COMPOSITION 9 Final Overview

Transcription

1 COMPOSITION 9 Final Overview 50 Questions: Persuasive Writing Analysis (10 Multiple-choice questions) Bias Claim Counter argument Rhetorical Devices: analogy, parallelism Support Thesis statement Informative Writing Analysis (10 m.c. questions) Bias Facts and Opinions Main Idea Supporting Details QUIZ FORMAT: Narrative Writing (10 True-False questions) Chronological Descriptive language Dialogue First-person point of view Hook / Attention Grabber Sensory Details Research Skills (10 m.c. questions) Boolean search Evaluating websites Keyword MLA-citation Plagiarism Grammar (10 m.c. questions) Combining sentences Parallelism Word usage COMPOSITION 9 Final Overview 50 Questions: Persuasive Writing Analysis (10 Multiple-choice questions) Bias Claim Counter argument Rhetorical Devices: analogy, parallelism, repetition Support Thesis statement Informative Writing Analysis (10 m.c. questions) Bias Facts and Opinions Main Idea Supporting Details Text Organization: chronological QUIZ FORMAT: Narrative Writing (10 True-False questions) Chronological Descriptive language Dialogue First-person point of view Hook / Attention Grabber Sensory Details Research Skills (10 m.c. questions) Boolean search Evaluating websites Keyword MLA-citation Plagiarism Grammar (10 m.c. questions) Combining sentences Parallelism Word usage

2 LITERARY TERMS Analogy: A logical comparison of two unlike objects. Attention Grabber / Hook: Opening sentence(s) in an essay in which the author attempts to catch the reader s interest with a rhetorical question, startling fact or statistic, quotation, etc. Author s Purpose: Informative - To inform the reader with new info on a topic. Narrative - To entertain the reader. Persuasive - To persuade the reader to change their mind or actions. Bias: Author s preference of one idea over another. Boolean search: Database search in which the words AND, OR, and NOT are used to narrow search results. Chronological: Text organization in which the events are arranged in the order in which they occurred. Claim: An arguable statement on a topic used in persuasive writing.; Counter argument: The explanation of why the writer s claim is better than the opposite side of the argument (counterclaim). Descriptive language: Vivid language intended to create an idea in the reader s mind of a mood, person, place, thing, event, emotion, or experience; typically used in a narrative. Dialogue: Lines spoken by a character or characters in a narrative. Evaluating websites: Process of determining the value of an online source by assessing the currency, reliability, authority, and purpose of the website. Fact: A piece of information that can be proven, used to provide evidence in writing. First person point-of-view: Narrative perspective in which the story is told from the perspective of one character (I, me, mine). Keyword: Specific and descriptive words used in search engines to generate results. Main idea: The most important idea that the writer is communicating to the reader in informative writing. MLA-Citation: Format used to identify research sources in writing for English classes both in the text and in a list of the sources. Parallelism: The use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related or of similar importance. Plagiarism: The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own; includes paraphrasing, cutting and pasting, etc. Repetition: When a writer intentionally repeats the same words or phrases a few times (at least three) to emphasize an idea and make it clearer. Sensory details: Words that appeal to the sense of sight, smell, sound, touch, and taste. Support: Evidence that proves a claim, such as citing statistics, using quotations from experts, or telling personal anecdotes. Supporting details: Sentences that provide details and help develop the main idea. Thesis statement: Debatable sentence that summarizes your position on a topic. LITERARY TERMS Analogy: A logical comparison of two unlike objects. Attention Grabber / Hook: Opening sentence(s) in an essay in which the author attempts to catch the reader s interest with a rhetorical question, startling fact or statistic, quotation, etc. Author s Purpose: Informative - To inform the reader with new info on a topic. Narrative - To entertain the reader. Persuasive - To persuade the reader to change their mind or actions. Bias: Author s preference of one idea over another. Boolean search: Database search in which the words AND, OR, and NOT are used to narrow search results. Chronological: Text organization in which the events are arranged in the order in which they occurred. Claim: An arguable statement on a topic used in persuasive writing.; Counter argument: The explanation of why the writer s claim is better than the opposite side of the argument (counterclaim). Descriptive language: Vivid language intended to create an idea in the reader s mind of a mood, person, place, thing, event, emotion, or experience; typically used in a narrative. Dialogue: Lines spoken by a character or characters in a narrative. Evaluating websites: Process of determining the value of an online source by assessing the currency, reliability, authority, and purpose of the website. First person point-of-view: Narrative perspective in which the story is told from the perspective of one character (I, me, mine). Keyword: Specific and descriptive words used in search engines to generate results. Main idea: The most important idea that the writer is communicating to the reader in informative writing. MLA-Citation: Format used to identify research sources in writing for English classes both in the text and in a list of the sources. Parallelism: The use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related or of similar importance. Plagiarism: The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own; includes paraphrasing, cutting and pasting, etc. Repetition: When a writer intentionally repeats the same words or phrases a few times (at least three) to emphasize an idea and make it clearer. Sensory details: Words that appeal to the sense of sight, smell, sound, touch, and taste. Support: Evidence that proves a claim, such as citing statistics, using quotations from experts, or telling personal anecdotes. Supporting details: Sentences that provide details and help develop the main idea. Thesis statement: Debatable sentence that summarizes your position on a topic.

3 Fact: A piece of information that can be proven, used to provide evidence in writing. COMPOSITION 9 Final Study Guide LITERARY TERM: DEFINITION: EXAMPLE: Analogy: A logical comparison of two unlike objects. Attention Grabber / Hook: Author s Purpose: Opening sentence(s) in an essay in which the author attempts to catch the reader s interest with a rhetorical question, startling fact or statistic, quotation, etc. Informative - To inform the reader with new info on a topic. Narrative - To entertain the reader. Persuasive - To persuade the reader to change their mind or actions. Bias: Author s preference of one idea over another. Boolean search: Chronological: Claim: Database search in which the words AND, OR, and NOT are used to narrow search results. Text organization in which the events are arranged in the order in which they occurred. An arguable statement on a topic used in persuasive writing.; Counter Argument: The explanation of why the writer s claim is better than the opposite side of the argument (counterclaim). Descriptive Language: Vivid language intended to create an idea in the reader s mind of a mood, person, place, thing, event, emotion, or experience; typically used in a narrative. Lines spoken by a character or characters in

4 Dialogue: a narrative. Evaluating Websites: Fact: Process of determining the value of an online source by assessing the currency, reliability, authority, and purpose of the website. A piece of information that can be proven, used to provide evidence in writing. First Person Point-of-View: Keyword: Narrative perspective in which the story is told from the perspective of one character (I, me, mine). Specific and descriptive words used in search engines to generate results. Main Idea: MLA-Citation: Parallelism: Plagiarism: Repetition: Sensory Details: The most important idea that the writer is communicating to the reader in informative writing. Format used to identify research sources in writing for English classes both in the text and in a list of the sources. The use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related or of similar importance. The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own; includes paraphrasing, cutting and pasting, etc. When a writer intentionally repeats the same words or phrases a few times (at least three) to emphasize an idea and make it clearer. Words that appeal to the sense of sight, smell, sound, touch, and taste. Support: Supporting Details: Evidence that proves a claim, such as citing statistics, using quotations from experts, or telling personal anecdotes. Sentences that provide details and help develop the main idea.

5 Thesis Statement: Debatable sentence that summarizes your position on a topic. NARRATIVE WRITING What are the characteristics of good narrative writing? 1. Interesting Characters In order to interest and move readers, characters need to seem real. Good authors provide details that make characters individual and particular. In a good narrative, the author concentrates on revealing the characters appearances and their complex personalities in a way that is interesting to the reader. 2. Conflict A story without conflict is like food without flavor it's bland, boring, and not worth reading. Conflicts can be internal or external, and they do not always have to be extremely dramatic or involve danger. A good narrative has at least one central conflict that seems interesting and important to the reader. 3. Dialogue Dialogue is a unique and important element in a narrative because it helps to bring the story to life. A good narrative uses dialogue to define the character or speaker, convey information in a colorful manner, and set the mood and scene. 4. Suspense A good narrative grabs a reader s attention and never lets go. The best authors grab a reader s emotions by building a conflict that matters in some important way. 5. Descriptive Language Language that is descriptive paints a picture for the readers, helping them to visualize the story. Good authors use descriptive language that appeals to the five senses, including figurative language. 6. Closure A good author wraps up a narrative by giving the reader a sense of closure. The ending will provide the reader with relief and clarity, especially when all conflicts are resolved and all questions are answered. A good narrative leaves the reader with a message to walk away with. RESEARCH SKILLS Strategic Searching Strategies 1. Create research questions to guide your search. 2. Choose multiple, specific, descriptive keywords for narrower results. 3. Try search symbols or Boolean operators. 4. Choose a search tool. 5. Record your results. Finding Reliable Sources * Determine the AUTHOR and conduct test of: C = Currency R = Reliability A = Authority P = Purpose Domain (most/least reliable) Cite Your Sources Types of in-text MLA Citations: Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body, often over a period of months or years (Mayo Clinic). According to the Mayo Clinic, lead poisoning is an accumulation of lead inside the body over a period of time. On the Mayo Clinic s website it states that lead poisoning is a buildup of lead in the body. MLA Citation for Online Article: Author (if there is one). Article Title. Website Title. Company. Date published. Type of publication. Date Viewed. Example:

6 Remember, anyone can publish anything on the web. Rea, Laura. MLA Citations are Fun. Mrs. Rea s Class Website. 2 Feb Web. 10 Jun 2016.

7 INFORMATIVE WRITING from Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds, 2nd Edition by D. Caroline Ciole, PhD. LABRADOR History The original Labradors were all-purpose water dogs originating in Newfoundland, not Labrador. Not only did the breed not originate in Labrador, but it also was not originally called the Labrador Retriever. The Newfoundland of the early 1800s came in different sizes, one of which was the "Lesser" or "St. John's" Newfoundland the earliest incarnation of the Labrador. These dogs medium-sized black dogs with close hair-not only retrieved game but also retrieved fish, pulled small fishing boats through icy water, and helped the fisherman in any task involving swimming. Eventually the breed died out in Newfoundland in large part because of a heavy dog tax. However, a core of Labradors had been taken to England in the early 1800s, and it is from these dogs, along with crosses to other retrievers, that the breed continued. It is also in England that the breed earned its reputation as an extraordinary retriever of upland game. Initially breeders favored black Labs, and culled yellow or chocolate colors. By the early 1900s, the other colors had become acceptable, although still not as widely favored as the blacks. The breed was recognized by the English Kennel Club in 1903 and by the AKC in The popularity of this breed has grown steadily until it became the most popular breed in America in 1991 and remains so today. Temperament Upkeep AKC Ranking: 1 Family: Gundog, Retriever Area of Origin: Canada Date of Origin: 1800s Original Function: Water retrieving Today's Function: Assistance, obedience competition. Other Name: None Few breeds so richly deserve their popularity as does the Labrador Retriever. When trained, it is obedient and amiable, and tolerates well the antics of children, other dogs, and other pets. It will be a calm house dog, playful yard dog, and intense field dog all on the same day. It is eager to please, enjoys learning, and excels in obedience. It is a powerful breed that loves to swim and retrieve. It needs daily physical and mental challenges to keep it occupied, however; a bored Lab can get into trouble. The Labrador s hunting instinct drives it to roam; breeders say "his home is under his hat." Labradors are active and sociable dogs. They need daily exercise, preferably in the form of retrieving and swimming. Owners with swimming pools either must fence them out or be prepared to share the pool with a dog. The Lab coat sheds water easily. It needs weekly brushing to remove dead hair. Although Labs can live outdoors in temperate climates, they are much happier indoors with their family.

8 GERMAN SHEPHERD History Despite an outward appearance slightly resembling a wolf, the German Shepherd Dog is a fairly recently developed breed and, contrary to naive beliefs, it is no more closely related to the wolf than any other breed of dog. The breed is the result of a conscious effort to produce the ideal shepherd, capable of herding and guarding its flocks. Perhaps never in the history of any breed has such concerted effort been put into improving a dog, mostly due to the formation in 1899 of the Verein fur Deutsche Scharferhunde SV, an organization devoted to overseeing the breeding of the German Shepherd. Breeders sought to develop not only a herding dog but also one that could excel at jobs requiring courage, athleticism, and intelligence. In short order, the German Shepherd had proved itself a more than capable police dog, and subsequent breeding strove to perfect its abilities as an intelligent and fearless companion and guardian. During World War I, it was the obvious choice for a war sentry. At the same time, the AKC changed the breed's name from German Sheepdog to Shepherd Dog, and Britain changed it to Alsatian Wolfdog, both attempts to dissociate the dog from its unpopular German roots. The Wolfdog was later dropped as it caused many people to fear the dogs. In 1931, the AKC restored the breed's name to German Shepherd Dog. The greatest boon to the Shepherd's popularity came in the form of two dogs, both movie stars: Strongheart and Rin Tin Tin. The German Shepherd held the number one spot in American popularity for many years. Although presently it has dropped from the top spot, the German Shepherd remains as one of the most versatile dogs ever created, serving as a police dog, war dog, guide dog, search-and-rescue dog, narcotics-or explosives-detecting dog, show dog, guard dog, pet and even shepherd. AKC Ranking: 4 Family: Livestock, Herding Area of Origin: Germany Date of Origin: 1800s Original Function: Sheep herder, guardian, police dog Today's Function: Police, contraband detection, assistance, herding trials Other Name: Alsatian, Deutscher Schaferhundb Temperament Upkeep Among the most intelligent of breeds, the German Shepherd Dog is so intent on its mission-whatever that may be-that it is virtually unsurpassed in working versatility. It is utterly devoted and faithful. Aloof and suspicious toward strangers, it is protective of its home and family. It can be domineering. It can be aggressive toward other dogs, but it is usually good with other pets. This breed needs daily mental and physical challenges. It enjoys a good exercise session as well as learning session. It can live outside in temperate to cool climates, but it is family oriented and does equally well as a house dog. Its coat needs brushing one or two times weekly. From Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds, 2nd edition by D. Caroline Coile, Ph.D. Copyright 2005, 1998 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Reprinted by arrangement with Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, NY.

9 PERSUASIVE WRITING Dogs Like Us by Ted Kerasote The 130th Westminster Dog Show comes to New York today, with its thousands of contestants, ranging in size from two-pound Chihuahuas to 120-pound Great Danes. As the highly groomed dogs prance down the runways of Madison Square Garden the floor-length coats of the Afghan hounds swaying, the teased coiffures of the poodles bouncing it's hard not to think of a fashion show. In the case of dog shows, a given breed's parent club sets the standard for the breed's look or style. These standards describe an ideal specimen and are supposed to relate a dog's form to the original function it performed. But given that dogs are the most plastic of species, and people are inventive, some remarkable varieties of dogs have been created to serve our notions of beauty, novelty, companionship and service. Unfortunately, in some breeds, form has trumped function. The Pekingese and the bulldog, whose flattened faces make breathing difficult, are two examples. Such design flaws often perpetuated by breeders trying to produce a dog with a unique look have enduring consequences for individual dogs, their progeny and the people who love them. Of the 180 breeds listed on one popular website for choosing purebred puppies, 42 percent have chronic health problems: skin diseases, stomach disorders, a high incidence of cancers, the inability to bear young without Caesareans, shortened life spans. The list is as disturbing as it is long, and poses a question: dazzled by the uniqueness of many of the breeds we've created, have we - the dog-owning public - turned a blind eye to the development of a host of dysfunctional animals? Fifteen years ago, I was just such a starry-eyed dog buyer, poring over dog magazines and litters of pups registered with the American Kennel Club. Fate intervened. While kayaking on the San Juan River in Utah, I met a 10-month-old pup roaming free and making his own living in the desert. He wore no collar and looked to be a cross between a yellow Lab and who knew what-- a golden retriever, a redbone coonhound, a Rhodesian ridgeback-- a dog who seemed to shape-shift before my eyes. It was love at first sight. He jumped into my truck at the end of the trip, and I brought him home to Wyoming, named him Merle and gave him his own dog door so he could come and go as he wished. His mixed genes and native intelligence took care of the rest. Merle would never have won a dog show, but his vigor and steadiness demonstrated what good genes can do. On the other hand, buying a purebred dog from a reputable breeder is no guarantee of a healthy dog, since the existing guidelines for purebred dogs are highly subjective. Consider the German shepherd. Current American Kennel Club show standards favor those with extremely low-slung back ends. But photographs of German shepherds from earlier in the 20th century show a dog with a high rear end, one that even a lay person would call a normal-looking dog. The makeover was done to create a German shepherd that certain breeders believed would have strong forward propulsion while being aesthetically pleasing. Unfortunately, as many experts have noted, such low-slung dogs have nagging balance problems and look crippled. Dog buyers who want a shepherd or many other Kennel Club-recognized breeds must sort through such biomechanical and stylistic disagreements among breeders. So if the pageantry of Westminster moves you to bring a new pup into the household, here's a few tips that can save you some heartache and vet bills, particularly if the dog you have in mind is purebred. Investigate the track records of breeders. Meet both parents of the prospective pup. Talk with people who have bought from the breeder. And learn about the idiosyncrasies of one's chosen breed. If every dog buyer did such research, it would also help shut down the 5,000 puppy mills that, according to the Humane Society, provide most of the half-million purebred dogs sold through pet stores and the Internet. Poorly regulated, unsanitary puppy mills survive because people get charmed by that puppy in the window. Unlike the wrong computer or an automobile, however, faulty dogs can't be readily exchanged or resold. They can be "given up" to an animal shelter, and they are, at the rate of about four million dogs each year. We owe our dogs more than this. After all, it is we who have shaped them. Even when we err, they continue to put their trust and their lives in our hands. "Dogs Like Us" by Ted Kerasote, The New York Times, August 2, Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission.