WMAN 234 LAB 5: Mammals
|
|
- Daniel McCormick
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 WMAN 234 LAB 5: Mammals You should be familiar with the following species by the end of lab today. You will be responsible for the identification, classification (Order, Family, Genus and Species), common name, and general life-history characteristics of each species (n = 34) for the second laboratory practical. Note that you need to know the scientific name (genus and specific epithet) for each species in addition to the common name. Order Carnivora Family Canidae 1) Vulpes vulpes Red fox (vulpes = fox) Identification: kg (7-12 lbs); coat is commonly red or yellowish-red mixed, especially along the midline, with black-tipped hairs; throat, sides of the cheeks, and belly are white; tail is long and white-tipped Diet: small mammals; eggs; snakes; fruit, etc. Habitat: brushy, successional areas such as old fields, borders of pastures, and rolling farmlands usually close to water Activity: mostly nocturnal; nests in hollow logs, rocky caverns, deserted outbuildings, and earthen dens Reproduction: male and female pair for year (unclear as to what extent they are monogamous) ; breed Jan-Feb; 4-6 young born late Mar-Apr 2) Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray fox (cinereus = gray; argenteus = silver) Identification: kg (9-11 lbs) coarse gray coat that appears grizzled because of a mixture of black and white bands in its black-tipped guard hairs; cheeks, lower jaw, throat, and belly are white; when the gray fox is seen at a distance, reddish patches on its neck, flanks, legs, and underside of the tail momentarily fool an inexperienced observer into misidentifying this fox as a red fox Diet: same as red fox Habitat: hardwood forests typified by rocky terrain and abundant, brushy cover; also meadows, grasslands, swamps, and abandoned fields Activity: mostly nocturnal; dens are located in densely wooded habitats near permanent water; den sites include hollow logs, rocky outcrops, brush piles, hollow trees; able to climb trees. Reproduction: breed Feb-Mar; 4-6 young born Apr-May 3) Canis latrans Coyote (canis = dog; latrans = a barker) Identification: kg (25-50 lbs) long, narrow, pointed nose; erect, pointed ears; dense, long fur ranges from gray to yellow gray, and a middorsal dark band of long, black-tipped guard hairs extends to the base of its bushy, black-tipped tail. Holds tail down when running, foxes hold tail out. Diet: small mammals; rabbits; small deer, domesticated animals Habitat: A highly adaptable animal, the coyote can be found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from marshlands and open grasslands to dense hardwood forests Activity: active throughout the year; primarily nocturnal with peak activity in the early evening Reproduction: uses a den for rearing young; breeds Feb; 5-7 pups born in Apr-May; one litter per year 1
2 Family Ursidae 4) Ursus americanus Black bear (ursus = bear) Identification: kg ( lbs) large size; flat-footed stance; bobbed tail; short, stout legs; short, rounded, erect ears; normal coat color varies from glossy black to brownish black; also cinnamon, chocolate, blue, albino Diet: omnivore - fruit, nuts, roots, eggs, frogs, insects, deer fawns Habitat: prefers heavily forested areas; mixed stands of conifers and hardwoods supporting a dense, brushy understory in close proximity to mountain streams represents optimal habitat (Will vary depending on season) Activity: primarily nocturnal, but may be seen during daylight hours; dens in sheltered sites such as under the roots of large trees, or in a crevice, cave, or hollow tree; not true hibernator winter dormancy - A period of inactivity characterized by a reduced metabolic rate and lowering of body temperature Reproduction: female is sexually mature at 3-4 years; breed Jun-July; delayed implantation until after they enter the den; 2-3 young born in January; den late autumn until Mar-Apr; female has litter every other year Family Procyonidae 5) Procyon lotor Raccoon (lotor = a washer) Identification: 4-15 kg (9-33 lbs) face is covered with a black bandit mask; it has a pointed muzzle; prominent, erect, white-rimmed ears; heavily furred tail is distinguished by 4 to 6 alternating blackish and yellowish rings and the tip is black Diet: omnivorous: insects, earthworms, small mammals, fruit, nuts, etc. Habitat: highly adaptable, the raccoon prefers to reside in woodlands close to streams, ponds, or lakes, where den sites such as hollow trees or crevices are available; also found in grassland, farmland, and urban habitats Activity: mostly nocturnal, but also active at dawn and dusk; not a true hibernator, but will den up for extended periods during very cold weather; also dens communally in nests of up to 23 individuals Reproduction: breed Jan-Feb; 3-6 young born in Mar-Apr Family Felidae 6) Lynx rufus Bobcat (rufus = reddish) Identification: 6-16 kg (13-35 lbs) twice the size of the average house cat and has proportionately longer legs equipped with well-furred paws; tail is short with 3-4 brownish black bars, the last of which is broadest and darkest; the tip of the tail and its underside are white. Diet: rabbits, small mammals, grouse, turkey, frogs, etc. Habitat: optimal habitats are woodlands interrupted by brushy thickets, old fields, and rocky outcrops Activity: active throughout the year; forages primarily at night Reproduction: breed throughout year but mostly in late winter; 1-4 kittens born in spring 2
3 Family Mustelidae 7) Mustela nivalis Least weasel (mustela = weasel; nivalis = snowy) Identification: g ( oz) small, flat head with short, rounded ears and prominent whiskers; stubby legs; short tail that lacks a black tip; chocolate brown above with white on chin, throat, chest, and belly; in northern climates, pelage may be white in winter; nivalis means snowy Diet: voles and mice; shrews, insects, birds, etc Habitat: abundant in brushy areas, open woodlands, old fields, pasture land, and fence rows Activity: nocturnal; active year round; nests below ground in burrows Reproduction: usually breed mid-winter; 3-6 young born; can have more than one litter per year 8) Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel Identification: g ( oz) stubby legs; small, triangular head; long slender body and neck; long, black-tipped, bushy tail; pelage is rich brown with a white chin, yellowish or buffy brown belly, and brown feet; in northern climates, pelage may be white in winter Diet: carnivore: voles, mice, rabbits, chipmunks, etc Habitat: found in varied habitats ranging from mature forests and woodlands to marshes and farmlands Activity: active year-round, forages mainly at night, although it sometimes hunts during daylight; nest in ground burrows, under stumps, or beneath rock piles Reproduction: breed Jul-Aug; implantation delayed until Mar; 5-8 young born Apr-May 9) Mustela vison Mink (vison = scout) Identification: g ( lbs) similar to other weasels, except for its larger size, uniform coloration, long bushy tail, and aquatic habits; partially webbed toes; white patch on the chin and throat Diet: varied: crayfish, frogs, fish, small mammals, snakes, rabbits, etc. Habitat: seldom far from water and is most abundant along the banks of streams and rivers or marshy shorelines of ponds and lakes Activity: active year-round, forages mostly at night; very good swimmer Reproduction: breeds Feb-Mar; 4-9 young born Apr-May; one litter per year 10) Lontra canadensis River otter (lutra = otter) Identification: 5-11 kg (11-24 lbs) large, elongate, semiaquatic animal, with short blunt snout, obvious whiskers, and small eyes and ears; long tail is thick at base and tapers to the tip; fur is short and very dense Diet: crayfish, fish, snails, snakes Habitat: always associated with water; a wide variety of aquatic habitats from streams to lakes to coastal estuaries and in the lower reaches of river systems Activity: remain active throughout year; crepuscular pattern Reproduction: breed Mar-Apr; delayed implantation for 9-12 months; 1-5 young born in late winter/ early spring 3
4 Family Mephitidae 11) Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk (mephitis = bad odor) Identification: kg ( lbs) house cat-sized; long black fur on the body and tail, and a bold white stripe that begins on the head and generally splits to form 2 parallel stripes down the back Diet: fond of bees and yellow jacket ground nests; fruits; nuts; roots; small mammals; eggs Habitat: occur in a variety of habitats ranging from high mountain forests to old fields, cultivated lands, and suburban neighborhoods - generally upland habitats Activity: generally nocturnal; winters in dens Reproduction: breed Feb-Mar; 4-6 young born Apr-May; breed once per year Order Artiodactyla Family Suidae 13) Sus scrofa Wild Boar Identification: up to 180 kg (400 lbs) Usually black, sometimes brown or gray with grizzled or frosty tipped guard hairs. Hybrids are often more variable in color and less hairy. Tail moderately long, lightly haired and hangs straight down. Upper tusks usually 3-5" curl up and out along the sides of the mouth. Diet: everything Habitat: Variable from densely forested mountains to brush lands, dry ridges, or swamps (Introduced by WV DNR in southern portion of state). Activity: Active at dawn and dusk. They are fast runners and good swimmers. Will bed in matted down grasses or vegetation. Sows forage and young forage in family groups. Except in the breeding season males are solitary or band in small groups. Reproduction: can breed year round; 4-12 young per litter Family Cervidae 14) Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed Deer Identification: kg ( lbs) Tan or reddish-brown above in Summer; grayishbrown in winter. Belly, throat, nose band, eye ring, and inside of ears white. Tail brown, edged with white above often with dark stripe down center, white below. Bucks antlers with main beam forward and several unbranched tines behind. Females lack antlers. Diet: herbivore: twigs, buds, leaves, herbaceous plants, fruit, nuts, farm crops Habitat: Farmlands, brushy areas, woods. Activity: If alarmed with white-tail raises or flags its tail to communicate danger to other deer. Primarily nocturnal but may be active any time. Usually bed down near dawn seeking cover. Bucks and does herd separately most of the year, but yard together in the winter. Reproduction: breed fall; 1-3 young born May-Jun; breed once per year Antler Cycle: 4
5 1) Mar-Apr: increasing daylength triggers hormone induced antler growth 2) Summer: as they grow, antlers are covered with soft, highly vascular skin called velvet which provides nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, proteins for antler growth 3) Late summer/early autumn: antlers reach max size; level of male hormone testosterone is high because of approaching breeding season and this causes the blood flow to the antlers to cease. As a result, the velvet dries and peels off. 4) Dec-Feb: With the end of the breeding season and decreasing daylength, hormone levels decrease (testosterone) and the antlers become loosened from their base (pedicle) and fall off. 15) Cervus elaphus Elk (Wapiti) (eastern elk believed to be extinct) Identification: kg ( lbs) a large deer with pale yellowish rump patch, small white tail, general reddish-brown body; females lack antlers Diet: grasses, forbs, leaves, bark, twigs Habitat: semiopen forest, mountain meadows, foothills, plains Activity: most active mornings and evenings; usually seen in groups Reproduction: breed Oct; 1 young born June Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae 16) Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail (silva = forest) Identification: kg ( lbs) Grayish-brown above, interspersed with some black; forehead often has white spot. Distinct rust-colored nape (helps distinguish from Appalachian cottontail). Short tail cottony below with whitish feet. Diet: herbaceous plants; bark; garden plants Habitat: Brushy areas, old fields, woods, cultivated areas; especially thickets and brush piles. Activity: In winter, where brush is strong enough to hold a covering blanket of snow, they may make a network of runways beneath it. In cold weather, they often take shelter in an old woodchuck burrow. Reproduction: 5-7 litters per year beginning in Mar/Apr; 3-8 altricial young per litter 17) Lepus americanus Snowshoe Hare (Varying) (lepus = hare) Identification: kg ( lbs) In summer, dark brown, with tail dark above and dusk to white below; in winter, white, sometimes mottled with brown. Large hind feet, long, with soles well- furred, especially in winter. Diet: grasses, herbs, shrubs, buds, twigs Habitat: Northern forests, young, thick spruce and deciduous forests, high elevations Activity: It rests in a form, hollow log, or burrow of woodchuck or beaver in the day but may venture out in darker weather. May thump the hindfeet when surprised. Population numbers are cyclic, becoming abundant every 9-10 years then becoming rare. The cause is under debate. Reproduction: breed Mar/Apr; 1-7 precocial young; 1-3 litters per year Order Rodentia Family Sciuridae 18) Tamias striatus Eastern Chipmunk (tamias = treasurer; striatus = striped) Identification: g ( oz) Reddish-brown above; belly white. 1 white stripe on 5
6 sides bordered by 2 black stripes; stripes end near the rump. Dark center stripe down back; light facial stripes above and below eyes. Tail brown on tip, edged with black. Diet: nuts, fruits, buds, mushrooms, insects, etc. Habitat: Open woodlands; forest edges; brushy areas; bushes and stone walls in cemeteries and around houses. Activity: Mostly a ground species but will climb large trees especially when mast is ripe. When caching it makes trips from trees to the burrow almost continuously. Reproduction: breed twice per year: spring and late summer; 4-5 young born Apr-May 19) Marmota monax Woodchuck, Groundhog, Whistlepig (monas = solitary) Identification: 2.5 kg ( lbs) Large. Grizzled brown uniformly colored. Prominent bushy tail. Small ears. Short legs with dark brown or black feet. Diet: hervivore: grass/herbaceous; garden vegetables Habitat: Pastures, meadows, old fields, woods. Activity: Active by day, especially in early morning and late afternoon. Can climb trees to escape enemies. Never travels far from the den. Lives in burrows up to 5' deep and 30' long. In late summer or early fall it puts on a heavy layer of fat to sustain it through winter hibernation; true hibernator body temp drops to ~40 F Reproduction: breed Mar; 2-9 young born in Apr-May 20) Sciurus carolinensis Eastern Gray Squirrel (sciurus = shadow tail) Identification: g ( oz) Gray above, with buff underfur showing especially on head, shoulders, back, and feet; underparts paler gray. Black phase common in northern parts of the range. Flattened tail bushy, gray with silvery-tipped hairs. Diet: nuts, fruits, buds, mushrooms, insects, etc. Habitat: Hardwood or mixed forests with nut trees, especially oak-hickory forests. Activity: Especially active in morning and evening. Active all year and will dig out of the snow to retrieve buried nuts. Can smell buried nuts under up to a foot of snow. Dens in trees year round. Overpopulation has been known to cause mass migrations. Reproduction: up to 2 litters per year: Feb-Apr and Jul-Aug; 1-8 young 21) Sciurus niger Eastern Fox Squirrel (niger = black) Identification: g ( oz) Over most of its range, this squirrel is rusty yellowish with a pale yellow to orange belly, and with the tail bordered with tawny-tipped hairs. Diet: same as gray squirrel Habitat: Open hardwood woodlots in North and pine forests in South, both with clearings interspersed. Spends much of its time foraging on the ground. Reproduction: up to 2 litters per year: Feb-Mar and Aug-Sep; 2-6 young 22) Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Red Squirrel Identification: g ( oz) Smallest tree squirrel in its range. Rust-red to grayish-red above, brightest on sides; white or grayish-white below. Tail similar to back color but outlined with broad black band edged with white. In winter, large ear tufts. Diet: coniferous seeds, nuts, fruits, buds, etc Habitat: Often abundant in any kind of forest: natural coniferous forests, pine plantations, mixed forests, or hardwood; often around buildings. Activity: In the fall it cuts green pine cones and buries them in caches. Also caches other foods either in the ground or in trees. Nests in trees, hole in the ground, hummock, or tree crotch. Not often hunted. Reproduction: breed Feb-Sept; 2 litters per year - spring and late summer; 1-7 young 6
7 23) Glaucomys volans Southern Flying Squirrel (glaucomys = gray mouse; volans = flying) Identification: g (1.3-3 oz) Very silky coat grayish-brown above, white below. Flattened gray-brown tail. Loose fold of skin between front and hind legs. Large black eyes. Length mm. Diet: fruits, seeds, buds, insects, eggs, nestlings, mushrooms Habitat: Various forests such as beech-maple, oak hickory, and in the South, live oak. Activity: Nocturnal. The most carnivorous of all the tree squirrels. Nests in cavities or stick nests. Active year round. Several may den together in one nest. Reproduction: 2 litters per year: spring and late summer; 3-4 young per litter Family Castoridae 24) Castor canadensis Beaver Identification: kg (26-60 lbs) Very large rodent. Dark brown. Large black scaly tail, horizontally flattened, paddle shaped. Large hindfeet, black, webbed, with inner two nails cleft. Diet: bark, leaves, twigs, roots Habitat: Rivers, steams, marshes, lakes, and ponds. Activity: Active throughout the year, primarily nocturnal. Make underwater burrows and incorporate a lodge. Gnaws around trees to fell them. Can remain submerged for up to 15 minutes. Stays waterproof by combing an oily substance called castoreum from the castor gland into the fur. Believed to pair for life. Reproduction: breed Jan-Feb; 1-9 kits born May-June Family Erethizontidae 25) Erethizon dorsatum Porcupine (erethizon = irritate; dorsatum = back) Identification: kg ( lbs) Large chunky body with high-arching back and short legs. Long guard hairs in the front half of the body with quills on the rump and tail. Diet: stems, roots, leaves, berries, nuts, grass; winter: succulent inner bark of trees kill trees by stripping bark Habitat: Woods Activity: Solitary, active year round. In extreme weather it may den in a hole in a rock outcrop sometimes with other porcupines. Chiefly nocturnal. Can climb trees. Reproduction: breed Oct-Nov; 1 young born in May-June Family Cricetidae Mice, rats, lemmings, and voles 26) Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat Identification: Dark brown, large, robust bodies, body length of 12 ½ inches, tail is flat and scaly and is 9 ½ inches. Heads are very large and ears are almost invisible underneath the fur. Short legs and big feet; the back feet are slightly webbed for swimming. Smaller than a beaver. Habitat: Consistent wet environments, 4-6ft of water, lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes Food: mainly herbivores, roots of aquatic plants Activity: most active mid-afternoon until sunset, live in large family groups with defined territories, communicate through musk Reproduction: Burrows, grass lined nests, southern muskrat populations breed year round; northern populations breed only in warmer months (March-Aug), litter of 6 27) Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse Identification: Pale grayish to deep reddish brown, tail sharply bi-colored, white below Habitat: Everywhere (forest/grassland), edge Food: seeds, nuts, acorns, and insects 7
8 Activity: Very active most of the time, females my display territorial behavior Reproduction: Nests in a burrow in ground, tree/stumps, buildings. Usually 3-5; 2-4 times/year. 28) Microtus pinetorum Woodland vole Identification: Combined head and body length of between 83 and 120 mm; tail 15 to 40 mm. Not sexual dimorphic, light to dark brown in color, underside whitish or silvery. Bodies have become modified for their partially subterranean habitat by a reduction of the eyes, external ears, and tail. Their foreclaws are also somewhat enlarged for digging. Habitat: Deciduous forests, surface burrowers under leaf litter Food: seeds, nuts, roots, berries, and sometimes insects Activity: Active most of times of the day and night Reproduction: Monogamous mating pairs, 3-7 young in a litter, can have multiple litters/yr 29) Neotoma magister Allegheny woodrat Identification: Adult total length mm (14-17in), fur is brownish-gray with blacktipped hairs. The throat, belly, and feet are whitish. The eyes and ears are large, with long whiskers, large tail 200 mm, (18 in). Habitat: Caves and rocky cliffs, wooded bottomlands, swamps, and abandoned structures Food: seeds, nuts, and berries, Activity: Nocturnal Reproduction: Football sized nest of shredded bark and grass, surrounded by a pile of sticks that can be up to 4-5ft high or 9ft in diameter. 2-4 young in a litter, several per yr. Order Soricomorphia Family Soricidae Shrews 30) Sorex cinereus Masked shrew, or Common shrew Identification: Second smallest shrew species, not sexually dimorphic, dorsal brown, ventral grey/white, tail is brown above and pail underneath, average adult is 99 mm Habitat: Forests, meadows, river banks Food: insectivores Activity: 85% of activity occurs after dark, very active during rain Reproduction: Breed April-October, 5-8 young in a litter, can have multiple litters/yr Family Talpidae Moles 31) Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole Identification: Robust body, velvet-like fur, color varies from silvery-gray to black, short round tail that is nearly hairless, webbing between toes, no external eyes and ears Habitat: Forests, meadows, fields, moist soils Food: Eat primarily earthworms Activity: Daily activity peaks in the morning and evening, acute sense of smell and touch Reproduction: Breeding begins in March/April, 5-8 young in a litter, one litter/yr Order Didelphimorphia Family Didelphidae - the opossums 32) Didelphis virginiana - Virginia opossum (didelphis = double womb) Identification: kg (9-13 lbs) size of house cat, but body heavier, legs shorter, nose 8
9 pointed, face white, paper-thin black ears; tail ratlike, round, prehensile, and black for 1/3 to ½, white on end. Diet: highly variable eats everything Habitat: woodlands and fields, also suburban areas; takes shelter in hollow trees, fallen logs, rock cavities, etc. Food: insects, earthworms, snails, amphibians and carrion are preferred. Also seeds and fruits of plants. Activity: almost exclusively nocturnal, somewhat good climbers with prehensile tail, and typically unaggressive. Reproduction: breeds twice per year: Feb/Mar and June/July; up to 14 young per litter Order Chiroptera Family Vespertilionidae Plain nose bats 33) Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern Pipistrelle Identification: Tragus blunt, color yellowish brown to drab brown, smallest Diet: Insects Habitat: caves, mines, woodlands and near water Food: insects Activity: nocturnal but with rest periods, Migrate Reproduction: Born May-July (2) 2 mammae 34) Lasiurus borealis Hoary Bat Identification: Yellowish brown to mahogany-brown, with silver/white hair tips and white throat, heavily furred tail. Diet: Insects Habitat: woodlands, roosts in trees Food: insects Activity: nocturnal, flies high/ solitary. Migrate Reproduction: Born June (2) 4 mammae Helpful Websites for Identification: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (North American Mammals): University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web: 9
Select Mammals of Loudoun County
Select Mammals of Loudoun County Class Mammalia Warm-blooded Fur Produce Milk Most bear live young Order: Marsupialia Marsupials The Pouched Mammals Opossum (Didelphis virginianus) Only marsupial in North
More informationNew York State Mammals. Order Lagomorpha Order Rodentia
New York State Mammals Order Lagomorpha Order Rodentia FAMILY: LEPORIDAE Rabbits and hares Conspicuous tail Fenestra appears as bony latticework Some species molt seasonally Presence of a second incisor
More informationNew York State Mammals
New York State Mammals ORDER CHIROPTERA Family: Vespertilionidae 1. Little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) 2. Northern long-eared myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) 3. Indiana myotis (Myotis sodalis) 4. Small-footed
More informationFamily Soricidae Masked shrew Southeastern shrew (long-tailed shrews)
Masked shrew Southeastern shrew (long-tailed shrews) Solitary, insectivorous & primarily nocturnal Prefers moist habitats Breeds summer-fall Has 1-2 litters per breeding season Family Soricidae Family
More informationDeciduous Amsel
Habitat Mural Guide Deciduous Forest Enlarge, color and cut out deciduous forest animals and plants to construct an educational mural for your classroom. @Sheri Amsel White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus
More informationVirginia opossum. The only marsupial in North America Does not hibernate over winter. Didelphis virginiana
Mammals 2016 Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana Identification: Medium-sized, furry mammal with grayish-brown fur (often appearing frosted) and white face. Their tails are void of fur, black to pinkish-gray
More informationMinnesota_mammals_Info_9.doc 11/04/09 -- DRAFT Page 1 of 64. Minnesota mammals
Minnesota_mammals_Info_9.doc 11/04/09 -- DRAFT Page 1 of 64 Minnesota mammals This is a short guide to Minnesota mammals, with information drawn from Hazard s Mammals of, Walker s Mammals of the World,
More informationNew York State Mammals. Morphology Ecology Identification Classification Distribution
New York State Mammals Morphology Ecology Identification Classification Distribution ORDER: Didelphimorphia FAMILY: Didelphidae Common Name: Virginia opossum Scientific Name: (Didelphis virginiana) Marsupial
More informationBlack Bear. Bobcat. Ursus americanus. Lynx rufus
Animal Tracks Many animals inhabit the Smith Creek Park Preserve, but you may never see them because they are only active at night or their instinct is to hide from humans. One way to find out which animals
More informationGRASSLAND MAMMALS OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS. * = Illinois endangered species list; ** = threatened in Illinois; # = federally = extirpated
Randa Prairie Ecology GRASSLAND MAMMALS OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS * = Illinois endangered species list; ** = threatened in Illinois; # = federally endangered, @ = extirpated = Prairie specialist = Habitat generalist
More informationSouth Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Wildlife Management Activity Book
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Management Activity Book The bobcat is the only wild cat in South Carolina. 1 2 Weedy field borders and fence rows are ideal areas for bobwhite
More informationBeaver. Mammal Rodent
Beaver Rodent Is the second largest rodent in the world. It is a semi-aquatic rodent that is primarily nocturnal. They are mainly known for building dams, canals, and lodges(their homes). Large sharp front
More informationMammalogy 4764 Lab Practical page 1 Name Key
Mammalogy 4764 Lab Practical page 1 Name Key Comments on exam (LP_2 is this Lab practical): As is kind of typical for the final, students know the taxonomy and identification well, or not so well. I usually
More informationMammal Identification In Ontario. Niagara College Fauna Identification Course # ENVR9259
Mammal Identification In Ontario Niagara College Fauna Identification Course # ENVR9259 About Mammals Mammals evolved from reptiles 200,000,000 years ago. Their rise and subsequent proliferation coincided
More informationMini 4-H Wildlife Project
Mini 4-H Wildlife Project Name Club Wildlife Project Instructions: Make 1 of the following: 1. An Animal Book 2. A Poster 3. A Model Animal 4. A Birdhouse Complete 2 of the following: 1. Word Search Puzzle
More informationWeek 5. Carnivora BIOL 140
Week 5 Carnivora BIOL 140 Most closely related to No one?! Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Carnivora Meat ea@ng Wide range Many obligate Some omnivorous Widest range sizes of Mammalia Least weasel 25 g
More informationA Guide for FL WATCH Camera Trappers
A Guide for FL WATCH Camera Trappers John Van Niel, Co-PI CCURI and FLCC Professor Nadia Harvieux, Muller Field Station K-12 Outreach Sasha Ewing, FLCC Conservation Department Technician Past and present
More informationCoyote. Canis latrans. Other common names. Introduction. Physical Description and Anatomy. Eastern Coyote
Coyote Canis latrans Other common names Eastern Coyote Introduction Coyotes are the largest wild canine with breeding populations in New York State. There is plenty of high quality habitat throughout the
More information2016 LANCASTER COUNTY JUNIOR ENVIROTHON STUDY GUIDE: MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA S FIELD HABITATS
2016 LANCASTER COUNTY JUNIOR ENVIROTHON STUDY GUIDE: MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA S FIELD HABITATS RED FOX: A common carnivore in Pennsylvania, the red fox measures 36 to 40 in length, weighs between 8 to 10
More informationAmerican Marten. American Marten. American Marten
Martes Americana 20-27 long Tail 7-9 1-2.75 lbs. Males 15% larger Dark brown body May have chest spot Orange to whiesh Small dot to large patch Dark eyes Bushy tail Abdominal scent gland Mature coniferous
More informationMinnesota_mammals_Info_12.doc 11/20/09 -- DRAFT Page 36 of 42
Minnesota_mammals_Info_12.doc 11/20/09 -- DRAFT Page 36 of 42 The Families Muridae and Cricetidae. As we discussed in class, these familes are now separated again. At one point the Muridae included cricetids
More informationLab 8 Order Carnivora: Families Canidae, Felidae, and Ursidae Need to know Terms: carnassials, digitigrade, reproductive suppression, Jacobson s organ
Lab 8 Order Carnivora: Families Canidae, Felidae, and Ursidae Need to know Terms: carnassials, digitigrade, reproductive suppression, Jacobson s organ Family Canidae Canis latrans ID based on skull, photos,
More informationNew York State Mammals. Order Rodentia (cont.) Order Lagomorpha
New York State Mammals Order Rodentia (cont.) Order Lagomorpha FAMILY: CRICETIDAE New World rats, mice, voles, hamsters, etc. Diverse & species rich Most terrestrial, 1 in NYS is aquatic Muskrat Subfamily
More informationMinnesota_mammals_Info_10.doc 11/09/09 -- DRAFT Page 11 of 50
Minnesota_mammals_Info_10.doc 11/09/09 -- DRAFT Page 11 of 50 Order Chiroptera Bats are the only mammals with wings and the only mammals that fly. Bats fly slower than birds, and all Minnesota bats are
More informationBobcat. Lynx Rufus. Other common names. Introduction. Physical Description and Anatomy. None
Bobcat Lynx Rufus Other common names None Introduction Bobcats are the most common wildcat in North America. Their name comes from the stubby tail, which looks as though it has been bobbed. They are about
More informationBrook Trout. Wood Turtle. Shelter: Lives near the river
Wood Turtle Brook Trout Shelter: Lives near the river in wet areas, winters underground in river bottoms or river banks, builds nests for eggs in sandy or gravelly open areas near water Food: Eats plants
More informationForests. By: Elyse Jacoby-Jacoby Jungle
Forests There are forests in North America, Europe, Asia, South America, Africa, and Australia. The growing season in these forests is about 6 months long. Temperature and Precipitation: The average temperature
More informationAnimal Adaptations Woodland Animal Fact Sheet
Post Visit Resource 5 Animal Adaptations Woodland Animal Fact Sheet Fox Food: Foxes will eat almost anything they can get hold of. They eat small mammals such as rabbits and voles, insects and invertebrates,
More informationGrey Fox. Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Grey Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Other common names Gray fox, tree fox. Introduction The grey fox is unique in that it can rotate its forearms and has curved claws, making it the only canid in America
More informationWhat we ve covered so far:
What we ve covered so far: Didelphimorphia Didelphidae opossums (1 B.C. species) Soricomorpha Soricidae shrews (9 B.C. species) Talpidae moles (3 B.C. species) What s next: Rodentia Sciuridae squirrels
More informationSnowshoe Hare. Lepus americanus. Other common names. Introduction. Physical Description and Anatomy. Snowshoe rabbit, varying hare, white rabbit
Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus Other common names Snowshoe rabbit, varying hare, white rabbit Introduction Snowshoe hares are named for their hind feet, which are large and webbed and act like snowshoes,
More informationThis Coloring Book has been adapted for the Wildlife of the Table Rocks
This Coloring Book has been adapted for the Wildlife of the Table Rocks All images and some writing belong to: Additional writing by: The Table Rocks Environmental Education Program I became the national
More information2019 Lancaster County Junior Envirothon Forest Mammals
2019 Lancaster County Junior Envirothon Forest Mammals RED BAT The Red Bat is recognized by its bright rusty colored coat of hair. While some bats do roost in caves or buildings, the Red Bat would prefer
More informationAnimal Identification. Compiled by Lindsay Magill March 2017
Animal Identification Compiled by Lindsay Magill March 2017 Birds Pigeon/Dove Passerine Corvid (Passerine) Hummingbird (Caprimulgiformes) Other Caprimulgiformes Bird of Prey Wading/Shorebird Woodpecker
More informationLesson Resources. Appendix VI
Lesson Resources Animal Bios Information gathered from Allen Kurta, Mammals of the Great Lakes Region (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press), 1995. Info covered: Diet Habitat Predators Mating, gestation
More informationOpossum. Didelphis virginiana
Opossum Didelphis virginiana Other common names Virginia Opossum, possum Introduction The opossum is the only marsupial found in the United States. Like kangaroos, another wellknown marsupial, opossums
More informationASI - Animal Scene Investigation
ASI - Animal Scene Investigation Getting outdoors is a great way to discover the beauty of Mother Nature. The key is to not be blind to what surrounds you. How do you know when an animal is nearby? Just
More informationFisher. Martes pennanti
Fisher Martes pennanti Other common names Fisher cat, pole cat Introduction Fishers are one of only a few predators known to successfully feed on porcupines on a regular basis. They are also known as fisher
More informationExamples of herbivorous animals: rabbits, deer and beaver
Mammal Adaptations Mammals are a group of animals that fit together because they all 1)have fur or hair 2) bear live young 3) feed their young with milk from specialized mammary glands. We are going to
More informationPygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis)
Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) Conservation Status: Near Threatened. FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS Pygmy Rabbits dig extensive burrow systems, which are also used by other animals. Loss
More informationThe Mitten Animal Unit Study
The Mitten Animal Unit Study by Lit Mama Homeschool There are 7 mammals and a bird who end up sharing Nicki s mitten in the snowy woods in Jan Brett s picture book The Mitten. Each of these creatures is
More informationFIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS Northern Short tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda)
Northern Short tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) Northern Short tailed Shrews have poisonous saliva. This enables them to kill mice and larger prey and paralyze invertebrates such as snails and store them
More informationMeet The Mammals. Colouring Book. Environment Agency. Northern Ireland.
Meet The Mammals Colouring Book www.ni-environment.gov.uk Northern Ireland Environment Agency Teacher Notes Welcome to Meet the Mammals. NIEA (Northern ireland Environment Agency) is producing a range
More informationDraw a line from the names below to the animals they match. Red Fox. Wild Turkey. Wood Duck. White-tailed Deer. Black Bear
Science and Nature Cente Draw a line from the names below to the animals they match. Which animal do you like the best that you see in the nature center? Red Fox Wild Turkey Wood Duck White-tailed Deer
More informationMAMMAL SPECIES SEEN AT SCOTTSDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE INDEX OF 14 SPECIES
MAMMAL SPECIES SEEN AT SCOTTSDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE INDEX OF 14 SPECIES References at end. Text written by staff. Photos by Roy Barnes, Emma Olsen and Dr. John Weser. Bailey's Pocket Mouse Black-tailed
More informationMammal Tour. Ridge Trail
Mammal Tour on the Ridge Trail Enjoy a leisurely 1 mile hike on the Ridge Trail, while learning about our Northwoods mammals! A collaboration of the Cable Natural History Museum and the North End Ski Club,
More informationStriped Skunk Updated: April 8, 2018
Striped Skunk Updated: April 8, 2018 Interpretation Guide Status Danger Threats Population Distribution Habitat Diet Size Longevity Social Family Units Reproduction Our Animals Scientific Name Least Concern
More informationAMERICAN ALLIGATOR. Alligator mississippiensis. Map. Picture Picture Picture
Alligator mississippiensis AMERICAN ALLIGATOR freshwater, swamps, bayous and lakes southeastern United States fish, turtles, aquatic birds, mammals 35-50 years LEAST CONRN Alligators have 80 teeth in their
More informationWinter Adaptations. Why do animals need shelters, especially during the winter? WORD BANK: Woodchuck Grey Squirrel
Name: Winter Adaptations Why do animals need shelters, especially during the winter? Can you match where these animals might stay during the winter? Using help from the word box, label each animal and
More informationWe are adult American. Field Marks. We are the smallest falcons in North America. Like other falcons, we have long, pointed wings,
We are adult American Kestrels. Our scientific name is Falco sparverius. Field Marks We are the smallest falcons in North America. Like other falcons, we have long, pointed wings, long tails, and we flap
More informationKeys to the Mammals and Mammal Skulls of the Northern Coastal Plain of Virginia
Virginia Journal of Science Volume 54, Number 1 Spring 2003 Keys to the Mammals and Mammal Skulls of the Northern Coastal Plain of Virginia John F. Pagels 1, Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth
More informationCoyote (Canis latrans)
Coyote (Canis latrans) Coyotes are among the most adaptable mammals in North America. They have an enormous geographical distribution and can live in very diverse ecological settings, even successfully
More informationDuring the summer, two species primarily roost in structures (house bats) And four roost in trees and rocky outcrops (forest bats).
Vermont has nine species of bats, each relying on specific summer and winter habitats. Six species hibernate in caves and mines during the winter and are known as cave bats. During the summer, two species
More informationCORE LESSON: Adaptation Rooms
CORE LESSON: Adaptation Rooms Objectives and Summary: Students explore the concept of animal adaptation by modeling the benefit of an adaptation in the introduction (teacher led), and by observing and
More informationLab 5: Rodentia and Lagomorpha
Lab 5: Rodentia and Lagomorpha (8 families in B.C.) Sciuridae squirrels (16 species in B.C.) Muridae mice, rats, lemmings, voles (16) Aplodontidae mountain beaver (1) Castoridae beaver (1) Dipodidae jumping
More informationNew Jersey Furbearer Management Newsletter Winter New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife Upland Wildlife and Furbearer Project
New Jersey Furbearer Management Newsletter Winter 2013-14 New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife Upland Wildlife and Furbearer Project Deadlines and Dates to Remember- Beaver and Otter Trapping Season
More informationTeacher s Guide Southern Piedmont Wildlife Coloring Book
Teacher s Guide Southern Piedmont Wildlife Coloring Book Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) Complements the following South Carolina Science Standards: K.L.2, 2.L.5, 4.L.5, 5.L.4, and 6.L.4 Identification
More informationMammals. of Pheasant Branch Conservancy Dreux J. Watermolen
Mammals of Pheasant Branch Conservancy Dreux J. Watermolen Andy Adams View of Pheasant Branch Conservancy from near the springs. The various habitats found in the conservancy support diverse plant and
More informationWhite-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) ORDER: Artiodactyla FAMILY: Cervidae Conservation Status: The Key deer, Odocoileus virginianus clavium, is an Endangered subspecies and the Columbian white-tailed
More informationRufous hare-wallaby Lagorchestes hirsutus
Rufous hare-wallaby Lagorchestes hirsutus Wild populations of the rufous hare-wallaby remain only on Bernier and Dorre islands in Shark Bay. There is also a translocated population of the central Australian
More informationColoring Book. Southern Piedmont Wildlife.
Coloring Book Southern Piedmont Wildlife www.uscupstate.edu/fieldguide 1 Coloring Book Southern Piedmont Wildlife Table of Contents Mock Strawberry... 5 Striped Wintergreen... 7 Carolina Mantis... 9 Eastern
More informationState birds. A comparison of the Northern Mockingbird and the Western Meadowlark. By Shaden Jensen
State birds A comparison of the Northern Mockingbird and the Western Meadowlark By Shaden Jensen Western Meadowlark! Similar to the Eastern Meadowlark in appearance, this bird can be recognized by its
More informationColoring Book. Southern Piedmont Wildlife.
Coloring Book Southern Piedmont Wildlife Coloring Book Southern Piedmont Wildlife Coloring Book Wildlife: Mock Strawberry Striped Wintergreen Carolina Mantis Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Yellow Garden Spider
More informationPorcupine Family Erethizontidae Erethizon dorsatum
Porcupine Family Erethizontidae Erethizon dorsatum Think you re having a bad day? Imagine getting too close to the business end of a porcupine. Latin for porcupine is porcus spina, which means swine-thorn.
More informationWhite tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
White tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) ORDER: Artiodactyla FAMILY: Cervidae Conservation Status: The Key deer, Odocoileus virginianus clavium, is an Endangered subspecies and the Columbian white tailed
More informationEcology and Management of Ruffed Grouse and American Woodcock
Ecology and Management of Ruffed Grouse and American Woodcock RUFFED GROUSE Weigh 1-1.5 pounds Inconspicuous plumage Males have prominent dark ruffs around neck Solitary most of year FEMALE MALE? GENDER
More informationNecturus maculosus Family Proteidae
Necturus maculosus Family Proteidae - Robust body that is somewhat dorsoventrally compressed - Short tail with broad laterally compressed fin - Wide head with blunt/square snout - 3 pairs of bushy gills
More informationBobcat Interpretive Guide
Interpretive Guide Exhibit Talking Point: Our job as interpreters is to link what the visitors are seeing to The Zoo's conservation education messages. Our goal is to spark curiosity, create emotional
More informationHabitats provide food, water, and shelter which animals need to survive.
Adaptation Adaptations are the way living organisms cope with environmental stresses and pressures A biological adaptation is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioral trait of an organism
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF MAMMAL TRACKS FROM SOOTED TRACK STATIONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 1
4 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME REPRINT FROM Calif. Fish and Game 74(1): 4-15 1988 IDENTIFICATION OF MAMMAL TRACKS FROM SOOTED TRACK STATIONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 1 CATHY A. TAYLOR Pacific Southwest Forest
More informationIdentification. Waterfowl. The Shores of Long Bayou
Identification of Waterfowl at The Shores of Long Bayou Ernie Franke eafranke@tampabay.rr.com April 2015 Easy Identification of the Waterfowl Many Birds Look Alike: Great Blue Heron and Tri-Colored (Louisiana)
More information* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * For Judges Use Only
Welcome to the Wildlife O-Rama! JUNIOR KEY NAME: COUNTY: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * For Judges Use Only Score Wildlife ID (30 pts) Wildlife Foods (15 pts) Wildlife Concepts (15 pts) Total RANK: Wildlife
More informationLearn About Raccoons by Created by Lit Mama Homeschool
Learn About Raccoons by Raccoons, with their bandit masks and sweet faces, are often thought of as pests. They dig through the garbage, eat the dog s food, and cause a general ruckus if you leave food
More informationEastern Gray Squirrel
Centennial Park is a 13 acre park that extends from Grove Avenue to Wakefield Avenue. It is the largest natural open space in Metuchen. This park also includes Metuchen s highest point, Beacon Hill (with
More informationAmerican Black Bears
American Black Bears Black bears were likely common in the forests of southern New England at the time when the first European traders and settlers arrived. During the ensuing period of colonization, most
More informationby the authors and illustrators in Ms. Pyle s kindergarten class
by the authors and illustrators in Ms. Pyle s kindergarten class Stony Point Elementary School February 2015 We dedicate this book to Ms. Pyle because she s a good teacher, she lets us make stuff, she
More informationWild Fur Identification. an identification aid for Lynx species fur
Wild Fur Identification an identification aid for Lynx species fur Wild Fur Identifica- -an identification and classification aid for Lynx species fur pelts. Purpose: There are four species of Lynx including
More informationVeterinary Science. Rabbit Unit Handouts
Veterinary Science Rabbit Unit Handouts Rabbits Classification o Order: Family 1. - Pika Family 2. - Rabbits and Hares Genus 1. - American cottontail o Genus 2. - True hares o Genus 3. - European hares
More informationStation #4. All information Adapted from:http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/activities/makeitahabitat/adaptations.html and other sites
Adaptation Homework Station #1 GOAL: Avoid the Sun s heat and keep themselves cool. Animals spend the daylight hours hiding in burrows or behind boulders. They come out at night to hunt and forage for
More informationAppendix 1. Small Mammals in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
Appendix 1. Small Mammals in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area This list includes only species actually recorded (museum specimens and observational records from published and unpublished sources) in
More informationYou are about to learn about a fun city called Lancaster. This PowerPoint will tell you about Lancaster's schools, parks, presidents, famous people
You are about to learn about a fun city called Lancaster. This PowerPoint will tell you about Lancaster's schools, parks, presidents, famous people and much more. We hope you enjoy it. FLORA & FUANA OF
More informationWhite tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
White tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) ORDER: Artiodactyla FAMILY: Cervidae Conservation Status: The Key deer, Odocoileus virginianus clavium, is an Endangered subspecies and the Columbian white tailed
More informationYour Guide To DEFENDING YOUR HOME. Against RATS & MICE
Your Guide To DEFENDING YOUR HOME Against RATS & MICE 4 6 7 0 2 Norway Rat Roof Rat House Mouse Also Known As: Size (Adult) Weight (Adult) Appearance & Physical Characteristics House rat Brown rat Wharf
More informationPorcupine. Erethizon dorsatum. North American porcupine, Canadian porcupine, common porcupine.
Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Other common names North American porcupine, Canadian porcupine, common porcupine. Introduction Porcupines are the second largest rodent in North America, behind the beaver,
More informationACTIVITY #2: TURTLE IDENTIFICATION
TURTLE IDENTIFICATION TOPIC What are some unique characteristics of the various Ontario turtle species? BACKGROUND INFORMATION For detailed information regarding Ontario turtles, see Turtles of Ontario
More informationAppendix 4: Keys to the bats of the Greater Yellowstone Network
Appendix 4: Keys to the bats of the Greater Yellowstone Network Page 66 Dichotomous Key to the Bats of the Greater Yellowstone Network Doug Keinath, WYNDD, dkeinath@uwyo.edu # If this is true then go to
More informationApproximately 220 species of wild mammals occur in California and the
Approximately 220 species of wild mammals occur in California and the surrounding waters (including introduced species, but not domestic species such as house cats). Amazingly, the state of California
More informationTHE CHILDREN S ZOO. Scavenger Hunt GRADES K-3
THE CHILDREN S ZOO Scavenger Hunt GRADES K-3 Scavenger Hunt The Children s Zoo (K-3) Teacher s Guide Updated Summer 2011 APPROXIMATE TIME: 60 Minutes Suggestions for Teachers: 1. Allow your children about
More informationPuddle Ducks Order Anseriformes Family Anatinae Subfamily Anatini
Puddle Ducks Order Anseriformes Family Anatinae Subfamily Anatini Puddle ducks or dabbling ducks include our most common and recognizable ducks. While the diving ducks frequent large deep bodies of water,
More informationWho Am I? What are some things you can do to help protect my home? Track: Ohio Department of Natural Resources Photo: Cottonwood Canyons Foundation
Who Am I? What are some things you can do to help protect my home? Track: Ohio Department of Natural Resources Photo: Cottonwood Canyons Foundation I am a Red Squirrel! I live here in Alta. I build my
More information11/4/13. Frogs and Toads. External Anatomy WFS 340. The following anatomy slides should help you w/ ID.
Frogs and Toads WFS 340 The following slides do not include all 21 species covered during the TAMP workshop Graves modified an old slide presentation from a former course in an attempt to provide another
More informationKangaroo Rats (Pocket Mouse Family)
Castor canadensis 3-4, tail 11-21, 35-66 lbs. Solid dark brown, underneath slightly lighter Broad, flat, scaly tail Wide flat head w/small eyes, ears Extremely large orange incisors Hind feet webbed Second
More informationAmerican Beaver. American Beaver. Pocket Mouse Family
American Beaver Castor canadensis 3-4, tail 11-21, 35-66 lbs. Solid dark brown, underneath slightly lighter Broad, flat, scaly tail Wide flat head w/small eyes, ears Extremely large orange incisors Hind
More informationHibernation/Dormancy
Hibernation/Dormancy Objective: TEKS 9: The student knows that living organisms have basic needs that must be met for them to survive within their environment. TEKS 9B: TSW identify factors in the environment,
More informationScience10 (AdaptationsMulberry4th)
Name: Date: 1. Which bird's foot below is best for grasping prey? A. B. C. D. This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
More informationwww.montessorinature.com/printables How To Use Montessori Nomenclature 3 -Part Cards Montessori Three-Part Cards are designed for children to learn and process the information on the cards. The Montessori
More informationField Guide to Swan Lake
Field Guide to Swan Lake Mallard Our largest dabbling duck, the familiar Mallard is common in city ponds as well as wild areas. Male has a pale body and dark green head. Female is mottled brown with a
More information4th Grade Animal Studies Assessment
Name: Date: 1. Lamar's strong legs can climb rocks, swim, and ride a bike. Which best describes how our body helps us adapt to different activities? A. Lamar wears a jacket while riding his bike. B. Our
More informationWildlife Habitat Evaluation Program: Wildlife ID & Equipment Flash Cards
Purdue Extension FNR-205 Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Program: Wildlife ID & Equipment Flash Cards Authors: Rod N. Williams, Dept. of Forestry & Natural Resources Natalie Carroll, Dept. of Youth Development
More informationTUSKS! Exhibit Guide
TUSKS! Exhibit Guide Assembling the Guide The pages of this guide are meant to be glued or photocopied back to back in the following order: Page 32/1 (facing down) with Page 2/31 (facing up) Page 30/3
More information