RESULTS OF 5 YEARS OF INTEGRATED TICK MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL FAIRFIELD COUNTY, CT
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1 RESULTS OF 5 YEARS OF INTEGRATED TICK MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL FAIRFIELD COUNTY, CT Scott C. Williams Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases The CT Agricultural Experiment Station Pioneer Press: Scott Goihl Scott.Williams@ct.gov
2 PUBLICATIONS Williams, S. C., K. C. Stafford, III, G. Molaei, and M. A. Linske Integrated control of nymphal Ixodes scapularis: Effectiveness of white-tailed deer reduction, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and fipronil-based rodent bait boxes. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 18:
3 PUBLICATIONS Williams, S. C., E. A. H. Little, K. C. Stafford III, G. Molaei, and M. A. Linske Integrated control of juvenile Ixodes scapularis parasitizing Peromyscus leucopus in residential southwestern Connecticut. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 9:
4 PUBLICATIONS Linske, M. A., S. C. Williams, K. C. Stafford III, and Isaac M. Ortega Ixodes scapularis reservoir host diversity and abundance impacts on dilution of Borrelia burgdorferi in residential and woodland habitats in Connecticut, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 55:
5 PUBLICATIONS Williams, S. C., M. A. Linske, and J. S. Ward Long-term effects of Berberis thunbergii management on Ixodes scapularis abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi prevalence in Connecticut, USA. Environmental Entomology 46:
6 INTEGRATED TICK MANAGEMENT CDC-funded Redding, CT Differing combos Deer reduction Fipronil bait boxes Metarhizium anisopliae
7 TREATMENT COMBINATIONS 4 Neighborhoods Control (n = 12 residences) Deer removal only (n = 8) Met 52 + Bait box (n = 13) Deer removal, Met 52, Bait box (n = 5)
8 Sought to reduce deer to 10-12/square mile in 2 neighborhoods Inland setting Sharpshooting at private residences Hunter protests, misinformation campaign, direct interference DEER REMOVAL
9 CONVINCED OF GOVERNMENT CONSPIRACY
10
11 TREATMENTS Marginal deer reductions on the 2 square miles 51 in in in 2015 Met52 sprayed on select properties Bait boxes deployed Rodent trapping Nymphal scapularis lawnedge dragging
12 RESULTS-ENCOUNTER POTENTIAL > 1 QUESTING SCAPULARIS NYMPH
13 RESULTS-ENCOUNTER POTENTIAL > 1 BORRELIA-INFECTED QUESTING NYMPH Deer and Nymphs
14 JUVENILE SCAPULARIS PARASITIZING CAPTURED P. LEUCOPUS
15 PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS SEROLOGICALLY POSITIVE FOR BORRELIA ANTIBODIES
16 DEER MANAGEMENT Connecticut s s Bounding Deer Herd CT deer population Year
17 NATIONWIDE LYME DISEASE CASES 300, ,000! 34, Year
18 OTHER TICK-BORNE DISEASES
19 DEER AS RESERVOIRS FOR PATHOGENS Ixodes scapularis-vector Deer are reservoir incompetent for: Borrelia burgdorferi Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia microti Amblyomma americanum-vector Deer reservoir competent for: Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia ewingii MO, OK, TN, NC, VA CT?
20 DEER AS DILUTION HOSTS Abundance of incompetent hosts (not diversity of) will dilute pathogen presence Result in a lesser % of infected ticks More hosts = more ticks Significant deer management: Fewer reservoir incompetent hosts Ticks desperately host-seek Temporary perceived amplification in abundance Ticks switch to available remaining competent hosts Infection increases
21 DEER AND TICKS POSITIVELY CORRELATED Kilpatrick, H.J., Labonte, A.M. and Stafford III, K.C., The relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of Lyme disease in a residential community. Journal of Medical Entomology, 51(4), pp
22 Deer density < 10 deer/square mile Will see collapse of ticks Tick-borne illness ALWAYS used as justification for hunting Moderate reductions with regulated hunting not effective Hunting suburbia results in 40 deer/square mile before it becomes work Diminishing returns DEER MANAGEMENT
23 TAKE HOME MESSAGES Deer management draws out public emotion Marginal deer reduction results in perceived increases in scapularis In the absence of deer, ticks host-switch to competent reservoirs and infection increases In mice too Met52/Bait box combination alone resulted in significantly fewer: Encounters with questing nymphs Encounters with Borrelia-infected questing nymphs Ticks/mouse
24 DIVERSITY AND DISEASE: THE ROLE OF WILDLIFE IN THE LYME DISEASE ECOLOGY Megan A. Linske Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases The CT Agricultural Experiment Station
25 LYME DISEASE DILUTION EFFECT Increased host diversity results in decreased pathogen presence Large forested intact ecosystems foster more diversity Increased host diversity displaces competent reservoirs (white-footed mice) Fragmented residential areas fewer hosts = more pathogen presence
26 ROLE OF LANDSCAPE Woodlands are less hospitable Mature, old-age tree stands Loss of habitat stratification Shrub layer composed of invasives Residential properties are more diverse Promotes habitat heterogeneity
27 STUDY SITES AND METHODS 18 woodland sites 325 to 2,800 ha Geographically spaced throughout CT Organized into 6 clusters 30 residential sites < 2.0 ha Redding, CT Organized into 8 clusters Small mammal trapping Camera trapping
9/26/2018 RESULTS OF 5 YEARS OF INTEGRATED TICK MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL FAIRFIELD COUNTY, CT PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS
RESULTS OF 5 YEARS OF INTEGRATED TICK MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL FAIRFIELD COUNTY, CT Scott C. Williams Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases The CT Agricultural Experiment Station PUBLICATIONS
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