Elizabeth Gleim, PhD. North Atlantic Fire Science Exchange April 2018
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1 Elizabeth Gleim, PhD North Atlantic Fire Science Exchange April 2018
2 Ticks & Tick-borne Pathogens of the Eastern United States Amblyomma americanum AKA lone star tick Associated Diseases: Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) Ehrlichiosis ewingii Southern tick associated rash illness (STARI) A. maculatum AKA Gulf Coast tick Associated Diseases: Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis Dermacentor variabilis AKA American dog tick Associated Diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) Ixodes spp. I. scapularis I. minor I. affinis Associated Diseases: Lyme disease Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) Babesiosis
3 Tick-borne Disease Incidence & Emergence are on the Rise Land Modification Increase in host abundance Climate change Vector expansion CDC 2013
4 Tick-borne Disease Incidence & Emergence are on the Rise Land Modification Increase in host abundance Climate change Vector expansion CDC 2013
5 Ticks & Fire Tick populations reduced immediately after fire. Tick populations steadily recover over-time Dispute over long-term effects of fire on tick abundance Increase or decrease in tick population &/or pathogen prevalence?? Previous studies fail to account for variables affecting tick populations and/or do not simulate real-world management practices
6 Objectives In southwest Georgia, determine: 1) Tick abundance & seasonality 2) Tick-borne pathogen prevalence 3)Determine the effects of long-term prescribed burning on the above
7 21 Total Sites Study Design 8 burned sites, surrounded by burned areas (BB) 5 burned sites, surrounded by portions of unburned areas (BUB) 5 unburned sites, surrounded by burned areas (UBB) 3 control sites unburned, surrounded by unburned (UBUB)
8 Methods Tick surveys Monthly flagging Microclimate & Weather Quarterly vegetation & host surveys
9 Burns performed as dictated by land managers All dormant season burns Ichauway : 2 year burns WMA s : 2-4 year burns All WMA s burned during study period
10 >47,000 ticks collected!! Lone star tick by far most abundant Blacklegged tick second most common Gulf coast tick surprisingly abundant; third most common American dog tick fourth most common
11 Average Total Ticks per Hour* Impact of Long-term Prescribed Burning on Tick Abundance BB BUB UBB UBUB Month *One clutch of larvae was counted as a single tick.
12 Other Variables Impacts on Ticks Total tick counts Interaction between burning & season >95% litter cover 2x more ticks High tree densities 6x more ticks Black-legged ticks Burning 78% reduction High tree densities 17x more ticks Recent precipitation 2x more ticks
13
14 Red imported fire ants (RIFA) strongly prefer disturbed habitats Burning = disturbance = presence of fire ants
15 RIFA predation on Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) observed No data on other tick species in SE US Correlary and observational studies Few experimental studies
16 3 treatments Lack of ticks confirmed Burned Unburned RIFA x No RIFA 10 tick enclosures per treatment
17 Engorged lone star (n=19) and Gulf coast tick (n=17) nymphs stocked into each tick enclosure Released during months previously determined to be naturally active RIFA actively monitored and managed during study Adults collected & survival determined
18 Percent Survival No sig. effect of RIFA on either tick spp. (F = 1.32; df = 1, 35; p = ) A A 35 Gulf coast ticks survived significantly better in the burned habitats than lone stars (p <0.0001) b A. maculatum A. americanum 15 Lone stars survived significantly better in the unburned habitat versus the burned habitat (p = ) a, B a, B B, A B, NA NB, NA B = burned NB = not burned A = RIFA present NA = no RIFA
19 Gulf coast ticks better adapted to burned habitats Higher temperatures, lower humidities OVERALL: The forest structure is driving tick reductions Harsher microclimates in burned sites Burned Unburned
20 Pathogen prevalence similar to past studies No B. burgdorferi in blacklegged ticks No Lyme disease No significant differences in pathogen prevalence + Decrease in ticks = Lower disease risk! 0.02 infected ticks/ hour in all burn treatments 0.70 infected ticks/hr in UBUB
21 Long-term prescribed fire reduces tick populations ~98% reduction in ticks!! WHY? Change in vegetation structure hotter, drier environment Major reduction in disease risk for humans: 0.02 infected ticks/ hour in all burn treatments 0.70 infected ticks/hr in UBUB
22
23 Acknowledgements Funding provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Georgia, J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichauway, & the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS) Thanks to the following for field, laboratory & technical support: Collaborators: Michael Yabsley, Mike Conner, Michael Levin, Galina Zemstova and Roy Berghaus Staff and students at Ichauway, particularly technicians and hourly s of Ichauway s wildlife lab SCWDS Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Wildlife Resources Division, region 5 And to the private land owners for land use & field support
24 Questions?
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