Hosseini et al 2017 Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg Isfahan- Shahrekord )%9.4( -)%13.5( Horse 7

8 Ranjbar Bahadori et al 2009 magazine Veterinary Clinical Pathology Region Isfahan and Chaharmahal va bakhtiari Number of sample blood 113 Percentage of positive Babesia 3.54% khamesipour et al 2015 Bahrami et al 2017 Archives of Biological Sciences Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Zabol Kerman Zabol Yazd Bandar Abbas Hoveyze % 3(No) Camle magazine Region Number of sample blood Percentage of positive Babesia Razi jalali et al 2013 Raki et al 2014 Archives of Razi Institute Int. J. Biosci. Charmahal va bakhtiari Ahvaz % 5.5%Rural 2%Urban Dog 8

9 In human, Babesia microti infections are endemic in the northeastern and upper midwestern regions of the United States. Babesiosis is only sporadically reported in Europe, where cases are caused by B. divergens, B. microti. In Asia, babesiosis has been reported in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and India. There were not any reports of human babesiosis from Iran. The first case was confirmed in the former Yugoslavia in 1957 and attributed to B. divergens. Since 1990, there have been reports in the US of 100 cases in In addition, some 22 cases have been identified in Europe and there has been 1 case in Taiwan. Although most of the cases occurred in splenectomized individuals, patients who were immunodeficient for other reasons or previously healthy 9

10 Conclusions It can be concluded that the studies conducted in different regions of Iran have shown a relatively high prevalence of babesiosis in livestock, especially in the Western and Northeastern provinces of Iran which could affect the livestock industry and be dangerous to human health. 10

Status of theileriosis among herbivores in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/vol.11/march-2018/13.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Status of theileriosis among herbivores in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis