Pain management: advances and possible complications
|
|
- Claude Hart
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession Pain management: advances and possible complications Author : Celia Marr Categories : Equine, Vets Date : August 22, 2016 ABSTRACT Equine vets use analgesic drugs most commonly for managing horses with abdominal and musculoskeletal pain. In sick horses, pathophysiological processes relating to the primary condition may complicate drug side effects. When used at low and moderate doses, side effects from longterm NSAID therapy are relatively rare in horses with chronic musculoskeletal conditions, but higher doses increase the risk. A multimodal approach is indicated in horses with severe musculoskeletal pain. It is important not to focus exclusively on drugs and consider if therapy aimed at stabilising the underlying musculoskeletal condition, or weight bearing reduction strategies, may help. Pain management in horses can be challenging. In colic, at the initial evaluation, analgesics with mild or moderate efficacy are usually selected, as the response to analgesia is an important diagnostic tool. In sick horses, hypovolaemia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) complicate management. Gastrointestinal and renal side effects of NSAIDs must be considered and drugs such as lidocaine are often added to the therapeutic plan. NSAIDs in low and moderate doses are used effectively with chronic, low-grade musculoskeletal pain. If musculoskeletal pain is severe, avoiding supporting limb laminitis is critical and multimodal analgesia, combined with physical strategies to reduce weight bearing, becomes important. Many clinical conditions lead to pain, but, in horses, perhaps the most commonly encountered are gastrointestinal problems and lameness. With gastrointestinal problems in particular, it can be difficult to determine whether complications relate directly to the antinociceptive and analgesics 1 / 11
2 given, or whether they are due to the primary underlying disease process at play. Often, both may be contributing. Complications in managing abdominal pain Figure 1a. Fluid pumps, as well as syringe drivers, are the most precise way to ensure continuous administration of appropriate doses of drugs such as lidocaine, which can cause significant neurological side effects if doses are too high. The focus of initially assessing horses with acute colic is to decide whether the case requires further investigation and, potentially, surgery. Estimates of the prevalence of surgical colic vary, but a large-scale study in the UK suggested about a quarter of cases that fail to respond to simple medical treatment are likely to require hospitalisation for more intensive therapy and/or surgery (Curtis et al, 2015a). The initial physical examination, particularly the evaluation of cardiovascular status (including heart 2 / 11
3 rate, appearance of the mucous membranes, capillary refill time and assessment of skin turgor) and assessment of gastrointestinal sounds, is ideally performed before administering any drugs because analgesics can rapidly change these parameters. Response to analgesia is the most frequently used diagnostic test in the primary evaluation of colic, more commonly used than rectal examination and nasogastric intubation (Curtis et al, 2015b). It is often helpful to give drugs with both sedative and analgesic actions to facilitate transrectal palpation and passage of a nasogastric tube to detect gastric reflux. As a general rule, it is helpful to match the analgesic potency to the degree of pain the horse is showing. In fact, it can be useful, diagnostically, to find out if a milder drug is sufficient to resolve the problem. Very potent drugs are usually avoided for fear of masking declining clinical status in a horse that would be best served by surgical exploration, rather than controlled with analgesics to the point surgery is delayed with a negative impact on outcome. For this reason, most referral hospital clinicians prefer cases are not given full (for example, 1.1mg/kg IV) doses of flunixin before admission. More appropriate options for first-line treatment of colic include hyoscine butylbromide with metamizole, phenylbutazone or lower doses of flunixin. The impact of the analgesic on gastrointestinal motility must be considered. Hyoscine and alpha 2 adrenergic agonists will all, to some extent, reduce gastrointestinal motility. This can help in some cases and, provided repeated doses are not given, is not generally a major complication. However, this side effect should be considered where reduced gastrointestinal motility might be counterproductive; for example, in horses with pelvic flexure impaction or sand enteritis. In critically ill horses with gastrointestinal disease, the presence of hypovolaemia and SIRS requires more care in the selection of analgesic and monitoring for complications. NSAIDs can lead to renal tubular damage of varying extents, intestinal mucosal damage and/or impede mucosal recovery following ischaemia. 3 / 11
4 Figure 1b. Syringe drivers are another precise method of ensuring continuous administration of appropriate doses of drugs such as lidocaine, which can cause significant neurological side effects if doses are too high. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors should, in theory, have less impact on mucosal recovery, but the evidence to support that assertion is conflicting (Salem et al, 2016). Firocoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, did not retard mucosal recovery in ischaemia-injured intestine, whereas flunixin did (Cook et al, 2009). One study suggested concurrent administration of systemic lidocaine reduced the negative effects of flunixin on the mucosal barrier (Cook et al, 2008). Flunixin is more effective at reducing pain scores (Naylor et al, 2014) and remains the most frequently used NSAID following colic surgery by US and European diplomates (Lefebvre et al, 2015; 2016). Critically ill horses are also at risk of renal injury. Both phenylbutazone and meloxicam attenuated diuresis and natriuresis, and reduced glomerular filtration rate, compared to results for the control solution, when horses were treated with furosemide as a model for volume depletion (Raidal et al, 2014). In addition to the pathophysiological mechanisms at play, such as hypovolaemia, the clinical 4 / 11
5 situation is often complicated by concurrent use of other drugs that may affect the kidneys, such as aminoglycosides. These are not reasons to not use NSAIDs in the postoperative colic patient, but they do justify careful monitoring of serum creatinine and urine. Lidocaine (along with flunixin) is commonly used to treat postoperative ileus by US and European diplomates (Lefebvre et al, 2015; 2016). This drug has potential analgesic effects by preventing propagation of action potentials, thereby interfering with neural pathways that mediate pain. It may also have prokinetic and anti-inflammatory properties (Sanchez and Robertson, 2014). Clinical signs of toxicity in conscious horses include skeletal muscle tremors, altered visual function, anxiety, ataxia and collapse. Seizures are also possible. The therapeutic index for this drug is narrow and it must be given by a carefully controlled infusion, ideally using a fluid pump, syringe driver or drip counter (Figures 1 and 2). Early side effects can be difficult to discern in a patient already depressed due to its primary condition. Complications in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain Extremely potent drugs are not commonly required for chronic musculoskeletal pain, but long-term administration can increase the risk of complications. NSAIDs are the main class of drugs used. COX-2 selective drugs are appealing, but, in theory, many horses appear to tolerate long-term administration of NSAIDs at low to moderate doses and the additional costs of the COX-2 given long term may be difficult to justify. With long-term use, the most important side effects relate to the gastrointestinal tract, and NSAIDs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of right dorsal colitis and glandular gastric ulcer disease (Sykes et al, 2015). Flunixin, phenylbutazone and ketoprofen at doses 50 per cent higher than typically recommended induced gastric ulceration (MacAllister et al, 1993). Given for 15 days at clinical doses, phenylbutazone and suxibuzone did not induce gastric ulcers (Andrews et al, 2009). Early studies comparing suxibuzone with phenylbutazone suggested suxibuzone might be less ulcerogenic (Monreal et al, 2004), a surprising observation given suxibuzone is a prodrug rapidly converted to phenylbutazone by a first-pass mechanism in the liver (Delbeke et al, 1993). Subsequent studies have not confirmed this observation (Andrews et al, 2009) and it is likely little difference exists between the two drugs in respect to gastrointestinal side effects. Phenylbutazone has been linked to pancytopenia and bone marrow suppression (Lavoie et al, 1987), and ulcerative cystitis (Aleman et al, 2011). The dosage may influence the likelihood of complications; phenylbutazone at 8.8mg/kg orally once a day for 21 days induced hypoalbuminaemia, neutropenia and changes in the blood flow to the right dorsal colon (McConnico et al, 2008), highlighting the importance of monitoring serum albumin 5 / 11
6 concentrations and neutrophil counts in horses requiring analgesic administration at this level. The effects of NSAIDs on the gut are mediated by prostaglandin; therefore, administration of the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol, together with removal of the NSAID, can lead to resolution of the problem. Unfortunately, in some cases, removing the NSAID leaves the vet unable to control the pain relating to the primary condition. Tramadol is not specifically licensed for use in the horse, but it shows some clinical potential, particularly where an oral preparation is required for multimodal analgesia or where side effects are limiting the use of NSAIDs. A fairly high dose is required in horses, but a study has shown tramadol given orally at 10mg/kg twice a day reduced signs of forelimb discomfort, whereas 5mg/kg did not (Guedes et al, 2016). Gabapentin may have some benefit for treatment in neuropathic pain, which may be involved in chronic laminitis (Davis et al, 2007). Gabapentin has poor bioavailability (Terry et al, 2010) and the optimal dose remains to be defined. Re-evaluating whether any potential solutions to reduce pain exist by changing the horse s farriery is also prudent. 6 / 11
7 Figure 2. Drip counters are an inexpensive alternative to fluid pumps and syringe drivers. They have to be monitored carefully to ensure the right dose is given. 7 / 11
8 Figure 3. Epidural catheters are useful for administering morphine in severe hindlimb lameness and can be maintained for many days. 8 / 11
9 Figure 4. With severe musculoskeletal pain, clinicians should look beyond drugs to help manage pain. Slings may help reduce weight bearing, relevant in preventing and managing supporting limb laminitis. This system takes a variable proportion of the horse s bodyweight and is mounted on a gantry, which allows the horse to move around the stable. It is also designed so the horse can lie down and get up voluntarily, so is ideal for long-term use. Complications in managing severe musculoskeletal pain Supporting limb laminitis represents an important challenge when dealing with horses with severe musculoskeletal injuries. Although uncommon in general, the prevalence of supporting limb laminitis was as high as 12 per cent in horses treated with half limb, full limb or transfixation pin cases (Virgin et al, 2011). Increased bodyweight was a risk factor in the study, but the presence of fracture, whether the primary problem was forelimb or hindlimb and breed of horse were not. The duration of lameness, but not bodyweight, was shown to be a risk factor in another case control study (Peloso et al, 1996). Improved methods of surgically stabilising fractures and management of other forms of non-weight bearing laminitis have lead to a reduction in prevalence of supporting limb laminitis (Orsini, 2014). Prevention is the key to overcoming supporting limb laminitis and analgesia has a critical role. A multimodal approach is indicated. In addition to NSAIDs, use of combinations of drugs, such as ketamine, lidocaine and the more potent opiate morphine, is often appropriate frequently in combination with sedatives and tranquillisers. 9 / 11
10 Epidural administration of analgesics, such as morphine, can be effective with severe hindlimb lameness and catheters can be placed in the epidural space to facilitate long-term dosing (Figure 3). However, strategies to minimise pain and reduce load bearing should look beyond drugs and include encouraging the horse to lie down by providing deep bedding, and the use of support shoes and, in some cases, slings to bear some of the horse s weight (Figure 4). References Some drugs mentioned are used under the cascade. Aleman M, Nieto JE and Higgins JK (2011). Ulcerative cystitis associated with phenylbutazone administration in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239(4): Andrews FM, Reinemeyer CR and Longhofer SL (2009). Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses, Vet Ther 10(3): Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell M, Campbell NB, Davis JL and Blikslager AT (2008). Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine, Equine Vet J 40(4): Cook VL, Meyer CT, Campbell NB and Blikslager AT (2009). Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum, Am J Vet Res 70(8): 992-1,000. Curtis L, Burford JH, Thomas JSM, Curran ML, Bayes TC, England GCW and Freeman SL (2015a). Prospective study of the primary evaluation of 1,016 horses with clinical signs of abdominal pain by veterinary practitioners, and the differentiation of critical and non-critical cases, Acta Vet Scand 57: 69. Curtis L, Trewin I, England GCW, Burford JH and Freeman SL (2015b). Veterinary practitioners selection of diagnostic tests for the primary evaluation of colic in the horse, Vet Rec Open 2(2): e Davis JL, Posner LP and Elce Y (2007). Gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a pregnant horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231(5): Delbeke FT, Vynckier L and Debackere M (1993). The disposition of suxibuzone in the horse, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 16(3): Guedes A, Knych H and Hood D (2016). Plasma concentrations, analgesic and physiological assessments in horses with chronic laminitis treated with two doses of oral tramadol, Equine Vet J 48(4): Lavoie JP, Morris DD, Zinkl JG, Lloyd K and Divers TJ (1987). Pancytopenia caused by bone marrow aplasia in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191(11): 1,462-1,464. Lefebvre D, Hudson NPH, Elce YA, Blikslager A, Divers TJ, Handel IG, Tremaine WH and Pirie RS (2015). Clinical features and management of equine post operative ileus (POI): survey of diplomates of the American Colleges of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) and Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC), Equine Vet J, Epub ahead of print: /evj / 11
11 Powered by TCPDF ( Lefebvre D, Pirie RS, Handel IG, Tremaine WH and Hudson NPH (2016). Clinical features and management of equine post operative ileus: survey of diplomates of the European Colleges of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) and Veterinary Surgeons (ECVS), Equine Vet J 48(2): MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT and Pollet RA (1993). Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(1): McConnico RS, Morgan TW, Williams CC, Hubert JD and Moore RM (2008). Pathophysiologic effects of phenylbutazone on the right dorsal colon in horses, Am J Vet Res 69(11): 1,496-1,505. Monreal L, Sabaté D, Segura D, Mayos I and Homedes J (2004). Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses, Res Vet Sci 76(2): Naylor RJ, Taylore AH, Knowles EJ, Wilford S, Linnenkohl W, Mair TS and Johns IC (2014). Comparison of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for post operative management of horses with strangulating small intestinal lesions, Equine Vet J 46(4): Orsini JA (2014). Science-in-brief: equine laminitis research: milestones and goals, Equine Vet J 46(5): Peloso JG, Cohen ND, Walker MA, Watkins JP, Gayle JM and Moyer W (1996). Casecontrol study of risk factors for the development of laminitis in the contralateral limb in Equidae with unilateral lameness, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209(10): 1,746-1,749. Raidal SL, Hughes KJ, Charman AL, Nielsen SG, Phillips JK and Noble GK (2014). Effects of meloxicam and phenylbutazone on renal responses to furosemide, dobutamine, and exercise in horses, Am J Vet Res 75(7): Salem SE, Proudman CJ and Archer DC (2016). Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: current evidence, Equine Vet J 48(2): Sanchez LC and Robertson SA (2014). Pain control in horses: what do we really know?, Equine Vet J 46(4): Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N and Tamzali Y (2015). European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horse, J Vet Intern Med 29(5): 1,288-1,299. Terry RL, McDonnell SM, Van Eps AW, Soma LR, Liu Y, Uboh CE, Moate PJ and Driessen B (2010). Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 33(5): Virgin JE, Goodrich LR, Baxter GM and Rao S (2011). Incidence of support limb laminitis in horses treated with half limb, full limb or transfixation pin casts: a retrospective study of 113 horses ( ), Equine Vet J Suppl 43(S40): / 11
NSAIDs: the Past, Present, and Future
NSAIDs: the Past, Present, and Future Resident Seminar - November 2017 Lisanne Gallant, DVM Large Animal Medicine Resident Outline Physiology Review Use in Large Animals Adverse Effects Cases The Future
More informationPain management in equine patients therapy options
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Pain management in equine patients therapy options Author : Tom Hughes Categories : Equine, Vets Date : July 13, 2015 Drugs
More informationUniversity of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research
Lefebvre, D., Hudson, N. P. H., Elce, Y. A., Blikslager, A., Divers, T. J., Handel, I. G.,... Pirie, R. S. (2016). Clinical features and management of equine post operative ileus (POI): Survey of Diplomates
More informationEquine gastric squamous and glandular disease update
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Equine gastric squamous and glandular disease update Author : Gayle Hallowell Categories : Equine, Vets Date : July 3, 2017
More informationEPAR type II variation for Metacam
23 June 2011 EMA/674662/2011 International Non-proprietary Name: Meloxicam Procedure No. EMEA/V/C/033/II/084 EU/2/97/004/026, 33-34 Scope: Type II Addition of indication for cats Page 1/6 Table of contents
More informationAcute Laminitis in the UK The Redwings Study
Acute Laminitis in the UK The Redwings Study Nicola Jarvis BVetMed Cert AVP(EM) MRCVS Redwings Horse Sanctuary Nine farms Over 1,300 resident horses, ponies, donkeys and mules Over 500 more in guardian
More informationUNDERSTANDING COLIC: DON T GET IT TWISTED
UNDERSTANDING COLIC: DON T GET IT TWISTED Today s Topics: What is colic? Anatomy review How to identify colic What to do when you suspect colic What to expect during a colic visit from your veterinarian
More informationPain Management in Racing Greyhounds
Pain Management in Racing Greyhounds Pain Pain is a syndrome consisting of multiple organ system responses, and if left untreated will contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. Greyhounds incur a
More informationNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used widely to relieve pain, with or without
May 2013 Contents About NSAIDs What about COXselectivity? How effective are NSAIDs? Adverse effects of NSAIDs How frequent are the adverse effects of NSAIDs? General prescribing guidelines for NSAIDs What
More informationMetacam. The Only NSAID Approved for Cats in the US. John G. Pantalo, VMD Professional Services Veterinarian. Think easy. Think cat. Think METACAM.
Metacam The Only NSAID Approved for Cats in the US John G. Pantalo, VMD Professional Services Veterinarian Think easy. Think cat. Think METACAM. Today s Agenda New pain management guidelines for cats Only
More informationMetacam is an anti-inflammatory medicine used in cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, cats and guinea pigs.
EMA/CVMP/259397/2006 EMEA/V/C/000033 An overview of Metacam and why it is authorised in the EU What is Metacam and what is it used for? Metacam is an anti-inflammatory medicine used in cattle, pigs, horses,
More informationTreatment of septic peritonitis
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Treatment of septic peritonitis Author : Andrew Linklater Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date : November 2, 2016 Septic
More informationCritical Decisions in Colic
Critical Decisions in Colic Anthony Blikslager, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVS As an equine professional, the decision to refer a horse for further evaluation of colic continues to be difficult, and one must
More informationColic surgery in horses nurse s role in postoperative care
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Colic surgery in horses nurse s role in postoperative care Author : Samantha Feighery Categories : Clinical, RVNs Date : November
More informationProcedure # IBT IACUC Approval: December 11, 2017
IACUC Procedure: Anesthetics and Analgesics Procedure # IBT-222.04 IACUC Approval: December 11, 2017 Purpose: The purpose is to define the anesthetics and analgesics that may be used in mice and rats.
More informationSea Turtle Analgesics Selection - NSAIDS. Loggerhead Coquina (postoperative ketorolac)
Sea Turtle Analgesics Selection - NSAIDS Craig A. Harms, D.V.M., Ph.D, Dipl. ACZM North Carolina State University Loggerhead Coquina (postoperative ketorolac) $& Sources of Information!! Anecdote!! Expert
More informationAbstract. Jennings et al. BMC Veterinary Research 2014, 10(Suppl 1):S2
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prospective survey of veterinary practitioners primary assessment of equine colic: clinical features, diagnoses, and treatment of 120 cases of large colon impaction Kyra Megan
More informationOral sedation of horses
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Oral sedation of horses Author : Aimi Duff Categories : Equine, Vets Date : September 28, 2015 Sedation is sometimes necessary
More informationNSAID Toxicity in Dogs & Cats Beware of Ibuprofen!
NSAID Toxicity in Dogs & Cats Beware of Ibuprofen! One of the most common drug toxicities in companion animal medicine is accidental ingestion of over-the-counter non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID)
More informationJust where it s needed.
Relief. Just where it s needed. Tissue-selective 7,8 Strong safety profile 5,6,10,11 For dogs and cats Onsior is available in a range of convenient and easy-to-dose formulations. Injectable solution for
More informationPrescription Label. Patient Name: Species: Drug Name & Strength: Directions (amount to give how often & for how long):
Prescription Label Patient Name: Species: Drug Name & Strength: Directions (amount to give how often & for how long): Prescribing Veterinarian's Name & Contact Information: Refills: [Content to be provided
More informationManaging Pain Associated with Colic *
Managing Pain Associated with Colic * Anthony T. Blikslager, DVM, PhD, DACVS a North Carolina State University Colic is one of the most frequent disease syndromes encountered in horses (affecting about
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Emdocam 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, pigs and horses
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Emdocam 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, pigs and horses 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One ml contains:
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Rifen 100 mg/ml solution for injection for horses, cattle and swine. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 ml contains:
More informationProceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - Focus Meeting. Focus on Colic. Indianapolis, IN, USA 2011
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - Focus Meeting Focus on Colic Indianapolis, IN, USA 2011 Next Focus Meetings: July 22-24, 2012 - Focus on Hind Limb Lameness
More informationN.C. A and T List of Approved Analgesics 1 of 5
1 of 5 Note to user: This list of commonly used analgesics and sedatives is not all-inclusive. The absence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is unacceptable. For any questions, call the Clinical
More informationDexmedetomidine and its Injectable Anesthetic-Pain Management Combinations
Back to Anesthesia/Pain Management Back to Table of Contents Front Page : Library : ACVC 2009 : Anesthesia/Pain Management : Dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine and its Injectable Anesthetic-Pain Management
More informationInflammatory pain in cattle
Inflammatory pain in cattle Stine Jacobsen Professor of Large Animal Surgery Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Sciences 2 Inflammation an everyday occurrence 1 3 Inflammation an everyday occurrence 4 Inflammation
More informationCommonly Used Analgesics
Commonly Used Analgesics The following analgesics are intended for general use in the species of laboratory animals commonly used at NEOUCOM. The animals genetic background and other factors may have a
More informationThe Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons DIPLOMA IN EQUINE SOFT TISSUE SURGERY PAPER I. (Basic Sciences) Tuesday 2 May 1995
The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons PAPER I (Basic Sciences) Tuesday 2 May 1995 10.00 a.m. to 1.00 p.m. (3 hours) SECTION A Two long answer questions of which a candidate must choose ONE question
More informationAcute Pyelonephritis POAC Guideline
Acute Pyelonephritis POAC Guideline Refer full regional pathway http://aucklandregion.healthpathways.org.nz/33444 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: COMPLICATED PYELONEPHRITIS Discuss with relevant specialist for advice
More informationDECISION AND SECTION 43 STATEMENT TO THE VETERINARY COUNCIL BY THE COMPLAINTS ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: CAC Dr A. (Section 39 referral/complaint)
DECISION AND SECTION 43 STATEMENT TO THE VETERINARY COUNCIL BY THE COMPLAINTS ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: CAC15-07 Dr A (Section 39 referral/complaint) Dr A B Dr C Veterinarian Clinic where Dr A works Former
More informationMobility Issues and Arthritis
Mobility Issues and Arthritis 1. Overview of end stage of the disease. Mobility issues are often attributed to normal aging by pet owners, and can have insidious symptoms as they may progress slowly without
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Melosolute 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, pigs and horses. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One ml contains:
More informationAustralian College of Veterinary Scientists. Fellowship Examination. Small Animal Surgery Paper 1
Australian College of Veterinary Scientists Fellowship Examination June 2011 Small Animal Surgery Paper 1 Perusal time: Twenty (20) minutes Time allowed: Three (3) hours after perusal Answer your choice
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised: December 2013 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Flunixin 50 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Cattle, Horses and Pigs (United Kingdom, Germany, Iceland)
More informationIn relation to treatment of horses the AERA Rulebook (2016) Section 3 (Veterinary Rules) is relevant:
Principle of Treatment for Compromised Endurance Horses The successful treatment of the compromised endurance horse relies upon: - knowledge of disease processes - correct and adequate supplies - uninterrupted
More informationOnly for Intravenous Use in Beef and Dairy Cattle. Not for Use in Dry Dairy Cows and Veal Calves. For Intravenous or Intramuscular Use in Horses.
INTERVET INC., MERCK ANIMAL HEALTH USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com 556 MORRIS AVE., SUMMIT, NJ, 07901 Telephone: 862-245-4321 Order Desk: 800-648-2118 Fax: 862-245-4935 Customer Service: 800-521-5767
More informationAcute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome (AHDS) A Cause of Bloody Feces in Dogs
Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome (AHDS) A Cause of Bloody Feces in Dogs No dog parent wants to clean up diarrhea. Cleaning up bloody diarrhea is even more unpleasant. Unfortunately, the development
More informationManagement of Equine Colic in Veterinary Practice Derek Major Agnes Banks Equine Clinic
Management of Equine Colic in Veterinary Practice Derek Major Agnes Banks Equine Clinic What is Colic? Colic is a general term for abdominal pain in the horse. It generally refers to gastro-intestinal
More informationDay 90 Labelling, PL LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET
LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET A. LABELLING PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGE : Carton 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Alvegesic vet. 10 mg/ml Solution for injection for Horses, Dogs
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Medicinal product no longer authorised
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Zubrin 50 mg oral lyophilisates for dogs Zubrin 100 mg oral lyophilisates for dogs Zubrin 200 mg oral lyophilisates
More informationMetacam 1.5 mg/ml oral suspension for dogs
Metacam 1.5 mg/ml oral suspension for dogs Species:Dogs Therapeutic indication:pharmaceuticals: Neurological preparations: Analgesics, Other NSAIDs, Locomotor (including navicular and osteoarthritis) Active
More informationCaution: Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.
BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM VETMEDICA, INC. USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com 2621 NORTH BELT HIGHWAY, ST. JOSEPH, MO, 64506 2002 Telephone: 800 325 9167 Fax: 816 236 2717 Email: www.bi vetmedica.com
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Rycarfa 100 mg tablets for dogs (BE, DE, ES, FR, IE, IT, NL, PT, UK) Rycarfa vet 100 mg tablets for dogs (DK, FI) Carprox
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute interdigital necrobacillosis, 88 92. See also acute interdigital necrobacillosis; foot rot; Infectious pododermatitis (IP) a-2adrenergic
More informationPOST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA AND FORMULARIES
POST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA AND FORMULARIES An integral component of any animal protocol is the prevention or alleviation of pain or distress, such as that associated with surgical and other procedures. Pain
More informationNSAIDs Are You Following the Rules?
NSAIDs Are You Following the Rules? As equestrians, we expect a lot from our performance horses. Sometimes pain and inflammation of their joints can happen right before a show or competition. Before administering
More informationThe Equine Stomach. by: Multiple Authors March , Article # 5068
The Equine Stomach by: Multiple Authors March 01 2004, Article # 5068 The Milne Lecture, named for AAEP past president and distinguished life member Frank J. Milne, each year honors a researcher for his
More informationA comparison of three doses of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, dose response clinical trial
Equine Veterinary Journal ISSN 425-1644 DOI: 1.1111/evj.12287 A comparison of three doses of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, dose response clinical
More informationAustralian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Membership Examination. Small Animal Medicine Paper 1
Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Membership Examination June 2015 Small Animal Medicine Paper 1 Perusal time: Fifteen (15) minutes Time allowed: Two (2) hours after perusal Answer
More informationPostoperative ileus (POI) is a serious and often fatal
J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:606 611 Risk Factors for Equine Postoperative Ileus and Effectiveness of Prophylactic Lidocaine S. Torfs, C. Delesalle, J. Dewulf, L. Devisscher, and P. Deprez Background: Postoperative
More informationOptimizing Pain Control A Critical Understanding of NSAIDs
Optimizing Pain Control A Critical Understanding of NSAIDs James S. Gaynor, DVM, MS, DACVA, DAAPM Colorado Springs, CO USA 719-266-6400 800-791-2578 www.peakvets.com Principles of Acute & Chronic Pain
More informationGASTRIC ULCERATION. Gastroduodenoscopy This is the term for scoping the stomach and the duodenum.
GASTRIC ULCERATION Dr C.J. (Kate) Savage BVSc(Hons), MS, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine Head, Clinical Services, Equine Centre, University of Melbourne, Werribee 3030, VIC,
More informationPharmacoeconomic analysis of selected antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infection Quenzer R W, Pettit K G, Arnold R J, Kaniecki D J
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of selected antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infection Quenzer R W, Pettit K G, Arnold R J, Kaniecki D J Record Status This is a critical abstract of an economic evaluation
More informationMeloxicam vs etodolac cox 2 inhibition
Meloxicam vs etodolac cox 2 inhibition The Borg System is 100 % Meloxicam vs etodolac cox 2 inhibition of GI. Aspirin inhibits plt aggregration via inhibition of platelet COX. Meloxicam least. Etodolac
More informationFinal Report. Project code: P.PSH.0653 Prepared by: Fiona Cotter Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd Date published: July 2014
Final Report Project code: P.PSH.0653 Prepared by: Fiona Cotter Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd Date published: July 2014 PUBLISHED BY Meat & Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059
More informationT u l a n e U n i v e r s i t y I A C U C Guidelines for Rodent & Rabbit Anesthesia, Analgesia and Tranquilization & Euthanasia Methods
T u l a n e U n i v e r s i t y I A C U C Guidelines for Rodent & Rabbit Anesthesia, Analgesia and Tranquilization & Euthanasia Methods Abbreviations: General Considerations IV = intravenous SC = subcutaneous
More informationHost, Syndrome, Bug, Drug: Introducing 2 Frameworks to Approach Infectious Diseases Cases with an Antimicrobial Stewardship Focus
Host, Syndrome, Bug, Drug: Introducing 2 Frameworks to Approach Infectious Diseases Cases with an Antimicrobial Stewardship Focus Montana ACP Meeting 2018 September 8, 2018 Staci Lee, MD, MEHP Billings
More informationSeptic cats are not small septic dogs
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Septic cats are not small septic dogs Author : ROGER WILKINSON Categories : Vets Date : September 29, 2008 ROGER WILKINSON
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Melosolute 5 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, pigs, dogs and cats. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One ml
More information[09/2018] ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
[09/2018] ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cronyxin 50 mg/g Oral paste for horses (DE, AT, BE, EE, LV, LT, ES, FR, IE, IT, NL, PL, UK) Cronyxin vet
More informationGastric Dilatation-Volvulus
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus The term "ACVS Diplomate" refers to a veterinarian who has been board certified in veterinary surgery. Only veterinarians who have successfully completed the certification requirements
More informationPerioperative Care of Swine
Swine are widely used in protocols that involve anesthesia and invasive surgical procedures. In order to ensure proper recovery of animals, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative techniques specific
More informationMeloxicam withdrawal time veterinarian bovine
Meloxicam withdrawal time veterinarian bovine The Borg System is 100 % Meloxicam withdrawal time veterinarian bovine Meloxicam Pain Relief in Cows and Calves. Meloxicam meat and milk withdrawal the standard
More informationNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs and cats what s new?
continuing education Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in dogs and cats what s new? Isabelle Iff Dr.med.vet. DipECVAA CertVetAc (IVAS) Veterinary Anaesthesia Services Zürcherstrasse 39 CH 8400 Winterthur
More informationThe world s first and only pour-on anti-inflammatory for cattle FAST PAIN RELIEF
The world s first and only pour-on anti-inflammatory for cattle FAST PAIN RELIEF NOTHING IS SIMPLER THAN POUR-ON RELIEF FOR PAIN, FEVER AND ACUTE INFLAMMATION easy to dose easy to apply easy on animals
More informationAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS. Sample Exam Questions. Veterinary Practice (Small Animal)
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS Sample Exam Questions Veterinary Practice (Small Animal) Written Examination (Component 1) Written Paper 1 (two hours): Principles of Veterinary
More informationFELINE PAIN MANAGEMENT: RECOGNIZING, PREVENTING, AND TREATING Ilona Rodan
FELINE PAIN MANAGEMENT: RECOGNIZING, PREVENTING, AND TREATING Ilona Rodan FELINE Pain management is essential to patient welfare, successful case outcomes, and client satisfaction (Taylor and Robertson
More informationUNTHSC. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Title: Analgesics and Anesthesia in Laboratory Animals at UNTHSC. Document #: 035 Version #: 02
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Title: Analgesics and Anesthesia in Laboratory Animals at UNTH Document #: 035 Version #: 02 UNTH Approved by IACUC Date: August 22, 2017 A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
More informationSOP #: Page: 1 of 6 Rodent Analgesia
Comparative Medicine Page: 1 of 6 Rodent Analgesia The intent of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to describe commonly used analgesics provided to rodents housed at Comparative Medicine (CM).
More informationAustralian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Membership Examination. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Paper 1
Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Membership Examination June 2015 Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Paper 1 Perusal time: Fifteen (15) minutes Time allowed: Two (2) hours
More informationIntroduction to Canine and Feline Dispensing
SCSHP 2014 Annual Meeting Introduction to Canine and Feline Dispensing Clay Sprouse, BA, CPhT Piedmont Technical College A house is not a home without a pet. Unknown Animals are such agreeable friends
More informationAuthor - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz
Author - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz is a professor of equine medicine at Colorado State University (CSU) College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. She began her veterinary
More informationANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING POLICY FOR DIABETIC FOOT DISEASE IN SECONDARY CARE
ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING POLICY FOR DIABETIC FOOT DISEASE IN SECONDARY CARE Version 1.0 Date ratified June 2009 Review date June 2011 Ratified by Authors Consultation Nottingham Antibiotic Guidelines Committee
More informationProceedings of the 13th International Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association WEVA
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association WEVA October 3-5, 2013 Budapest, Hungary Reprinted in IVIS with the Permission of the WEVA Organizers
More informationThe new meloxicam range for cattle, pigs & horses
The new meloxicam range for cattle, pigs & horses Melovem 5 mg/ml Melovem 20 mg/ml Melovem 30 mg/ml The new Melovem range + Many indications for cattle, horses and pigs + Accurate dosing Dopharma has obtained
More informationThe Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Aquatic Animals: Analgesia and Anesthesia formulary
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Aquatic Animals: Analgesia and Anesthesia formulary The appropriate use of pain medications (analgesics) and anesthetics is a critical aspect of
More informationOralject P-BUTAZONE* PASTE ORAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ANALGESIC AGENT FOR HORSES
Draft Label: ORALJECT P-BUTAZONE * PASTE Page 1 of 13 (AUS/NZ) 30 ml syringe label Date Drafted : MAIN PANEL PRESCRIPTION ANIMAL REMEDY KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY Oralject
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT NEFOTEK 100 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, horses and pigs [AT, CZ, IE, PL, SK, UK, DE, FR, ES, HU, IT, SI] COXOFEN
More informationPain management in horses
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Pain management in horses Author : Eleanor Holden, Tyfane Yamaoka, Adam Auckburally Categories : Equine, Vets Date : November
More informationDECISION AND SECTION 43 STATEMENT TO THE VETERINARY COUNCIL BY THE COMPLAINTS ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: CAC15-08
DECISION AND SECTION 43 STATEMENT TO THE VETERINARY COUNCIL BY THE COMPLAINTS ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE: CAC15-08 Dr A (Section 39 referral/complaint) Dr A B Dr C Veterinarian Clinic where Dr A works Former
More information(sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine) Antiprotozoal Oral Suspension. The Frustrating Challenge of EPM
(sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine) The Frustrating Challenge of EPM T H E C H A L L E N G E S Knows no geographical limitations» EPM is widespread throughout North and South America» ~50% of horses are seropositive
More informationThese are some brief notes on equine therapeutics, to cover broad principles and contraindications, doses are not given in most cases and should
These are some brief notes on equine therapeutics, to cover broad principles and contraindications, doses are not given in most cases and should always be checked before administrarion... Remember that
More informationCOMPLICATED CUSHING S CASES AND CONCURRENT CONDITIONS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk COMPLICATED CUSHING S CASES AND CONCURRENT CONDITIONS Author : Gerard Mclauchlan, Ian Ramsey Categories : Vets Date : August
More informationMedical Conditions Questionnaire
Medical Conditions Questionnaire (to be completed by the member) Member Full Name.Date of birth. Policy number or scheme name. Please complete the appropriate section(s) only after completing the Member
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, NL, PT, RO, SK, UK: Kelaprofen 100 mg/ml, solution for injection
More informationVictorian Bushfires. February 7, 2009
Victorian Bushfires. February 7, 2009 Chris Heislers Veterinarian The Veterinary Surgery Yarrambat & North Warrandyte. Constraints to the animal welfare response. Council Media How do horses generally
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Animeloxan 1.5 mg/ml oral suspension for dogs. Active substance: Meloxicam 1.5 mg (equivalent to 0.
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Animeloxan 1.5 mg/ml oral suspension for dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml of suspension contains:
More informationEquine Emergencies. Identification and What to do Until the Vet Arrives Kathryn Krista, DVM, MS
Equine Emergencies Identification and What to do Until the Vet Arrives Kathryn Krista, DVM, MS Common Equine Emergencies Cellulitis/lymphangitis Choke (esophageal obstruction) Colic Eye abnormalities Fever
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology EMEA/MRL/728/00-FINAL April 2000 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS STREPTOMYCIN AND
More informationWelcome to. Who Wants to be a Millionaire 50:50
0:0 Welcome to Who Wants to be a Millionaire 0 $ Million $,000 $,000 $00 0 $ Million $,000 $,000 $00 What is the generic name for the drug in Ketofen? C:Ketoprofen 0:0 0 $ Million $,000 $,000 $00 A: Ketarian
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT GALLIPRANT 20 mg tablets for dogs GALLIPRANT 60 mg tablets for dogs GALLIPRANT 100 mg tablets for dogs 2. QUALITATIVE
More informationA Current Look at Navicular Syndrome. Patrick First, DVM
A Current Look at Navicular Syndrome Patrick First, DVM Navicular syndrome is a broad term that is used to describe soreness or damage to the navicular bone and its surrounding structures in the equine
More informationDecember 2010, Issue 26. Season's Greetings from all of us at AMVS to all of you! May your holidays be bright and your new year abundant.
Page 1 of 5 Having Trouble Viewing this Email? Click Here You're receiving this email because of your relationship with Aspen Meadow Veterinary Specialists. Please confirm your continued interest in receiving
More informationEquine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Dr. Kaitlin McDonald, DVM Swiftsure Equine Veterinary Services presented in part with: Island Equine Veterinary Services & Eden Equine Veterinary Services The Plan Anatomy
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. KELAPRIL 2.5 mg, film coated tablets for dogs and cats [FR] KELAPRIL 2,5 film coated tablets for dogs and cats
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT KELAPRIL 2.5 mg, film coated tablets for dogs and cats [FR] KELAPRIL 2,5 film coated tablets for dogs and cats 2. QUALITATIVE
More informationThe UCD community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters!
Provided by the author(s) and University College Dublin Library in accordance with publisher policies., Please cite the published version when available. Title The use of epidurals in cattle Authors(s)
More informationStart of new generation of NSAIDs?
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Start of new generation of NSAIDs? Author : Peter Lees Categories : Vets Date : May 16, 2011 Peter Lees discusses development
More informationIs Robenacoxib Superior to Meloxicam in Improving Patient Comfort in Dog Diagnosed With a Degenerative Joint Process?
Is Robenacoxib Superior to Meloxicam in Improving Patient Comfort in Dog Diagnosed With a Degenerative Joint Process? A Knowledge Summary by Adam Swallow BVSc MRCVS 1* 1 University of Bristol * Corresponding
More information