Birds are sensitive indicators of. 140 million years. Dr. Gareth Dyke. Environmental Science. Earth Systems Institute University College Dublin
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1 Birds are sensitive indicators of climate change: they have been for 140 million years Dr. Gareth Dyke UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science 13 th February 2009 Earth Systems Institute University College Dublin Institiúid na gcóras Domhanda An Coláiste Ollscoile Baile Átha Cliath Web:
2 The anniversary of Charles Darwin s birthday was yesterday Feb 12th Climate plays an important part in determining the average numbers of a species OOS 1859 ch.iii, p. 86
3 The anniversary of Abraham Lincoln s birthday was yesterday Feb 12th The Lord prefers common-looking people. That is why he makes so many of them Our President (James Morgan)
4 Keen ornithologists both, no doubt: but what am I going to talk about? (1) What are birds? (2) Why are birds good indicators of climate change? (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? (4) Lessons for Ireland
5 Why is everyone so fascinated by birds?
6 Birds and climate change: a very noticeable effect garden birds in decline Daily Telegraph Jan 2009 down a fifth compared with four years ago RSPB Garden Bird Survey 2008 considerable decrease in songbird species considerable decrease in songbird species Crowe, O Irish Birds
7 (1) What are birds? Archaeopteryx: The earliest bird 140 million-years-old Solnhofen, Bavaria teeth bony tail long-fingered hands + feathers Berlin Archaeopteryx: one of nine known skeletons
8 (1) What are birds? living descendants of theropod dinosaurs: feathered dinosaurs Sinornithosaurus: 100 mya, China
9 (1) What are birds? Neornithes: modern birds ca. 10,000 species
10 (1) What are birds? Idea about dinosaur relationship dates back to the scientific debates of the 1860s Thomas Huxley ( )
11 (1) What are birds? Huxley noticed five things about birds Fluffy body covering Birds can fly (bipinate feathers) + Birds brood their nests Birds take care of their young Birds have hollow bones (air-sac system) +
12 (1) What are birds? Velociraptor Domestic chicken hollow bones marks of the air sac system
13 (2) Why are birds good indicators of climate change? unique breathing system flight efficiency Avian respiration human lung avian respiratory system
14 (2) Why are birds good indicators of climate change? unique breathing system flight efficiency Anas: air-sac system injected with latex O'Connor PM, Claessens LPAM (2005) Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Nature 436:
15 (2) Why are birds good indicators of climate change? unique breathing system flight efficiency Extinction risk not just garden birds: Pacific marine birds Marbled Murrelet Parasitic Jaeger Masses and speeds close to envelope (alcids, procellarids) Small changes in ocean temperature will seriously impact efficiency (= extinction) Egg numbers in nests correlated to latitude (temperature) Elliott, K. et al Is mass loss in Brunnich s guillemots (Uria lomvia) an adaptation for improved flight performance or improved dive performance? Journal of Avian Biology
16 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? (Chiappe & Dyke 2007) Example 1: deep time (65 mya) Bird evolution in the Eocene: surviving the dinosaur extinction
17 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? Feduccia (1995) dinosaur Extinction here Example 1: deep time (65 mya) Bird evolution in the Eocene: surviving the dinosaur extinction
18 Understanding this Understanding this selective survival is the holy grail of avian evolution
19 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? Some results: Example 1: deep time (65 mya) Bird evolution in the Eocene: surviving the dinosaur extinction
20 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? Some results: Clade Rank Example 1: deep time (65 mya) Bird evolution in the Eocene: surviving the dinosaur extinction
21 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? Evolutionary implications: Pneumaticity distinguishes neornithine and non-modern lineages KT extinction coincident with O 2 decline 0 Non-neornithines Neornithines Pneumaticity may have advantaged neornithines post-impact Example 1: deep time (65 mya) Bird evolution in the Eocene: surviving the dinosaur extinction
22 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? Example 2: Recent time R.M. Barrington ( ) and his avian herbarium
23 (3) What am I doing about this at UCD? Lighthouse and lightship map Example 2: Recent time R.M. Barrington ( ) and his avian herbarium
24 R.M. Barrington. Cover & Inside cover - The Migration of Birds as Observed at Irish Lighthouses and Lightships.1900.
25 Interior of the Merrion St. Museum Barrington provides us with a baseline from which to track changes in Irish birds over the last 120 years (Prof. Tim Crowe Univ Cape Town) > 5,000 records of Irish birds and co. (700 species) > 10 years data ( ) complete wings and legs measurements, body mass, wing length migratory and non-migratory species
26 How does this position UCD globally? Very little current work in this area: data resolution issue Limited examples: Predicting areas of biodiversity risk/management (Lee & Jetz 2008 Proc Roy Soc) Identification of phylogenetic distribution of threatened UK birds (Thomas, G Proc Roy Soc.) We have unique data: time-resolved, geographically constrained We are a major player in Evolutionary Biology: ( htm)
27 Conclusions & prospectus: (1) Birds are dinosaurs and have a deep evolutionary history (2) Because of their biology, birds are sensitive indicators of climate change (3) Two examples of current research, one that is uniquely Irish and relevant (?) Skeletal pneumaticity was important in avian evolution (?) Historical data can be used to inform the (?) Historical data can be used to inform the present, and perhaps make future predictions
28 (4) Lessons for Ireland We can contribute to the climate change debate Evolutionary biology underpins climate responses We have access to unique data ( lab Ireland ) Stimulate research in all areas Get young people interested in science Graduate programmes in areas like evolution, palaeontology and climate change biology prevailing scientific dogma can be an impediment to innovative ideas (see for e.g. Nicholls 2009 Nature Darwin 200: A flight of fancy)
29 Key UCD Message The Innovation Imperative: Productivity growth in the Irish economy has slowed to close to zero. The only way to rediscover productivity growth and be able to sustain it is by innovation and the embedding of the knowledge society. The Energy and Climate Change Imperative: We have hugely demanding energy and emission reduction obligations the only way to meet them is through the use of markets and innovation. The Earth Systems Institute response to these imperatives - We will be an engine showing how to use research and innovation smart technology and smart policy - to regain competitiveness and productivity, generate jobs and meet our energy and climate change obligations
30 Acknowledgements: Karl Grimes: Dignified Kings project NMINH Nikita Coulter, Paolo Viscardi and Bridge to Workplace Initiative (HEA) Data entry of Barrington birds Julia Sigwart: Collections based Biology in Dublin My review papers in this area: Chiappe, L.M. & Dyke, G.J The beginnings of birds: recent discoveries, ongoing arguments and new directions, in J. Anderson and H.-D. Sues (eds), Major Evolutionary Transitions, pp Lindow, B.E & Dyke, G.J Bird evolution in the Eocene: climate change in Europe and a Danish fossil fauna. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 81: Dyke, G.J. & van Tuinen, M The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 141: E: gareth.dyke@ucd.ie
31 UCD Earth Systems Institute Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change Seminar Series In collaboration with Comhar Sustainable Development Council, Environmental Protection Agency, Forfás, Geological Survey of Ireland, Marine Institute, Met Éireann, Sustainable Energy Ireland & Teagasc Further details on the seminar series is available at A paper and podcast of this seminar will be available on the ESI website soon, please join the online ESI mailing list for such notifications ESI esi.admin@ucd.ie
32 UCD Earth Systems Institute Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change Seminar Series Next week...seminar #9 Friday 20 th February 2009 Royal College of Physicians, 12.30pm Dr. Jenny McElwain UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science Climate change and mass extinction: What can we learn from 200 million year old plants? Further details available at
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