Early Mesozoic Era. Jurassic and Triassic

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1 Early Mesozoic Era Jurassic and Triassic

2 Mesozoic Myr P r e c a m b r i a n Eon P h a n e r o z o i c Proterozoic Archean Hadean Era Period Age (Myrs) Epoch C e n o z o i c M e s o z o i c P a l e o z o i c Geologic Time Scale Tertiary Quaternary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordivician Cambrian Neogene Paleocene Age of the Earth 4600 Myrs (4.6 Byrs) Source: Geological Society of America (1999) Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene

3 145 Million years 202 Million years 251 Million years Early Mesozoic: Triassic and Jurassic

4

5

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7 Paleogeography Pangaea began to separate

8 Paleogeography Tethys seaway formed Site of modern Mediterranean

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10 Major points about the Late Paleozoic 1.Therapsids established as the dominant land animals 2.Gymnosperms are the dominant land plants 3.Two major extinctions in the last few million years of the Paleozoic, the last being the largest in history 4.Rugose corals and Fusulinids completely wiped out 5.Brachiopods, Bryozoans, Ammonites and Therapsids nearly wiped out 6.All life on Earth is significantly affected 7.Cause still unknown; Massive flood basalts is the theory du jour

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12 Early Mesozoic Bounded by mass extinctions Recovery from Permian mass extinction of: Fusulinids Lacy bryozoans Rugose corals Trilobites

13 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Rugosa & Tabulate Corals Hexacorals

14 Reefs - Hexacorals

15 Early Mesozoic Life Reefs Hexacorals Dominant reef builder Some resemble the extinct rugose corals

16 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Brachiopods Bivalves & Gastropods Bilateral Symmetry

17 Inoceramids

18 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Crinoids Echinoids (Sea Urchins)

19 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Trilobites Crustaceans

20 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Large Amphibians Frogs and Salamanders Paracyclotosaurus

21 Phytoplankton Erupt

22 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs

23 Diatoms: siliceous (SiO 2 ) phytoplankton (photosynthetic/au totrophs)

24 Radiolarians

25 Early Mesozoic Life Stromatolites returned temporarily to shallow water Ammonoids 2 genera diversity to 100 Mollusks, particularly bivalves abundant Sea urchins

26 Early Mesozoic Life Fishes continue to flourish - More modern - Skeletons of cartilage - Peg-like teeth - Scales covered bodies - Simple Jaws

27 Early Mesozoic Life Ammonoids Rapid evolution 1 million year range

28 Ammanoids - Parapuzosia

29 Early Mesozoic Life Belemnoids Squid-like relatives of Ammonoids

30

31 New Marine Predators!

32 Early Mesozoic Life Marine reptiles Placodonts Blunt-toothed shell crushers Broad armored bodies

33 Marine reptiles Early Mesozoic Life Nothosaurs Early Triassic May be first marine reptiles

34 Marine Reptiles Pleisiosaur

35 Early Mesozoic Life Plesiosaurs Evolved from nothosaurs

36 Plesiosaurs: Elasmosaurus

37 Largest- 150 ft long! Mosasaur

38 Mosasaur Kronosaurus

39 Ichthyosaurs Early Mesozoic Life Fish lizards Bore live young

40 Ichthyosaurus

41 Marine Reptile Relations

42 Giant Sea Turtles

43 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Tree-forming Gymnosperms Cycads Cycadeoids Ginkgos

44 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Mesozoic forests looked very different from modern forests

45 The Amniotes Diapsids (Includes lizards, dinosaurs & birds)) Classified based on skull structure Synapsids (Includes mammals) Anapsids (Includes turtles)

46 Mesozoic Reptiles Crocodiles Pterosaurs Dinosaurs & Birds Synapsids (Mammals) Anapsids (Turtles) Marine Reptiles Lizards & Snakes Archosaurs Diapsids

47 Early Permian - Labidosaurus Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles)

48 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Early Mammals Mammals evolved from therapsids Small Thecodonts Dinosaur ancestors Upper portion of legs extended downward rather than sprawling

49 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Thecodont descendents Dinosaurs Bipedal Different skull More highly developed teeth Crocodiles

50 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Dinosaur evolution Bird- hipped Ornithiscian Herbivores Lizard-hipped Saurischian Herbivores Carnivores

51 The 2 Major Lines of Dinosaurs

52 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Pterosaurs Long wings Hollow bones Flight

53 Big Dinosaur Questions What are Dinosaurs? How do we understand Dinosaur behavior? Where dinosaurs warm-blooded (endotherms) or cold-blooded (ectotherms)? Did birds evolve from dinosaurs? What caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?

54 Dinosaurs vs. Reptiles 1. Upright posture Legs beneath the body rather than to the side 2. Unique arrangement of ankle hinge (and other skeletal differences)

55 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Sauropods Largest of all dinosaurs Jurassic Morrison Formation

56 Ornithischia Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs 1. Stegosaurs 2. Hadrosaurs 3. Ankylosaurs 4. Pachycephalosaurs 5. Ceratopsids All Herbivores

57 Hadrosaurs - Duck-billed Dinosaurs Ouranosaurus

58 Hadrosaurs Parasauralophus

59

60 Hadrosaurs Maiasaurus

61 Laellynasaura

62 Dinosaurs Maiosaura hatchling 50 cm long

63 Stegosaurs Stegosaurus

64 Ankylosaurids - Natures Tanks Euoplocephalus

65 Ankylosaurids ankylosaurus

66 Pachycephalosaurs - Bone Heads Pachycephalosaurus

67 Ceratopsids Horned Dinos Torosaurus

68 Triceratops Ceratopsids

69 Saurischia Reptile-Hipped Dinosaurs 1. Sauropods (Herbivores) 2. Theropods and Coelurosaurs (Carnosaurs) Aves (Birds) Herbivores and Carnivores Generally more mobile, pubis facing forward teeth on the rims of the jaws, two-legged and four-legged, dominated Early Mesozoic

70 Sauropods Seismosaurus X 20 Up to 90 feet long and 10 tons, lizardfeet (five toes like a reptile, nostrils sometimes on top, small brain (size of a kitten s), used gastroliths for digestion, herding animals

71 Barapasaurus Sauropods

72 apatosaurus Sauropods

73 Theropods Tyrannosaurus: up to 30 feet in length, several tons, size of a large elephant, Slow rambling gait?, large mouth for swallowing

74 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Allosaurus Largest carnivore!

75 Theropods Velociraptor

76 allosaurus Theropods

77 Small Theropods: coelurosaurs Compsognathus

78

79

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81 How do we know about Dinosaur Behavior?

82 Dino Nests

83 Dinosaur Trackways

84 How do we know about Dinosaur Color and Soft Stuff?

85 Skin Imprints Triceratops

86 Feathers

87 Brain Casts & Gizzard Stones Emphasizes smell and senses, not planning gastroliths

88 Ceratosaurus Color?

89 Horner (2001) Dinosaurs under the Big Sky

90 Warm vs. Cold Blood (Endotherms vs. Ectotherms)

91 Predator/Prey Ratios What limits how many animals can exist on a patch of ground or seafloor?

92 Upright Posture & Fast Speeds

93 Problems - Food & Heat Loss & blood pressure

94 Fossilized dinosaur heart 4-chambered

95 Bone Structure

96 Bottom Line Some dinosaurs were endotherms (small theropods) and others were ectotherms (large sauropods)

97 Early Mesozoic Life on Land Archaeopteryx Missing link Feathered Breastbone

98

99 Paleogeography Pangaea began to separate

100 Paleogeography Tethys seaway formed Site of modern Mediterranean

101 Paleogeography Rifting began first in north, then spread south

102 Salt domes Thick evaporites built up in modern Gulf of Mexico Formed salt domes Petroleum reserves Paleogeography

103

104 Global warming Triassic Mass Extinction Volcanic activity released high volumes of CO 2 Number of leaf stomates increased Cells that utilize CO 2

105 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Petrified Forest Chinle formation Utah and Arizona

106 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Sundance Sea Global sea level rose Pacific flooded western U.S.

107 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Grew by accretion of exotic terrane Island arc terranes Accreted Golconda Arc Microplates Accreted Sonomia Southeastern Oregon Northern California and Nevada

108 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Accretion Golconda Arc Sonomia

109 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Additional accretion Accretionary wedge Franciscan rocks Great Valley turbidites

110 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Subduction led to intrusions Sierra Nevada batholiths

111 Mesozoic Batholiths

112 Tectonic Events in Western U.S. Sundance Sea Retreated as it filled with sediments Morrison Formation Reddish river sediments. Famous for the dinosaur fossils

113 Dinosaurs Oviraptor Egg stealer small at 0.7 m in size

114 Dinosaurs Protoarchtopterix Precursor of feathers 60 cm in size

115 Dinosaurs Protoarchaeopteryx Fossilized tail feathers

116

117 High Mesozoic Seas Low Transgression Regression

118 Sedimentary Sequences of NA Blue = No deposition

119 Cretaceous Seaway

120

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