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1 Anatomske razlike Gmazovi Sisavci donja čeljust 7 kostiju donja čelj. jedna kost uzgl. preko kvadratne k. uzgl. preko ljuskave k. homodontno z. heterodontno z. polifiodontizam difiodontizam 1 koščica srednje uho 3 koščice srednje uho bez sek. nepca postoji sek. nepce 1 zatiljna kvržica 2 zatiljne kvržice bez epifiza sa epifizama rebra većina kralješ. rebra na prsnim kralješ. odvojene kosti kukovlja spojene kosti kukovlja

2 - služi za zaštitu mozga LUBANJA - veličina lubanje povezana je s veličinom mozga - rostralni dio povezan s prehranom izdužen kod zvijeri i ungulata, spljošten kod Primata os turbinata - zigomatični lukovi vrlo važni za vezanje žvačnih mišića - tri slušne koščice - jedna kost u donjoj čeljusti kraniostilija - dvije zatiljne kvržice - sekundarno nepce tvrdo - GENERALNO reducirana i specijalizirana u odnosu na gmazove

3 Monotremes Mosaic of primitive and derived characters. Primitive Characters Cloaca Skull characters - possess pre- and post frontal bones. - no auditory bulla - lacrimal bones absent Pectoral girdle Epipubic bones. Cervical ribs.

4 DONJA ČELJUST

5 praemaxillare maxillare lacrimale nasale dentale frontale PM 4 orbitosphenoid 2 condyla occipitalis M 1 jugale smanjuju opterećenje na leđnu moždinu i omogućuju finije pokrete; ali smanjena mogućnost postranih kretnji parietale interparietale alisphenoid pterygoid praemaxillare I 1 I 2 I 3 palatinum occipitale squamosum tympanicum maxillare pterygoid jugale C 1 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 M1 M 2 vomer praesphenoid sekundarno tvrdo nepce premaxilla, maxilla, a ponekad i palatinum Omogućuje istovremeno disanje i obradu hrane pterygoid squamosum orbitosphenoid tympanicum exoccipitale basioccipitale basisphenoid

6 Respiratory turbinates These convoluted bones in the nasal cavity are thought to be critical for endothermy, and we ll talk about their role in mitigating respiratory water loss.

7 SEKUNDARNO NEPCE

8 hyomandibulare stapes - stremen articulare malleus - čekić quadratum incus nakovanj angulare - ectotympanicum najmanje kosti u tijelu smanjenje veća osjetljivost redukcije i spajanje kostiju veća čvrstoća i snažniji zagriz

9 All Morons Quit In High School Articulare = Malleus Quadratum = Incus Hyomandibulare = Stapes

10 lubanja sisavaca

11 Comparative skull anatomy Ideantification of mammalian orders and families using cranial features he Integument, Horns and Antlers Histology of mammalian skin and hair; hair types and coloration patterns; anatomy of horns and antlers; identification of local mammals Extreme regionalization of vertebral column. Limb bones have epiphyses - Bony caps at either end that are separated from the shaft by cartilage (epiphyseal plate) that ossifies during ontogeny. This permits a great deal of stress at joints.

12 Calcaneum There is a heel bone where Achilles tendon inserts. This provides a great deal of leverage for extension of the foot. Reduction in the elements of limb girdles, the point of attachment of limbs to axial skeleton *Calcaneum (Heel bone) pectoral girdle - scapula plus clavicle - lack anterior and posterior coracoids as well as an intercalvicle. The exception is monotremes. pelvic girdle - ilium, ishcium, pubis fused into the inomminate bone. Calcaneum

13 Pectoral Girdle No anterior/posterior coracoids, No interclavicle Ancestrally, there was an interclavicle, and both anterior and posterior coracoids.

14 Pelvic Girdle Ilium, Ischium and Pubis fused to form the Innominate bone.

15 Limbs Rotate under Body (Parasagittal posture)

16 lubanja sisavaca

17 lubanja sisavaca

18 lubanja sisavaca

19 položaj processus-a articularis važnost za prihvat žvačnih mišića Temporalis u mesojeda massetericum u biljojeda

20

21 KONJ IZUMRLI KIT KIT ZUBAN KIT USAN

22 J E D N O O T V O R I

23 T O B O L Č A R I

24 T O B O L Č A R I

25 T O B O L Č A R I Skull rodent-like Single pair of incisors Large diastema Hypsodont, bilophodont cheek teeth

26 INSECTIVORA

27 SLONOVSKE ROVKE

28 VERIROVKE

29 MAJMUNI babun gorila makaka orangutan

30 Premaxila postoji kod gotovo svih sisavaca osim čimpanze i čovjeka srasla s čeljusnom kosti Premaxila+Maxilla Premaxila

31

32 S I R E N E

33 S L O N O V I

34 TROBRIDI SJEKUTIĆI P E Ć I N A R I

35 ŠIŠMIŠI krvosas

36

37

38 CETACEA ulješura

39 KIT USAN

40 USI

41 RAZLIČIT IZGLED I VELIČINA USI KOD KITOVA Minke Gray Blue Bowhead

42 C J E V O Z U P C I BROJNE ŠESTEROSTRANE PRIZME OD DENTINA

43 LJ U S K A V C I JEZIK - U PRSNU ŠUPLJINU

44 K O Ž U Š K A R I

45 Xenarthra

46 Xenarthra

47

48 Xenarthra

49 deva PARNOPRSTAŠI žirafa

50 NEPARNOPRSTAŠI VODENKONJ

51 SVINJA

52 babirusa bradavičava svinja pekari

53 Rhinocerotidae Equidae

54 TAPIR

55 KOSTUR podržava tijelo, štiti organe, omogućava kretanje (za vezanje mišića), proizvodi krvne stanice, rezerva minerala epifize na mnogim dugim kostima (hrskavični završeci što rezultira ograničenim rastom) kralješci platicelni (ravnočaškasti) sa diskovima između Calcaneum petna kost za koju s veže Ahilova tetiva generalna redukcija broja kostiju oplećja nedostaje vranjača i međuključna kost (osim jednootvora) kukovlje sraslo simfiza osi pubis potpuna regionalizacija kralješnice rebra ograničena na prsni dio kralješnice

56 Epifize na dugim kostima hrskavični završeci što rezultira ograničenim rastom e p i f i z a

57 Kralješci: - Cervikalni vratni 7 - Torakalni prsni (9-25) - Lumbalni slabinski 4-7 (2-20) - Sakralni krštani 3-5 (6-13) - Caudalni repni 3-5

58 KRALJEŠCI IZNIMKE I ZANIMLJIVOSTI Cervikalni vratni 7 o ljenjivci 6-9, morske krave 6, žirafe 8 Torakalni prsni o kitovi 9, kunić, 12, mačka 13, ljenjivci 25 o rebra mačka 9+4, čovjek i kunić 7+5, kitovi 6+9 Lumbalni slabinski 4-7 mačka i kunić 7, monotremata i edentata 2-4, kitovi 21 Sakralni krštani 3-5 mačka 3, kunić 4, neparnosprstaši 6-8, edentata do 13 Kaudalni repni 3-5 i do 50 u dugorepih

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