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1 Original: English August/September 2011 REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ZOONOTIC PARASITES Paris, 30 August 1 September 2011 The OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasitess (the ad hoc Group) mett at OIE Headquarters in 30 August 1 September Paris on The members of the Annex II. ad hoc Group and other participants are listed at Annex A I. The Agenda adopted is at Dr Sarah Kahn, on behalf of Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General of the OIE, welcomed members to the t second meeting of the ad hoc Group. She welcomed two additional members, i.e. Dr D Annamaria Bruno, from the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) secretariat, andd Dr Etienne Bonbon, European Commission (DG SANCO) and vice-president of the OIE Terrestriall Animal Health Standards Commission (Code Commission). Dr Bruno outlined the CAC processs for initiatingg new work and the proposal for new work on the development of guidelines for the control of specific parasites: Trichinella spiralis and Cysticercus bovis, which wass approved by the CAC in July The CAC recommended that the work be risk-based (a risk profile had been developed and a risk assessment was not necessary) and that the work of OIE be monitored m to ensure that there is no duplication of work. A CAC physical Working Group (pwg), established by the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH), met in Ireland on July 2011 to develop a first draft document. The pwg recommended broadening thee scope of the guidelines to all Trichinella species infectingg pigs (Suidae); the document cross-references Chapter of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Terrestrial Code) (in the sectionn on control measures at farm level) and the OIE Manual of Diagnosticc Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Terrestrial Manual) (in the section on testing). The pwg agreed to wait for the development of the OIE work in trichinellosis with respect to the conditions for official recognition of Trichinella free herds/compartments and negligible risk forr countries in order to cross reference to thesee provisions and use them as a reference point for developing a risk-based r approach to the implementation of post-harvest control measures. The draft CAC document (CX/FH 11/43/6) has been circulated for comments and will be considered by the 43rd session of the CCFH (meeting to be held in Miami [United States of America], 5 9 December 2011). Dr Bonbon outlined that trichinellosis is both a public healthh problem andd a trade problem. The EU supports work by both the OIE and the CAC in setting standards to address these problems. OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

2 2 Dr Bonbon outlined the work of the EU on trichinellosis, including rules on the status of source countries/zones, and rules on trade in meat from susceptible species. He indicated that the EU had adopted a decision and that two countries (Denmark and Belgium) had already been declared as negligible risk for trichinellosis. He noted that the absence of wild boar in Denmark simplifies the epidemiological situation, but foxes had nevertheless to be tested. Agenda item 2: addressing Member comments on Chapter Trichinellosis General considerations The ad hoc Group noted the general comments made by Canada, the European Union, New Zealand, Norway and the United States of America. Regarding New Zealand s recommendation to use the term infestation throughout the chapter, Dr Murrell noted that by scientific convention, external parasites are considered to be infestations, whereas internal parasites such as Trichinella are considered to be infections. Further, infection also applies to metazoan parasites that multiply within the host, which is the case for Trichinella. The ad hoc Group noted that the term infestation is used in the draft Codex document but nonetheless was unanimous in its view that infection was the correct term to use. The ad hoc Group accepted the US recommendation to replace farm with herd throughout the text. In addition, the word equine was replaced by equid throughout the text. In response to the comments of New Zealand supporting the use of the antibody ELISA as an alternative to the meat digestion test, the ad hoc Group noted the limitations of the serological testing methods currently available and that there is no internationally standardised serological test validated for use at the individual animal level. To monitor Trichinella infections in pig herds, the method and/or the antigen production, and/or reference sera will need to be standardized by the international body ISO (International Organization for Standardization). In the OIE Terrestrial Manual, the ELISA test is considered appropriate for use in herd surveillance but is not considered suitable for testing individual pigs. As stated in the Manual, there is a critical need for an international bank of reference sera to provide a common standard for Trichinella serological assays. Noting that the International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) is trying to address this need, the ad hoc Group encouraged the OIE to take whatever steps may be possible to support the ICT in this endeavour. The recommendation of New Zealand was accepted throughout the chapter in relation to surveillance and epidemiological investigation at the herd level but it was not accepted in relation to testing individual animals (e.g. for the importation of pigs into a free country). In view that the OIE is amending the titles of disease chapters in the Terrestrial Code Volume 2, the ad hoc Group modified the title of the chapter to Infection with Trichinella spp. This modification was considered necessary to clarify that species additional to Trichinella spiralis are within the scope of the chapter. In response to a comment from the European Union, the ad hoc Group noted the Terrestrial Code Glossary definition of wild, and asked the OIE International Trade Department to add and feral where needed in the text, to reflect that the recommendations cover both wild and feral pigs and equids. OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

3 3 In response to a comment from Dr Bruno, the ad hoc Group agreed that the OIE text should take full account of the current CAC work on Trichinella. The draft text currently contains a reference to the CAC Code of Hygienic Practice for Meat (CAC/RCP ) that will be modified as appropriate when the CAC work on Trichinella is finalised. Noting that the Codex pwg has not to date included horse meat in the scope of its work, whereas the international trade in horse meat is significant and the OIE is addressing trade measures for horse meat, the ad hoc Group recommended that the CAC consider addressing horse meat in its future work. The Group also considered that the issue of meat testing for the purpose of assuring food safety should be the subject of CAC recommendations. Once the CAC document has been adopted an appropriate cross reference on meat testing methods will be included in Chapter The ad hoc Group did not consider that there was an urgent need to develop specific provisions for the use of compartmentalisation, particularly as the revised chapter now includes provisions for country and zone of negligible risk, as well as provisions for free herds. Revision of articles On Article , in response to the EU comment, the ad hoc Group replaced the word cosmopolitan with widely distributed. The Group also accepted a recommendation from New Zealand and modified Article accordingly. The spelling of the word inapparent was retained as this was considered to be correct. The Group did not agree to incorporate the word normally as this modification was not considered necessary (trichinellosis is virtually always clinically inapparent in animals). With respect to the EU comment on the use of curing to inactivate Trichinella in meat, Dr Murrell indicated that the USA Code of Federal Regulations specifies a relevant method for curing meat, which is supported by scientific publications (9CFR Chapter 3, part 318, Section ). In addition, Dr Gajadhar noted that the Terrestrial Manual makes reference to the use of curing to inactivate Trichinella species. The ad hoc Group considered the comments of the EU and the USA and made several modifications to the text, including moving all the text that had previously appeared in Article to Article The ad hoc Group noted and accepted a recommendation from New Zealand to include a new article dealing with commodities considered to be safe for trade. This is consistent with the established approach to disease chapters in the Terrestrial Code, which normally address safe commodities in Article 2. In addition to hides, skins, bristles, semen, embryos, oocytes, milk and milk products, the Group included a reference to swine meat and meat products processed according to the recommendations in CX/FH 11/43/6. This reference was put in square brackets to reflect the fact that the CAC s work on trichinellosis is ongoing. The ad hoc Group discussed the comments of the EU, New Zealand, Canada and the USA on Article and made appropriate modifications to the text. The ad hoc Group discussed at some length an EU recommendation to make provision for piglets less than five weeks of age to have access to the outdoor environment but did not agree that pigs of this age could safely be exposed to an environment of unknown risk status for Trichinella spp. Determination of the risk presented by the external environment depends on knowledge of both the wildlife species present and, importantly, the Trichinella species present and their infectivity for pigs. The ad hoc Group considered the recommendations of the EU, Norway and Canada on the need to establish requirements for declaring a country, zone or compartment as free or as negligible risk (the latter term proposed by the EU). Taking as a model the recently revised Terrestrial Code Chapter (Classical swine fever), the Group developed two new articles, i.e. Article Determination of the status of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs for a country, zone or herd and Article Country or zone with a negligible risk of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs. OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

4 4 Article sets out the prerequisites for determining the Trichinella infection status of countries, zones and herds. The ad hoc Group considered that reporting of Trichinella infection in all animals (domestic and wildlife) was a prerequisite requirement in order to establish the status of a country, zone or herd. Wild animals may be infected with a wide range of Trichinella spp. However, for domestic pigs, T. spiralis is the most significant source of infection. A point dealing with identification and traceability of domestic pigs was included in this Article. All members agreed that communication between Veterinary Services (VS) and Public Health Agencies (PHA) is needed as part of the system of surveillance for Trichinella, as cases of infection in humans are an important indicator of the presence of the infection in domestic pigs. The ad hoc Group noted that this point is well covered in the Codex working document. A new point was added to draft Article to reflect the importance of communication between the VS and PHA. The recommendation of New Zealand on provisions for the introduction of live pigs was addressed as a new point in both Articles and The ad hoc Group carefully considered the proposal of the EU setting out the conditions for countries and zones to be considered negligible risk for Trichinella spp. The Group agreed with the proposal for all prerequisite conditions to have been in place for at least two years, based on the fact that a period less than two years is insufficient to collect sufficient surveillance information. There was an extensive discussion on the design of surveillance programmes to support country or zone freedom. The ad hoc Group noted two key papers that are relevant to this discussion, i.e., Alban et al., Towards a standardised surveillance for Trichinella in the European Union (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Volume 99, Issues 2-4, 1 May 2011, Pages ) and Prattley et al., An Assessment of the Trichinella Status of the United Kingdom and Recommendations on Future Surveillance (Report to the Food Standards Agency, 20 August 2010). The ad hoc Group did not agree with the EU proposal to establish a numerical value for the sample size and specific confidence level as a basis to determine that a country or zone presents negligible risk. The surveillance strategy and design of the surveillance programme depends on the prevailing epidemiological circumstances in and around the country or zone (which can vary from country to country), and must be planned, selected and implemented accordingly to demonstrate the absence of Trichinella in pig populations; the Veterinary Authority in each country must choose the strategy and options for doing this. In the absence of specific scientific studies presented in support of the EU proposal the Group was not of the view that specific sample numbers should be specified. In addition, the Group noted the paper of Prattley et al., which argued for alternative, simpler and less costly, approaches to national surveillance. In this paper, evidence from surveillance of slaughter age pigs, culled breeding pigs, horses and foxes was integrated in a surveillance portfolio, in order to demonstrate negligible risk of Trichinella being present in domestic pigs. There was some discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of negligible risk and country freedom, including the issue of whether the term negligible risk applies to the domestic pig population, the whole country, or the health risks to the human population arising from the animal health status. It was agreed that the term negligible risk applies to the domestic pig population. The ad hoc Group also accepted a recommendation from the EU to the effect that if a herd is located in a country or zone of negligible risk, points 2 and 3 in the original Article do not apply and only one visit needs be made, as recommended by Norway. The Group did not understand the comment made by the USA in respect of testing pigs at points of concentration (i.e. slaughter plants), as the text already reflects the current approach to testing, which uses the digestion method on meat samples collected at slaughter houses. OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

5 5 In light of the revision of the first five articles, the ad hoc Group restructured Article and thereby addressed comments from the EU, Canada and New Zealand, excepting that the comment of New Zealand on the use of antibody ELISA was not accepted for the reasons set out above. Noting that the Codex has not to date included horse meat in the scope of its work and that the OIE is not undertaking any work on the topic of time/temperature parameters to inactivate larvae in horse meat, the ad hoc Group deleted the original Article In response to the evident interest of Members in guidance on surveillance, a new Article was developed on surveillance for Trichinella. The revised Chapter is presented in Annex III. Due to the extensive modification and restructuring of the previous draft text, the International Trade Department decided to present this text as a clean document (i.e. without track changes), which should be read with the detailed report of the ad hoc Group for an explanation of the work done. Agenda item 3: address Member comments on Chapter 8.4. Echinococcus/hydatidosis Due to lack of time the ad hoc Group did not address Member comments on the draft Chapter 8.4. Echinococcus/hydatidosis. It was agreed that a meeting would be held, if possible, in December 2011 to carry out this review. Agenda item 4: draft a new chapter on porcine cysticercosis Due to lack of time, the ad hoc Group did not start any new work on porcine cysticercosis. It was agreed that this topic could be addressed at a future meeting..../annexes OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

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7 7 Annex I MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ZOONOTIC PARASITES Paris (France), 30 August 1 September 2011 List of participants MEMBERS OF THE AD HOC GROUP Dr K. Darwin Murrell (Chair) Honorary Professor Department of Veterinary Disease Biology Faculty of Life Sciences - University of Copenhagen Dyrlaegevej 100, Frederiksberg DENMARK kdmurrell@comcast.net Prof. Allal Dakkak Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire BP 6202, Rabat-Institute MOROCCO Tel.: ( ) Fax: ( ) a.dakkak@iav.ac.ma Dr Simone Magnino Scientist Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS) World Health Organization Room L221 20, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27 SWITZERLAND Tel.: Mobile: Fax: magninos@who.int Dr Katinka de Balogh Senior Officer (Veterinary Public Health) Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division - FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome ITALY Phone: katinka.debalogh@fao.org Dr Alvin Gajadhar Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre Dr David Jenkins for Food Borne and Animal Parasitology, Senior Research Fellow in Parasitology 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences Saskatchewan S7N 2R3 Charles Sturt University, CANADA Locked Bag 588 Tel.: (1.306) Wagga Wagga Fax: (1.306) NSW 2678 alvin.gajadhar@inspection.gc.ca AUSTRALIA Tel.: Professor Samson Mukaratirwa Fax: Head: School of Biological and djjenkins@csu.edu.au Conservation Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, SOUTH AFRICA Tel.: Fax: /2029 Mukaratirwa@ukzn.ac.za Prof. Jean Dupouy-Camet Responsable Centre National de Référence des Trichinella 1st Vice President of the European Federation of Parasitologists Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Fbrg St Jacques Paris FRANCE Tel.: Fax: jean.dupouy-camet@cch.ap-hop-paris.fr OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

8 8 Annex I (contd) OTHER PARTICIPANTS Dr Etienne Bonbon European Commission DG SANCO-D1 Rue Froissart Brussels BELGIUM Tel.: Fax: etienne.bonbon@ec.europa.eu Dr Annamaria Bruno Food Standards Officer Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla Rome ITALY Tel. : (39) Fax : (39) Annamaria.Bruno@fao.org OIE HEADQUARTERS Dr Bernard Vallat Director General 12, rue de Prony Paris FRANCE Tel.: 33 (0) Fax: 33 (0) oie@oie.int Dr Sarah Kahn Head International Trade Department OIE s.kahn@oie.int Dr Gillian Mylrea Deputy Head International Trade Department OIE g.mylrea@oie.int OIE ad hoc Group on Zoonotic Parasites / August-September 2011

9 9 Annex II MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON ZOONOTIC PARASITES Paris (France), 30 August 1 September 2011 Adopted Agenda Welcome 1. Update on relevant Codex work. 2. Consider Member comments on draft Chapter Trichinellosis and amend text as appropriate. 3. Consider Member comments on draft Chapter 8.4. Echinococcus/hydatidosis and amend text as appropriate. 4. If time allows, draft a new chapter on porcine cysticercosis, dealing with the management of these pathogens in animals in order to manage risks to human health. 5. Any other business OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

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11 11 Annex III CHAPTER INFECTION WITH TRICHINELLA SPP. General provisions Article Trichinellosis is a widely distributed zoonosis caused by eating raw or undercooked meat from Trichinella infected food animals or game. The adult parasite and the larval forms live in the small intestine and muscles (respectively) of many mammalian, avian and reptile host species. Within the genus Trichinella, twelve genotypes have been identified, eight of which have been designated as species. These genotypes may vary considerably between localities, districts, regions and countries. Trichinellosis can be fatal in humans but is clinically inapparent in animals. Preventing transmission to humans currently relies on the provision of Trichinella free meat for human consumption. Prevention of infection in susceptible domestic animals used for human consumption currently relies on the prevention of exposure of those animals to the meat of Trichinella infected animals, including via food waste, rodents and wildlife. This can be achieved by adopting appropriate biosecurity measures. Meat and meat products derived from wildlife should always be considered a potential source of infection for humans. Trichinella larvae found in meat and meat products of wildlife may be resistant to freezing (depending on the Trichinella genotype). Therefore untested, frozen game meat may pose a public health risk. For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, Trichinella infection is defined as an infection of suids or equids by parasites of the genus Trichinella. This chapter deals with methods for on-farm prevention of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) and for safe trade of suids and equids, and their products. This chapter complements the Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practice for Meat (CAC/RCP ). Methods for the detection of Trichinella infection in pigs and other animal species include direct demonstration of the parasite s larvae in muscle samples and indirectly demonstratingtheir presence by detecting Trichinella specific circulating antibodies. Standards for diagnostic tests are described in the Terrestrial Manual. Safe commodities Article When authorising the import or transit of the following commodities, Veterinary Authorities should not require any Trichinella related conditions regardless of the status of the animal population of the exporting country or zone: OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

12 12 Annex III (contd) 1. hides, skins, hair and bristles; 2. semen, embryos and oocytes; 3. milk and milk products; 4. pig meat and meat products processed to ensure the inactivation of Trichinella larvae in accordance with recommendations in the [Codex working document CX/FH/11/43/6 ]. Article Measures to prevent infection in domestic pig herds 1. Pigs kept under controlled housing Controlled housing systems should be managed in a manner to prevent exposure of pigs to Trichinella. a) Construction of buildings and environmental barriers i) Buildings used to house pigs should be constructed to prevent entry of rodents and wildlife, e.g. openings, such as those for air ventilation or water pipes should be covered with wire or specific devices; ii) areas surrounding buildings used to house pigs should be free from debris that could provide rodent harbourage; iii) a vegetation-free perimeter consisting of concrete, gravel or a similar material should be maintained around all buildings used to house pigs to facilitate monitoring rodent and wild or feral animal incursions. b) Feed and feed storage i) Feed whether purchased or produced on-farm should comply with the requirements in Chapter 6.3.; ii) feed should be stored and contained in closed silos or bins, which are constructed to prevent entry of rodents and wildlife. c) Rodent control A programme for the control of rodents should be implemented, documented and audited, and corrective actions applied as required. d) Disposal of dead animals Dead animals should be removed from buildings used to house pigs immediately after detection and disposed of as soon as possible, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

13 13 Annex III (contd) e) Introduction of pigs i) Introduced pigs should originate from Trichinella free herds; OR ii) if obtained from herds of unknown Trichinella status, they should be held in isolation until serologically tested to demonstrate the absence of antibodies to Trichinella. Adult pigs should be tested serologically on arrival and weaner pigs should be tested five weeks after arrival. If any of these pigs test positive, the entire introduced cohort should remain in isolation until slaughtered. The meat should be subjected to testing by digestion to collect information on the genotype of the Trichinella present and to support a decision on the disposition of the meat. Test results should be communicated to the farm of origin. 2. Pigs exposed to outdoor environments Pigs exposed to outdoor environments, or under conditions that facilitate contact with wildlife, may be at higher risk of Trichinella infection than pigs kept in controlled housing. To minimise the risk of Trichinella infection, the recommendations in point 1 should be applied to the maximum extent possible. Article Determination of the status of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs for a country, zone or herd The status of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs in a country, zone or herd should be based on the following criteria: 1. Trichinella infection in all animals (domestic animals and wildlife) should be notifiable in the whole territory; 2. an animal identification and traceability system for domestic pigs should be implemented in accordance with the provisions of Chapters 4.1. and 4.2.; 3. appropriate provisions should be in place for tracing of meat from wild animals harvested for human consumption under commercial conditions; 4. the Veterinary Authority should have current knowledge of, and authority over, all domestic pigs in the country or zone; 5. the Veterinary Authority should have current knowledge of the population and habitat of wild and feral pigs in the country or zone; 6. appropriate surveillance, capable of detecting the presence and genotype of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs, and the risk posed by wild and feral pigs, and other susceptible wildlife, should be in place. Communication procedures on the occurrence of Trichinella infection, including information about genotypes of the cases, should be established between the Veterinary Authority and the Public Health Authority. OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

14 14 Annex III (contd) Article Country or zone with a negligible risk of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs A country or zone may be considered to be of negligible risk if the following conditions are met: 1. Article has been complied with for at least 24 months; 2. the surveillance provisions in Article have been complied with for a period of at least 24 months and the results demonstrate the absence of autochthonous Trichinella infection in domestic pigs; 3. the risk for transmission of Trichinella infection from wildlife reservoir hosts to domestic pigs has been assessed and appropriate biosecurity measures have been instituted to protect the domestic pig population. This should include the systematic monitoring of wildlife for Trichinella infection (Article ); 4. introduced live pigs should come from a country or zone with a negligible risk of Trichinella infection or from a Trichinella free herd. Trichinella free pig herd Article The Veterinary Authority may officially recognise pig herds complying with Article as Trichinella free if the following additional requirements are met: 1. at least two visits, a minimum of 6 months apart, have been made in the 12 months preceding recognition of the pig farms in the herd as Trichinella free, and an annual audit has been made thereafter to verify compliance with good management practices described in Article ; 2. muscle samples from all pigs sent for slaughter during the 12 months preceding recognition of the pig herds as Trichinella free have been tested by a digestion method as described in the Terrestrial Manual and found to be negative for Trichinella infection; 3. a serological survey of the pig herd is conducted annually with a sample size providing at least 95% confidence of detecting Trichinella infection. Alternatively, muscle samples could be collected at the slaughterhouse/abattoir to provide the same level of confidence of detecting Trichinella infection; 4. all management practices undertaken on farm are documented; 5. introduced live pigs should come from a country or zone with a negligible risk of Trichinella infection or from a Trichinella free herd. If a pig tests positive for Trichinella infection by the digestion method or serology, the herd loses its Trichinella free status. Confirmation of a positive test using serology should be done by the digestion method using no less than 100 grams of meat, as described in the Terrestrial Manual. An investigation should be carried out by the Veterinary Services to identify the origin of the infection and appropriate remedial actions to be implemented. If the outcome of an audit is unfavourable, the Trichinella free status should be withdrawn until appropriate remedial action has been taken. To regain Trichinella free status, the herd should comply with points 1 and 2. If the herd is located in a country or zone of negligible risk, points 2 and 3 do not apply. OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

15 15 Article Recommendations for the importation of meat or meat products of domestic pigs Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat or meat products: 1. comes from domestic pigs slaughtered in an approved abattoir; AND 2. comes from domestic pigs from a negligible risk country or zone in accordance with Article ; OR 3. comes from domestic pigs originating from a Trichinella free herd in accordance Article ; OR 4. comes from domestic pigs that tested negative by the digestion method for Trichinella, as described in the Terrestrial Manual; OR 5. was processed to ensure the inactivation of Trichinella larvae in accordance with the recommendations in the [Codex working document CX/FH/11/43/6]. Article Recommendations for the importation of meat or meat products of wild or feral pigs Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat or meat products: 1. comes from wild or feral pigs inspected in accordance with the provisions in Chapter 6.2.; AND 2. comes from wild or feral pigs that tested negative by the digestion method for Trichinella, as described in the Terrestrial Manual; OR 3. was processed to ensure the inactivation of Trichinella larvae in accordance with the recommendations in the [Codex working document CX/FH/11/43/6]. Article Recommendations for the importation of meat or meat products of domestic equids Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat or meat products comes from domestic equids: 1. that were slaughtered in an approved abattoir; AND 2. that tested negative by the digestion method for Trichinella as described in the Terrestrial Manual. OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

16 16 Annex III (contd) Article Recommendations for the importation of meat or meat products of wild and feral equids Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of meat or meat products comes from wild or feral equids: 1. that were inspected in accordance with the provisions in Chapter 6.2; AND 2. that tested negative by the digestion method for Trichinella as described in the Terrestrial Manual. Article Surveillance for Trichinella infection The objective of surveillance is to demonstrate the absence of autochthonous Trichinella infection in domestic pigs. The Veterinary Authority should: 1. justify the choice of design, prevalence and confidence levels based on the objectives of surveillance and the epidemiological situation, in accordance with Chapter 1.4. The design should consider the prevailing or historical epidemiological situation, as appropriate; 2. ensure that, in addition to sampling of slaughter pigs, all breeder sows and boars and all domestic pigs exposed to outdoor environments are tested as described in the Terrestrial Manual; 3. ensure that all wild and feral pigs slaughtered for human consumption are tested as described in the Terrestrial Manual; 4. subject findings of Trichinella infection in wildlife, including wild and feral pigs, to an epidemiological investigation; 5. obtain data ontrichinella infection in wildlife through targeted surveillance or using samples collected for other purposes, such as hunted wild game, wild animal control programmes, studies of road kill, and independent research. OIE ad hoc Group on zoonotic parasites / August/September 2011

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18 World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 2011 This document has been prepared by specialists convened by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Pending adoption by the World Assembly of Delegates, the views expressed herein can only be construed as those of these specialists. All OIE publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.