Trichoderma harzianum. P. fluorescens inoculated in 500 kg oil cake ha was applied once at pre-monsoon, twice during -1

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1 The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 3() : 9, June, 20 Biological control of foot rot of betelvine (Piper betle L.) caused by Phytophthora parasitica Daur Basudeb Dasgupta, Partha Dutta a Srikanta Das Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chara Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, We Bengal, 7422, Iia b_dasgupta2@yahoo.co.in A B S T R A C T The experiment was carried out over two consecutive s to udy the impact of incidence of foot rot of betelvine caused by Phytophthora parasitica a growth, yield, a keeping quality by applying two bioagents, viz., P. fluorescens a Trichoderma harzianum. P. fluorescens inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha was applied once at pre-monsoon, twice during pre- a po- monsoon a four times at quarterly intervals. T. harzianum inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha was applied at quarterly intervals. Bordeaux mixture (BM) was used to compare the treatments in preventing the intensity of foot rot. The results revealed that minimum foot rot disease occurred where four drenching a eight sprayings of BM at monthly a fortnightly intervals respectively were applied in the. In the 2, the minimum foot rot disease was recorded in the treatment where four applications of the Trichoderma preparation ha at quarterly intervals were given. The maximum foot rot disease was recorded in control treatment. The yield parameters like fresh weight of 00 leaves a leaf yield were good in treatments where BM was applied. Trichoderma applications resulted in better c : b ratio during, where as applications of P. fluorescens over two analysis of pooled data gave the be c : b ratio. Keywords: Biocontrol, Phytophthora parasitica, Piper betle, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, bioformulations Introduction 977). Dasgupta et al. (988) a Mohanty a Phytophthora spp. (P. parasitica, P. nicotianae Dasgupta (2008) showed that fosetyl-al a BM var. parasitica, P. palmivora, P. capsici), are mixture were effective in controlling this perpetual menace to the crop of betelvine, disease. Sengupta et al. (20) recorded lower causing foot rot a leaf rot. The extents of return where biological control agents (BCAs) losses vary from to 90 percent (Dasgupta & were used for its management. However, to Sen 999; Dasgupta et al. 2008). Low reduce toxic hazards to human beings a to get temperature, high humidity a diffused light maximum return, attempts were made by many that prevail inside the baroj favours vine growth workers to replace application of fungicides with a are also congenial for the growth of the BCAs (Tiwari & Mehrotra 98; D'Souza et al. pathogen. The disease appears at the onset of 200; Mohanty et al. 2000). The present monsoon a remains in high intensity inveigations were carried out to to device a throughout the rainy season. It wanes during the rategy for effective management of this winter a may also occur in summer months scourge of betelvine. when sudden hail orms occur. Materials a Methods The foot rot caused by phytophthoras were The experiments were carried out in RBD for claimed to be ameliorated by soil application of two consecutive s using six treatments a BM (Daur 93; Dasgupta & Sen 999; four replications for each. Before the art of the Dasgupta & Maiti 2008 a others). It was experiment all infected plants in treatment rows completely checked when cuttings were dipped were removed. Two rows containing in reptomycin solution a the plants were vines were considered as a treatment plot. Each sprayed with BM (%) twice a month (Saksena treatment was separated by a buffer row.

2 The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 3() : 9, June, 20 For field teing, the selected BCAs were grown obtained were subjected to analysis of variance in oil cake medium for mass production a of annual a two pooled data. 0 incubated at 28± C for 30 days to allow Results a Discussion production of chlamydospores. These were mixed with muard oilcake previously soaked Percent disease incidence in water for 7 days in the ratio of :0 a kept The results (Table ) showed that minimum foot for another seven days covering it with rot disease occurred uer T treatment (.80, polyethylene sheet. The antagonis were then 9.34 %) that was atiically superior to all other placed within the rows of vines a lightly treatments. In the 2, the minimum foot rot covered with soil at prescribed ratios. disease was recorded in T 4 treatment (2. %) The treatments were: where Trchoderma was applied, it being atiically at par with treatments T 3 (2.93 %) T = One application of P. fluorescens a T (2.88 %). The maximum foot rot disease inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha (form) at prewas recorded in T (control) treatment (9.49, monsoon + three applications of uninoculated 24.74, 22.). The disease incidence in all the oilcake at 00 kg ha per application at quarterly treated plots was in the desceing order, T T T 2 intervals. T3, T4 T (Pooled). T 2 = Two applications of P. fluorescens The different treatment combinations of (form) at pre- a po- monsoon + two pseudomonads with MOC a single treatment applications of uninoculated oil-cake at 00 kg of T. harzianum on MOC showed different ha per application at quarterly intervals. disease reducing ability in two different s T 3 = Four applications of P. fluorescens a also in the pooled mean. All the treatment (form) at quarterly intervals. combinations reduced foot rot of betelvine T = Four applications of Trichoderma significantly when compared to untreated 4 control. Minimum disease incidence was inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha (form-2) at observed in T treatment (9.34 %) a maximum quarterly intervals. disease in T (22. %). Treatments T 3 a T 4 T = BM : 4 drenches + 8 sprays at monthly showed no significant difference in disease a fortnightly intervals respectively + four split reduction in both the s a in the pooled - doses of uninoculated oilcake at 00 kg split ha mean. The results therefore iicated that BM at quarterly intervals. application gave better result in disease T = Control : 4 split doses of oilcake at reduction when compared to application of 00 kg split ha at quarterly intervals. bioagents. Similar results were noticed earlier (Dutta et al. 99; Dasgupta et al. 2003; The mortality of vines, fresh weight of 00 Sengupta et al. 20). leaves a yields per ha in each treatment was recorded 30 days after the la treatment Fresh weight of 00 leaves (g) application. The disease incidence a mortality The results (Table ) showed that the highe of vines were calculated using McKinney's fresh weight of 00 leaves was recorded in T (923) formula. The c : b ratios were also treatment (339.2, 342.0, g) where BM calculated using aard approach. The results + MOC were applied a it was atiically

3 The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 3() : 9, June, 20 superior to all other treatments in, 2 mean a such differences were atiically a pooled analysis of two s data. Minimum significant. The results presented here showed fresh weight of 00 leaves was recorded in T that every treatment increased the leaf yield (control) treatment (24.2 a 2.87 g). This significantly as compared to control where only again was atiically lower than in all other MOC were used. This experiment suggeed that treatments in a pooled analysis of two the BCAs a BM had significant effects on leaf s data. In the 2 the fresh weight of 00 yield of betelvine in comparison to control as leaves recorded in the control (292.0 g) was they reduced the different harmful diseases atiically at par with the treatments T (292.7 which was ultimately reflected as increase of g), T (29.2 g) a T (29.00 g) The fresh leaf yield. 2 3 weight of 00 leaves (g) as a result of treatments Co : benifit Ratio (CBR) was in the order; T T T T, T T (Pooled) CBR in revealed that the treatment T 4 These results revealed that there is a sharp containing Trichoderma was mo remunerative increase in fresh weight of 00 leaves in every (:33.7). In the 2 a pooled data of two treatments in comparison to control treatment. s, the mo remunerative treatment was T2 The highe fresh weight was observed in T (:.7 a :.02 C:B ratio) that contained treatment. This led to the conclusion that bio pseudomonas. The lea remunerative in the agents a BM had significant effects in, 2 a pooled mean (:.7 a increasing the fresh weight of 00 leaves of :.02) of two s was treatment T (:4.32, betelvine. These results are in consonance with :4.22 a :4.27) where BM was applied (Table ) the fiings of Sengupta et al. (20). These results are in consonance with earlier Leaf Yield (Lakh/ha) fiings (Mohanty et al. 2000; Dasgupta et al. Highe leaf yield in was recorded in T They revealed that although biological treatment (3.8 lakh ha ) being control approach was not superior to chemical atiically at par with T (34.98 lakhha ). control in terms of yield, PDI a fresh weight of 4 In the 2 a in pooled analysis of two 00 leaves, when we consider the CBR, s, highe leaf yield was recorded in the biological control with P. fluorescens at pre- a treatment T (39.2 a 37.9 lakh ha ), po- monsoon a quarterly application of being atiically superior to all other Trchoderma was significantly more promising treatments. Minimum leaf yield was recorded in among all treatments. Therefore, these T (control) treatment in, 2 a biological control agents may be recommeed pooled analysis of two s data (22.48, 2.4 to the growers for the present to achieve higher a 24.4 lakhha ) (Table ). economic returns a provide environmentally safer leaves for the consumers who chew it The results of leaf yield (lakh ha ) in almo immediately after harve. In the different treatments by application of BCAs meanwhile researches need to continue to device may be represented as T T4 T 2, T3 T,T (Pooled). more efficient biocontrol rategies for The different treatments showed different optimizing the yield while retaining the safety results in two different s a also in pooled considerations.

4 Literature Cited The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 3() : 9, June, 20 Dasgupta B. 993 Chemical control of root rot a leaf rot of betelvine caused by Phytophthora palmivora using Bordeaux Mixture. In : Current Tres in Life Sciences, Vol. 9. Recent Tres in Plant Disease Control (Eds. HB Singh, DN Upadhyay LR Saha), pp Today a Tomorrow Printers a Publishers, New Delhi. Dasgupta B Sen C. 999 Assessment of Phytophthora root rot of betelvine a its management using chemicals. Journal of Mycology a Plant Pathology 29 : 9-9. Dasgupta B Maiti S Research on betel vine diseases uer AINP on betel vine. Proc. National Seminar on Piperaceae Harnessing Agro-technologies for Accelerated Production of Economically Important Piper Species, 2-22 November,2008, Iian Initute of Spices Research, Calicut , Kerala, Iia, pp Dasgupta B Sengupta K Karmakar S. 988 Chemical control of foliage diseases of betelvine. Iian Agriculturi 32: Dasgupta B Dutta PK Muthuswamy S Maiti S Biological control of foot rot of betelvine (Piper betle Linn.). Journal of Biological Control 7 : 3-7. Dasgupta B Mohanty B Dutta PK Maiti S Phytophthora diseases of betelvine (Piper betle L.) : a menance to betelvine crop. SAARC Journal of Agriculture : Daur JR. 93 Disease of pan (Piper betle) in the Central Provinces. Proceedings of Iian Academy of Sciences : 2-3. Dutta PK Saikia L Hazarika K Chutia S Thakur AC. 99 Spray schedule of Bordeaux mixture for Phytophthora leaf rot a em rot control of betelvine in Assam. Proc. Sem. Prob. a Prosp. of Agril. Res. a Dev. In North-Ea Iia. Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Iia, Nov 99-9, pp D'Souza A Roy JK Mohanty B Dasgupta B. 200 Screening of isolates of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai again major fungal pathogens of betelvine. Iian Phytopathology 4: Mckinney HH.923 Influence of soil temperature a moiure on infection of wheat seedlings by Helminthosporium sativum. Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 998. Mehrotra R S Tiwari DP. 97 Organic amements a control of foot rot of Piper betle caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina. Annals of Microbial Research 27 : 4-2. Mohanty B Dasgupta B Management of foot rot a leaf rot of betelvine (Piper betle) caused by Phytophthora parasitica by using safer fungicides. Journal of Mycopathological Research 4: Mohanty B Roy JK Dasgupta B Sen C Relative efficacy of promising fungicides a biocontrol agent Trichoderma in the management of foot rot of betelvine. Journal of Plantation Crops 28: Saksena SB. 977 Phytophthora parasitica, the scourge of 'pan'. Iian Phytopathology 30 :. Sengupta D K Dasgupta B Datta P. 20 Management of foot rot of betelvine (Piper betle L) caused by Phytophthora parasitica Daur. Journal of Crop a Weed 7: Tiwari DP Mehrotra RS. 98 Rhizosphere a rhizoplane udies of Piper betle L. in Sarawak. Transactions of British Mycological Society 2 : 48.

5 The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 3() : 9, June, 20 Table. Effect of bio-agent on growth, yield a disease incidence of betelvine Treatment Foot rot Phytophthora spp. 2 Pooled Fresh weight of 00 leaves (g) 2 Pooled Leaf yield in (Lakh hā ) 2 Pooled Co: benefit ratio 2 Pooled T.00(22.77).89(24.2).94(23.2) :0.0 :.8 :7.94 T2 0.92(9.24) 3.78(2.77) 2.3(20.) :4.44 :.7 :.02 T3 9.87(8.29) 2.93(2.07).40(9.72) :.7 :4.7 :.44 T4 9.8(8.2) 2.(20.74).9(9.4) :33.7 :8. :0.77 T.80(3.8) 2.88(2.02) 9.34(7.78) :4.32 :4.22 :4.27 T 9.49(2.9) 24.74(29.82) 22.(28.0) : : : SEm(±) :0.0 :.8 :7.94 CD :4.44 :.7 :.02 (P=0.0) Average of four replications Figure in parentheses are the angular transformed values percent disease incidence. Treatment: T = One application of Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha at pre-monsoon + three application of uninoculated oilcake at 00 kg ha per application at quarterly intervals. T 2 = Two applications of Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha at pre a po monsoon + two application of uninoculated oil-cake at 00 kg ha per application at quarterly intervals. T = Four applications of Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha at quarterly 3 intervals. T 4 = Four applications of Trichoderma inoculated in 00 kg oil cake ha at quarterly intervals. T = Bordeaux mixture 4 drenches +8 sprays at monthly a - fortnightly intervals (respectively)+ four split doses of uninoculated oilcake at 00 kg split ha at quarterly intervals. T = Control (4 split doses of oilcake at 00kg split ha at two quarterly intervals).