Mozak (encephalon) prosencephalon. deuterencephalon. rhombencephalon. myelencephalon. diferencira se od prednjeg dela nervne cevi

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1 petodelna organizacija Mozak (encephalon) diferencira se od prednjeg dela nervne cevi prosencephalon deuterencephalon telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon

2 Mozak (encephalon) Zadnji deo (rhombencephalon) prima i obrađuje informacije iz taktilnih, temperaturnih, gustatornih receptora i iz akustičko lateralnog sistema. Odgovoran za brze reakcije organizma na promene u neposrednoj okolini. Prednji i srednji deo mozga prima, sumira i integriše informacije iz fotoreceptora i olfaktornih organa. Odgovoran za informacije koje dolaze iz prostorno udaljenog dela sredine. Preuzeto iz Butler & Hodos (2005) Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy : evolution and adaptation John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3 Završni mozak (myelencephalon) zadnji deo IV moždane komore zadnji horioidni pleksus (tela chorioidea posterior) jezgra zadnjih glavenih nerava (VI-XII) olive asocijativni centri motorčkih aktivnosti (kod većine kičmenjaka) piramide ventralno položeni traktovi koji odlaze u kičmenu moždinu (kod sisara) kod riba se javljaju posebne akustičkosenzitivne zone kao i dobro razvijene visceralno senzitivne zone (vezane za prisustvo široko rasprostranjenih gustatornih receptora) retikularna formacija (formatio reticularis) prima informacije iz čulnih organa i prenosi do drugih delova CNS-a

4 Zadnji mozak (metencephalon) cerebellum - diferencijacija dorzalnog dela nervne mase prednji deo IV moždane komora jezgra V para glavenih nerava Somatičko-senzitivne zone motorna jezgra (branhiomerna muskulatura mandibularne oblasti) Varolijev most (kod sisara i nekih ptica) ventralni deo moždanog stabla koji je veza između cerebruma i cerebelluma

5 Cerebellum Anamniota: corpus cerebelli - archicerebellum (u osnovi cerebeluma, informacije iz akustičko-lateralne zone) auricle - paleocerebellum (spoljašnji deo, informacije iz proprioceptora trupne oblasti) Amniota: corpus cerebelli - archicerebellum auricle - paleocerebellum (koordinacija aktivnosti aksijalne muskulature) neocerebellum (koordinacija aktivnosti muskulature ekstremiteta) Butler & Hodos (2005) Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy : evolution and adaptation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

6 Srednji mozak (mesencephalon) Tectum i tegmentum - diferencijacije dorzalnog i ventrolateralnih delova nervne mase III moždana komora - mezencefalična komora jezgra III i IV para glavenih nerava Diferencijacije tektuma optički režnjevi (imaju optičku funkciju kod svih grupa osim sisara) Diferencijacije tegmentuma torus semicircularis jezgarne mase koje primaju impulse iz membranskog lavirinta

7 Srednji mozak (mesencephalon) nucleus ruber, supstantia nigra (Amniota) relejni centri, veza sa drugim delovima mozga i kičmenom moždinom kod sisara, u ventrolateralnim zidovima diferenciraju se snažno razvijeni snopovi vlakana koji prenose impulse iz cerebralnog korteksa u druge delove mozga pedunculi cerebri

8 Međumozak (diencephalon) Razvija se od dorzalnog dela moždane mase i nema jezgara glavenih nerava Dorzalni epithalamus Bočni thalamus Ventralni hypothalamus

9 Epithalamus krov III moždane komore epitelne građe prednji horioidni pleksus (tela chorioidea anterior) tri evaginacije parafiza i dorzalna kesa (kod Anamniota) pinealni parapinealno telo (vijuni, Teleostei, Anura, neki gmizavci) neparne oči kompleks pinealno telo (epifiza) kod većine grupa habenule korelativni centri sekretna funkcija

10 Thalamus bočni, zadebljali delovi međumozga dorzalni i ventralni talamus dorzalni senzitivni relejni centri prema cerebrumu lateralni nucleus geniculatus vizuelni put medijalni nucleus geniculatus auditorni put ventralni eferentna somatičkomotorna vlakna

11 Hypothalamus pod i lateralni zidovi III moždane komore granica prema prednjem mozgu optička hijazma desetine jezgara kontrola visceralnih aktivnosti (temperatura, krvni pritisak, disanje, rad creva, seksualne aktivnosti, balans vode...) kontrola autonomnog sistema corpus mammilare olfaktorne informacije kod Tetrapoda limbički sistem i retikularna formacija utiču na rad hipotalamusa infundibulum važna uloga u formiranju hipofize

12 Prednji mozak (telencephalon) Rhinencephalon cerebralne hemisfere zadnji deo telencefalona Kardong (2006) Vertebrates, Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution Mc Graw Hill

13 Rhinencephalon ofaktorni bulbusi, mirisni režnjevi evaginacije cerebralnih hemisfera prva sumacija mirisnih impulsa Kidney International 80, (October (2) 2011)

14 Cerebralne hemisfere sive mase plašt (pallium) gornji i bočni delovi prugasta tela (corpus striatum) ventralni delovi septum medioventralni položaj Prednji mozak pacova Prednji mozak ribe medijalni archipallium lateralni paleopallium Front. Neurosci., 07 May 2012 doi: /fnins Amigdale, bademasta tela limbički sistem kontrola emocionalnog i seksualnog ponašanja, motivacioni i memorijski centri

15 Prednji mozak (telencephalon) Filogenija promena položaja sivih masa povećanje ukupne mase hemisfera specijalizovan razvoj pojedinih struktura Kardong (2006) Vertebrates, Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution Mc Graw Hill

16 Cerebralne hemisfere sisara progresivan razvoj cerebralnih hemisfera (neopallium) isocortex nova šestoslojna kora sisara (dijagnosticka karakteristika sisara) siva masa kore cerebralnih hemisfera sa složenom histološkom organizacijom (90% kore cerebralnih hemisfera Primata) kod Primata 70% neurona CNS-a nalazi se u cerebralnom korteksu povećavanje površine formiranjem brazda (sulci) i vijuga (gyri) girencefalični mozak

17 Moždano stablo (truncus cerebri) pruža se po centralnoj osovini od završnog mozga do međumozga (po nekima do srednjeg mozga) ima sličnu morfološku organizaciju kao kičmena moždina isti raspored somatičkih i visceralnih zona kao u kičmenoj moždini siva masa (osim somatičko-senzitivne zone) organizovana u vidu jezgara svi glaveni nervi izuzev 0 i I vezuju se za moždano stablo

18 Retikularna formacija (formatio reticularis) difuzno raspoređene mase neurona i nervnih vlakana od produžene moždine do međumozga prima informacije iz svih čulnih organa provodi ih do različitih moždanih jezgara, cerebruma i cerebeluma povratni putevi informacija u kičmenu moždinu Funkcija: održavanje budnosti, kontrola motoričkih i autonomnih aktivnosti selekcija informacija koje se prosleđuju u više centre i povratno Kardong (2006) Vertebrates, Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution Mc Graw Hill

19 Mozak kičmenjaka konzervativnost u pogledu osnovne organizacije najveće promene u relativnim odnosima delova promene u vezama neurona, karakteristikama membrana i neurotransmiterima retka pojava potpuno novih struktura, kao što je corpus callosum (snop komisuralnih nervnih vlakana koja povezuju cerebralne hemisfere kod Eutheria). većina novih struktura nastala je transformacijom i diferencijacijom već postojećih struktura predaka, promenama njihove morfološke organizacije i bioloških uloga.

20 Evolucija mozga kičmenjaka

21 Mozak organizacija i funkcije

22 Mozak veličine kod različitih grupa

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