Placental Mammal Phylogeny Orders Bayesian/Max.Likelihood tree 16,610 bp nuclear genes Murphy et al. 2001, Nature Eizirik et al. 2001, J. Heredity 98

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7 Placental Mammal Phylogeny Orders Bayesian/Max.Likelihood tree 16,610 bp nuclear genes Murphy et al. 2001, Nature Eizirik et al. 2001, J. Heredity 98 Murphy et al. 2001, Science whale dolphin hippo ruminant pig llama rhino tapir horse cat caniform pangolin flying fox rousette fruit bat rhinolophoid bat phyllostomid microbat free tailed bat hedgehog shrew mole mouse rat hystricid caviomorph sciurid rabbit pika flying lemur tree shrew strepsirrhine human sloth anteater armadillo tenrec golden mole s.e.elephant shrew l.e.elephant shrew aardvark sirenian hyrax elephant opossum diprotodontian Major Clades Cetartiodactyla Perissodactyla Carnivora Pholidota Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Rodentia Lagomorpha Dermoptera Scandentia Primates Pilosa Cingulata Euarchontoglires Xenarthra Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Sirenia Hyracoidea Proboscidea Afrotheria MARSUPIALIA

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9 ~103 MYA Afrotheria Xenarthra + Boreoeutheria

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14 98/ 95/ Eulipotyphla / hedgehog shrew mole Solenodon paradoxus whale dolphin hippo pig llama Laurasiatheria / Variamana 97/ Boreoeutheria / Euarchontoglires / Placentalia / Xenarthra / Afrotheria / 0.05 substitutions/site ruminant rhino tapir horse cat caniform pangolin flying fox rousette fruit bat rhinolophoid bat phyllostomid bat free tailed bat mouse rat hystricid caviomorph sciurid rabbit pika flying lemur tree shrew strepsirrhine human sloth anteater armadillo tenrec golden mole s.e. elephant shrew l.e. elephant shrew aardvark sirenian hyrax elephant opossum diprotodontian ML Tree 13.9 kb alignment ln L= Relevant nodes show ML bootstrap/ Bayesian posterior probability (in percent)

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18 Relaxed Clock approach Identify calibration points with upper and lower bounds each branch assigned its own rate of substitution given a model of nucleotide evolution uses a model that smooths rate changes between nodes DATES WHOLE TREE QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

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23 Effects of 10 km bolide: mega-tsunamis hyper-canes wildfires acidic rainfalls blocking of sunlight dropping temperatures death of vegetation falling ejecta

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26 Eleutherodactylus abbotti

27 Cricosaura typica

28 Cricosaura Xantusiinae 76 (57 101) Mya

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30 Crocidura Blarina Domnina Parapternodus Koniaryctes Oligoryctes altitalonidus TaberButte Oligoryctes cameronensis Apternodus gregoryi Apternodus major Apternodus dasophylakas Apternodus iliffensis Apternodus brevirostris Apternodus mediaevus Apternodus baladontus Nesophontes Centetodon Echinosorex Erinaceus Micropternodus Solenodon paradoxus Solenodon cubanus Pararyctes Eoryctes Silvercoulee Microgale Setifer Elephantulus Macroscelides Didelphis Asher et al morphological dataset constrained by Roca et al molecular phylogeny: (Didelphis,(((Microgale,Setifer),(Macroscelides,Elephantulus)),((S.paradoxus,S.cubanus),((Echinosorex,Erinaceus), (Crocidura,Blarina))))). The tree shown is the majority-rule consensus of 295 trees of length 401, with observed bipartitions shown above each branch. Bootstrap proportions >50% are in boldface below the branches.

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33 Supplementary Table 1: Samples of Solenodon cubanus Lab. of Genomic Label Museum* and Sex and age Diversity number specimen no. Sample type Collection info. Scu MCZ12413 Scu MFN3344 Scu MFN3320 Scu MCZ46305 Scu MCZ3223 Tissue from untanned? skin Abdominal muscle (alcohol) Abdominal muscle (alcohol) Dried snout tissue from skull Skin, urogenital (alcohol) F. Poey? ? F. Poey, 19th century Gundlach, 19th century Grandidier Collection, pre 1947 G. A. Maack, 1871 S1 Sa Sj S2 S3 MCZ MFN 3344 MFN 3320 MCZ MCZ 3223 Male, Adult Male, Adult Male, Juvenile Unknown Male, Adult *MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA *MFN: Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany Scu MCZ3223 was a mounted skin from a specimen that had been in alcohol, thus it may have been formalin exposed. Scu MCZ12413 collection information is based on Barbour 1944 (Proc. New England Zool. Club 23:1 8). Felipe Poey

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35 Iturralde Vinent and Macphee, 1999

36 Kumar and Hedges, 1998 Comparison to human where only one group is specified

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38 Nesophontes Herpestes auropunctatus

39 Thanks to... Gila Kahila Bar Gal Eduardo Eizirik Kristofer M. Helgen Roberto Maria Mark S. Springer Stephen J. O Brien William J. Murphy C. Bell A. Brandt J. Brucksch D. Castillo, N. Crumpler M. Malasky J. Minchoff H. Otero K. Scott, P. Sherman J. Tabler E. Teeling Parque Zoologico Nacional (ZOODOM) of the Dominican Republic J. Chupasko at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology P. Giere at the Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin F Poey ( )