Early Mesozoic Era. Jurassic and Triassic
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1 Early Mesozoic Era Jurassic and Triassic
2 Mesozoic Myr P r e c a m b r i a n Eon P h a n e r o z o i c Proterozoic Archean Hadean Era Period Age (Myrs) Epoch C e n o z o i c M e s o z o i c P a l e o z o i c Geologic Time Scale Tertiary Quaternary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordivician Cambrian Neogene Paleocene Age of the Earth 4600 Myrs (4.6 Byrs) Source: Geological Society of America (1999) Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene
3 145 Million years 202 Million years 251 Million years Early Mesozoic: Triassic and Jurassic
4
5
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7 Paleogeography Pangaea began to separate
8 Paleogeography Tethys seaway formed Site of modern Mediterranean
9
10 Major points about the Late Paleozoic 1.Therapsids established as the dominant land animals 2.Gymnosperms are the dominant land plants 3.Two major extinctions in the last few million years of the Paleozoic, the last being the largest in history 4.Rugose corals and Fusulinids completely wiped out 5.Brachiopods, Bryozoans, Ammonites and Therapsids nearly wiped out 6.All life on Earth is significantly affected 7.Cause still unknown; Massive flood basalts is the theory du jour
11
12 Early Mesozoic Bounded by mass extinctions Recovery from Permian mass extinction of: Fusulinids Lacy bryozoans Rugose corals Trilobites
13 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Rugosa & Tabulate Corals Hexacorals
14 Reefs - Hexacorals
15 Early Mesozoic Life Reefs Hexacorals Dominant reef builder Some resemble the extinct rugose corals
16 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Brachiopods Bivalves & Gastropods Bilateral Symmetry
17 Inoceramids
18 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Crinoids Echinoids (Sea Urchins)
19 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Trilobites Crustaceans
20 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Large Amphibians Frogs and Salamanders Paracyclotosaurus
21 Phytoplankton Erupt
22 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs
23 Diatoms: siliceous (SiO 2 ) phytoplankton (photosynthetic/au totrophs)
24 Radiolarians
25 Early Mesozoic Life Stromatolites returned temporarily to shallow water Ammonoids 2 genera diversity to 100 Mollusks, particularly bivalves abundant Sea urchins
26 Early Mesozoic Life Fishes continue to flourish - More modern - Skeletons of cartilage - Peg-like teeth - Scales covered bodies - Simple Jaws
27 Early Mesozoic Life Ammonoids Rapid evolution 1 million year range
28 Ammanoids - Parapuzosia
29 Early Mesozoic Life Belemnoids Squid-like relatives of Ammonoids
30
31 New Marine Predators!
32 Early Mesozoic Life Marine reptiles Placodonts Blunt-toothed shell crushers Broad armored bodies
33 Marine reptiles Early Mesozoic Life Nothosaurs Early Triassic May be first marine reptiles
34 Marine Reptiles Pleisiosaur
35 Early Mesozoic Life Plesiosaurs Evolved from nothosaurs
36 Plesiosaurs: Elasmosaurus
37 Largest- 150 ft long! Mosasaur
38 Mosasaur Kronosaurus
39 Ichthyosaurs Early Mesozoic Life Fish lizards Bore live young
40 Ichthyosaurus
41 Marine Reptile Relations
42 Giant Sea Turtles
43 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Tree-forming Gymnosperms Cycads Cycadeoids Ginkgos
44 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Mesozoic forests looked very different from modern forests
45 The Amniotes Diapsids (Includes lizards, dinosaurs & birds)) Classified based on skull structure Synapsids (Includes mammals) Anapsids (Includes turtles)
46 Mesozoic Reptiles Crocodiles Pterosaurs Dinosaurs & Birds Synapsids (Mammals) Anapsids (Turtles) Marine Reptiles Lizards & Snakes Archosaurs Diapsids
47 Early Permian - Labidosaurus Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles)
48 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Early Mammals Mammals evolved from therapsids Small Thecodonts Dinosaur ancestors Upper portion of legs extended downward rather than sprawling
49 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Thecodont descendents Dinosaurs Bipedal Different skull More highly developed teeth Crocodiles
50 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Dinosaur evolution Bird- hipped Ornithiscian Herbivores Lizard-hipped Saurischian Herbivores Carnivores
51 The 2 Major Lines of Dinosaurs
52 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Pterosaurs Long wings Hollow bones Flight
53 Big Dinosaur Questions What are Dinosaurs? How do we understand Dinosaur behavior? Where dinosaurs warm-blooded (endotherms) or cold-blooded (ectotherms)? Did birds evolve from dinosaurs? What caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
54 Dinosaurs vs. Reptiles 1. Upright posture Legs beneath the body rather than to the side 2. Unique arrangement of ankle hinge (and other skeletal differences)
55 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Sauropods Largest of all dinosaurs Jurassic Morrison Formation
56 Ornithischia Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs 1. Stegosaurs 2. Hadrosaurs 3. Ankylosaurs 4. Pachycephalosaurs 5. Ceratopsids All Herbivores
57 Hadrosaurs - Duck-billed Dinosaurs Ouranosaurus
58 Hadrosaurs Parasauralophus
59
60 Hadrosaurs Maiasaurus
61 Laellynasaura
62 Dinosaurs Maiosaura hatchling 50 cm long
63 Stegosaurs Stegosaurus
64 Ankylosaurids - Natures Tanks Euoplocephalus
65 Ankylosaurids ankylosaurus
66 Pachycephalosaurs - Bone Heads Pachycephalosaurus
67 Ceratopsids Horned Dinos Torosaurus
68 Triceratops Ceratopsids
69 Saurischia Reptile-Hipped Dinosaurs 1. Sauropods (Herbivores) 2. Theropods and Coelurosaurs (Carnosaurs) Aves (Birds) Herbivores and Carnivores Generally more mobile, pubis facing forward teeth on the rims of the jaws, two-legged and four-legged, dominated Early Mesozoic
70 Sauropods Seismosaurus X 20 Up to 90 feet long and 10 tons, lizardfeet (five toes like a reptile, nostrils sometimes on top, small brain (size of a kitten s), used gastroliths for digestion, herding animals
71 Barapasaurus Sauropods
72 apatosaurus Sauropods
73 Theropods Tyrannosaurus: up to 30 feet in length, several tons, size of a large elephant, Slow rambling gait?, large mouth for swallowing
74 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Allosaurus Largest carnivore!
75 Theropods Velociraptor
76 allosaurus Theropods
77 Small Theropods: coelurosaurs Compsognathus
78
79
80
81 How do we know about Dinosaur Behavior?
82 Dino Nests
83 Dinosaur Trackways
84 How do we know about Dinosaur Color and Soft Stuff?
85 Skin Imprints Triceratops
86 Feathers
87 Brain Casts & Gizzard Stones Emphasizes smell and senses, not planning gastroliths
88 Ceratosaurus Color?
89 Horner (2001) Dinosaurs under the Big Sky
90 Warm vs. Cold Blood (Endotherms vs. Ectotherms)
91 Predator/Prey Ratios What limits how many animals can exist on a patch of ground or seafloor?
92 Upright Posture & Fast Speeds
93 Problems - Food & Heat Loss & blood pressure
94 Fossilized dinosaur heart 4-chambered
95 Bone Structure
96 Bottom Line Some dinosaurs were endotherms (small theropods) and others were ectotherms (large sauropods)
97 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Archaeopteryx Missing link Feathered Breastbone
98
99 Paleogeography Pangaea began to separate
100 Paleogeography Tethys seaway formed Site of modern Mediterranean
101 Paleogeography Rifting began first in north, then spread south
102 Salt domes Thick evaporites built up in modern Gulf of Mexico Formed salt domes Petroleum reserves Paleogeography
103
104 Global warming Triassic Mass Extinction Volcanic activity released high volumes of CO 2 Number of leaf stomates increased Cells that utilize CO 2
105 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Petrified Forest Chinle formation Utah and Arizona
106 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Sundance Sea Global sea level rose Pacific flooded western U.S.
107 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Grew by accretion of exotic terrane Island arc terranes Accreted Golconda Arc Microplates Accreted Sonomia Southeastern Oregon Northern California and Nevada
108 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Accretion Golconda Arc Sonomia
109 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Additional accretion Accretionary wedge Franciscan rocks Great Valley turbidites
110 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Subduction led to intrusions Sierra Nevada batholiths
111 Mesozoic Batholiths
112 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Sundance Sea Retreated as it filled with sediments Morrison Formation Reddish river sediments. Famous for the dinosaur fossils
113 Dinosaurs Oviraptor Egg stealer small at 0.7 m in size
114 Dinosaurs Protoarchtopterix Precursor of feathers 60 cm in size
115 Dinosaurs Protoarchaeopteryx Fossilized tail feathers
116
117 High Mesozoic Seas Low Transgression Regression
118 Sedimentary Sequences of NA Blue = No deposition
119 Cretaceous Seaway
120
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