Saiga Mortality Events Betpak Dala, Republic of Kazakhstan May 2015
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1 Saiga Mortality Events Betpak Dala, Republic of Kazakhstan May 2015 Preliminary results of Outbreak Investigation (field and laboratory) (Mukhit Orynbaev, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeskeiy, Kazakhstan Richard Kock, Royal Veterinary College, London
2 Photo S Zuther
3 Sampling saiga on the steppe As part of a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Agriculture Hunting Committee, RIBSP (Kazakh), & Vet Ref Lab Astana of Kazakhstan & ACBK (Kazakh), IOZ (Kazakh), RVC, FAO, CMS, ICL, FFI, FZS and others; monitoring of saiga mortality at calving using standard protocols has been instituted routinely since 2011, enabling more thorough ecological understanding of disease processes in saiga. Photo D Sa Barros Photo D Sa Barros
4 KAZAKHSTAN 2012 May ~ 1000 deaths 2013 August-early September ~ >1000 Mortality occurs every year but Major die-off is relatively rare
5 Background mortality includes: predation, weather stress at calving, in winter (Dzhut) Photo R Kock Dystocia (calving related) Photo D. Sa Barros Calves die due to hypothermia (due to fluctuating spring temperatures), acute infections, neglect and predation
6 Death on the Steppes: Mystery Disease Kills Saigas By CARL ZIMMER MAY 29, 2015
7 2015 Outbreak Betpak Dala
8 Die off Betpak Dala 2015 Photo R Kock
9 General Observations Outbreak May 2015 Photo Alexa Wolfs
10 Plants being eaten at the time of the outbreak Tengiz Photo R Kock Photo R Kock
11 Clinical Picture Peracute (from first signs to death matter of a few hours & animals not moving much). Grazing to inappetance, depression, increased salivation, weakness and staggering, collapse and respiratory distress. Pelleting until final stages with haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Photo Alexa Wolfs
12 Turgai Zholoba area near former Kaynar village Irgiz district, Kostanay
13 Haemorrhagic disease - Turgai Photo: Alexa Wolfs
14 Tengiz, Ortakara, Zhaksy district, Akmole Oblast
15 Haemorrhagic disease - Tengiz Photo R.Kock
16 Preliminary differential diagnosis from clinical picture and gross pathology Adult - Peracute syndrome Haemorrhagic septicaemia? Clostridial enterotoxaemia? Peracute toxicosis? Calves Peracute mostly diarrhoea some respiratory (milk source?)
17 Test results of RSE SRIBSP of the Committee of Science of MES RoK Supported by Royal Veterinary College, London, UK Bacteriology Pasteurella multocida isolated from 93.7% carcases examined PCR, DNA of type B Virology & Parasitology Unremarkable Toxicology Tissues and blood - alpha-toxin of Cl. perfringens was detected Environmental samples: Radiology, soil heavy metals, air and water analysis from die off sites were unremarkable Other National laboratories also demonstrated P.Multocida and C.perfringens
18 Epidemiology Rapid onset virulent disease in aggregation of saiga at calving Adult cases (majority) opportunistic infection from latent commensal bacteria, calves contracted infection/toxin from milk Co-factors -? Weather stress ~100% morbidity in aggregation and ~100% fatality!!! Photo Steffen Zuther
19 Hypotheses on Disease Co-Factors or triggers 1. Climate/environmental change effect on saiga ecology 2. Environmental temperature changes at time of die off 3. Pasture or other environmental factor
20 I would like to thank the following for their support, particularly Dr Mukhit Orynbayev and his team from RIBSP CS ME&S RK Ministry of Agriculture: Khairbek Musabayev; Bakytbek Duisekeyev; Igor Koval (Hunting Committee), Gulzhan Kalykova (Astana Veterinary Reference Centre) Dr A. Zhakypbayev, Dr Y. Grachev, Dr A. Usenbayev for their advice & support. Steffen Zuther (ACBK/FZS), Dr Sarah Robinson, Dr Eric Morgan (Bristol University), Prof E.J. Milner-Gulland (Imperial College London), Dr Sergei Khomenkho (FAO), Wendy Beauvais, Anthony Dancer, Daniela Sa Barros, Dr. Camilla Benfield and Alexa Wolfs (Staff, Masters and PhD students from Royal Veterinary College) Aline Kuehl-Stenzel Natalya Yakusheva Convention on Migratory Species David Mallon IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group Paul Hotham (FFI) Amanda Fine (WCS)
21 Acknowledgements RIBSP CS ME&S RK MA-FHC & NRVC Saiga Interest Group Imperial College London Pirbright Institute Freidrich Loefler Institute
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