THE INCIDENCE OF PARASITIC DISEASES IN LIVESTOCK IN BALI

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1 THE INCIDENCE OF PARASITIC DISEASES IN LIVESTOCK IN BALI ABSTRACT The population of livestock in Bali has continuously increased from year to year. However, some problems are encountered with parasitic infections in livestock. Parasitic infections may be caused by worms, protozoa or ectoparasites. In cattle, the most common infections are those caused by Oesophagostomum sp, Ostertagia sp, Haemonchus sp, Mecistocirrus sp, and Cooperia sp which is the most dominant. Neoascaris vitulorum was reported to be as high as 29.1% in calves. Fascioliasis in cattle was found highly prevalent, between 34.9 to 56.7% and was caused by Fasciola gigantica. Also Paramphistomum infection was reported to be highly prevalent (50.1%). In addition, Boophilus microplus was recorded as high as 36.9%. In goat and sheep, the incidence of Haemonchus contortus was 27.7% and 53.6% respectively. Infestation of Paramphistomum sp in goat was 9.27%. Concerning ectoparasites, Sarcoptes scabiei was reported to bk the cause of death of 67% of young goats and up to 11% of older gats in Br. Penginuman, Gilimanuk Negara. Parasitic infections in pigs were caused by Cysticercus tenuicollis (1 1%) and Ascaris suum (24.2%) and 21.1% showed Metastrongylus apri and also Sarcoptes scabiei was reported to be the cause of skin disease in pigs. In poultry, parasitic infection were caused by Raillietina (96%), Heterakis gallinae (66.7%), Capillaria sp (6.6%), Ascardia galli (56.7%), Oxyspirura mansoni (50%), Acuaria spiralis (13.3%) and Syngamus trachea (3.3%). Multiple infections are common. INTRODUCTION Population of livestock in Bali has continuously increased from year to year. This was due in part to serious efforts of the government towards develepment of this subsector as well as to the increase in capital investment in livestock farming by people involved. Apart from this achievement, however, there are some problems to be encountered, one of the problems is parasitic disease in livestock. Parasitic infestation occuring in livestock in Bali is quite common, since Bali has a tropical climate with a temperature ranging from 27'~ to 29'~ and an average humidity around 84 %. Such climate is quite favourable for growing and spreading of the parasites. Moreover, the traditional way of livestock farming in Bali may also be taken into account for the high incidence of parasitic diseases. * Department of Parasitology, Study Programme of Veterinary Med~cme, Udayana Univers~ty Denpasar, bali

2 Parasitic infestations may be caused by worm, protozoa or ectoparasite, and these can be found in large animals, small animals or in poultry in Bali. Due to the lack of ability to diagnose accurately diseases caused by parasites, only parasitic diseases caused by worms are well monitored. INCIDENCE OF THE DISEASE 1. In cattle Kusumaningsih et all found that from 3310 samples of cattle manure examined in the Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar during a 5 year period ( ), about % contained nematode eggs, mainly of Oesophagostomum sp, Ostertagia sp, Haemonchus sp, Mecistocirrus sp, and Cooperia sp. Among these, Cooperia sp. was the dominant species. 2 Gunawan and Putra reported that results of a survey in 1980 indicated an incidence of infestation of Neoascaris vitulorum in calves of around 29.1 %, and the highest incidence was observed in calves aged between 1-2 months (55.6% with an average number of eggs of 9905Jgram 3 manure). Moreover, Suteja found that among 540 cattle of various ages in Denpasar region about 2.77 % were infected by Neoascaris vitulorum, with an average of 389 eggslgram manure. 4 Suweta et a1 collecting samples from Sangaran abattoir, Denpasar found that % of the animals (226 of 401 cattle examined) suffered from fascioliasis, due to Fasciola gigantica infections. Later studies of Suweta 5 reported the incidence of Fasciola infections in cattle in Bali around %. Darmono et a16 reported that % of 45 cattle examined, were infected by Pararn- phistomum found in the rurnen and reticulum; they apparently belong to Paramphistomum cervi and Gatrotylax cruminifer species. 7 However Suaryana et al. found a lower incidence of Paramphistomum infection in cattle. Among 625 cattle examined from Sanggaran abattoir, only 50.1 % were infected. They also stated that such infestation may have an undesirable effect on the carcass weight. ~emaja* recorded that % (118 of 320 cattle examined) of cattle from wet and dry regions of Bali were infected by Boophilus microplus in which the average number of parasites per cattle was In goats The incidence of Haemonchus contortus infection in goat and sheep was 27.7 % and % respectively. These figures were the result of a survey conducted by DIC (1976) on 91 goats from Badung, Tabanan, Jembrana, Buleleng and Karangasem regions. A higher incidence of H. contortus infection was reported by suastawa9 : up to % of goats slaughtered in Denpasar were infected by this parasite. The number of parasites recorded in the abomasum of goat ranged from 5 to 72. Infestation of Paramphistomun sp in goat was 9.27 % with an average number of 217 parasites found in the rumen and reticulum. Such figures were reported by ~winata" who examined 325 goats from Tabanan and Jembrana region but slaughtered in Denpasar. Kertayadnya et al.ll reported that 67 % (121 of 180)young goats andup to 11 % (13 of 115) older goats examined in Br. Penginuman, Gilimanuk Negara during May-July 1981 were found dead due to scabies. Accord-

3 ing to Putra and ~unawanl~ the disease was caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var caprae. 3. In pigs Of the 683 pigs examined in Badung abattoir, Suweta et a1.13 found that only one pig (0,15 %) suffered from cysticercosis. However Rihi et al.14 reported that of 1000 pigs slaughtered at CIP abattoir, 110 pigs contained Cysticercus tenuicollis in the liver, omentum and mesenterium. Suweta and ~uratma'~ stated that % of 480 samples of pig manure examined in Denpasar were positively infected by Ascaris suum. The highest incidence of Ascaris infection was found in pigs raised traditionally, between 0-3 months of age. Dharma et a1.16 examined 104 specimen of pig lungs obtained from Denpasar abattoir, in July 1986, and found that 21 specimens (21.19 %) showed Metastrongylus apri infection and 2 specimens (1.92 %) demonstrated the presence of larva migrains lesions. According to a report released by the Research Institution of the Study Programme of Veterinary Medicine, University of Udayana , up to % of 180 pigs examined in Singakerta village, Gianyar, suffered from skin disease. The only parasite found in these pigs was Sarcoptes scabiei. I 4. In poultry ~ajestika'~ reported that post-mortem examination of 30 local chicken (buras chicken) showed infection of various kinds of worms. There were infections of Raillietina (96 %), Heterakis gallinae (66.67 %), Capillaria sp (6.64 %), Ascaridia galli (56.69 %), Oxyspirura mansoni (50 %), Acuaria spiralis (13.33 %), and Syngamus hachea (3.33 %). One chicken may be infected by 1-5 types of worms. CONCLUSION From the above review on parasitic diseases in livestock in Bali, it is concluded that: 1. Parasitic infestations in livestock in Bali are high, especially in young animals or in livestock farming traditionally run. 2. Although it has a negative effect on livestock, people involved (farmers etc) are still not aware of disadvantages caused by parasitic diseases in livestock. REFERENCES 1. Kusumaningsih, A., A.A.G. Putra., M. Gunawan and N. Wetta (1985). Epidemiology of Gastro Intestinal Nematode Worms in Bali Cattle in Bali Vet. Bull. 2 (5). 2. Gunawan, E. and A.A.G. Putra (1982).Surveillance of Bali Cattle in Bali, Neoascaris vitulorum in Calves. Annual Report of Animal Disease Investigation in Indonesia during the period of Suteja, I.M. (1986). The Prevalence of Neoascaris vitulorum in Bali Cattle in Denpasar. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University. 4. Suweta, P., G.G. Putra, G. Sepatika and G.K. Majun (1978). Fascioliasis in Bali Cattle. Bulletin of Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. Udayana University. 5. Suweta, I.G.P. (1985). Epidemiology of Fascioliasis in Bali Cattle in Bali and Economic Aspects of Fasciolicide Treatment of the Traditionally Reared Cattle. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, August, Darmono, G. Adiwinata and M. Djayasasmita (1983). Paramphistomiasis in Bali Cattle I. Animal Disease. 15 (26). 7. ~uaryaha, K.G., D.M. Mudita, S. Wiyoto and1.g.p. Suweta (1984). The Prevalence of Paramphistomum spp., Infestation and its Effect on Carsass Weight of Bali Cattle. Study Programme of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar. 8. Temaja, N.S. (1989). Effect of Area Condition and Age of Cattle on Prevalence and Intensity of

4 Boophilus microplus in Bali Cattle. Study Programme of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali. 9. Suastawa, I.G.M. (1986). The Prevalence and Sex Influence of Haemoncl~us contortus on Goat Slaughtered in Denpasar. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya. 10. Dwinata, I.M. (1987). The Prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. in Goat Slaughtered in Denpasar. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya. 11. Kertayadnya, I.G.,D.H.A. Unruh, M. Gunawan and K.S. Adhiputra (1982). Scabies, Epizootiology, Treatment and Economic Losses. Annual Reporl on Animal Disease Investigation in Indonesia during the period of Putra, A.A.G. and M. Gunawan (1983). Cases Investigation Report, Efficacy of Coumaphos 0.1 pct on Sarcoptes scabiei var caprae and Haematomorphology. Annual Report on Anirnal Disease Investigation in Indonesia during the period of Suweta, I.G.P., G.G. Putra and G. Sepatika (1978). Cysticercosis in Pig in Bali. Bulletin of the Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Denpasar. 14. Rihi, M.A., D.M. Mudita, M. Gunawan and I.B. Arka (1987). Intensity of Cysticercoid worm on Pig Meat Inspection. Paper presented at The Indonesian Parasite Control Association Seminar, August , Denpasar, Bali. 15. Suweta, I.G.P. and R.A. Suratma (1986). The Influence of the Type of Rearing and the Age of the Swine on the Prevalence of Ascaris suum Infestation. Paper presented at The IFS Workshop on Swine and Poultry, August 1985, Denpasar, Bali. 16. Dharma, O.M.N., P. Darmadi and M. Gunawan (1988). Lung Disease of Pig in Denpasar Abattoir. Hemera %a. 73 (1). Bul Penelit. Kesehat. 17 (2) 1989

5 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS NO. NAME INSTITUTE COUNTRY JOHN 1. BRUCE JOHN H. CROSS UNIVERSITY OF LOWELL, LOWELL MASSACHUSETTS, UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES, BETHESDA, MARYLAND W. PATRICK UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY CARNEY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES, BETHESDA, MARYLAND LAWRENCE R. ASH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ANN VICKERY PHILIP 'LOVERDE CHRISTOPHER BAYNE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA, TAMPA, FLORIDA UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY CORNWALLIS, OREGON DONALD BURGESS MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY BOZEMAN, MONTANA JANET GLOVER RICK M. MAIZELS MlCHAEL BANGS KEVIN BAIRD ASRI RASAD SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF LONDON, LONDON NAMRU 2, DETACHMENT NAMRU 2, DETACHMENT UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA BINTARI RUKMONO UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA SRI OEMUATI UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UK Bud. Penelit. Kesehat. 17 (2) 1989

6 F. PARTONO SRI MARGONO PINARDI HADIDJAJA HOEDOJO TANIAWATI SUPALI WITA PRIBADI IS SUHAR.IAH ISMID JANDI R. SULAEMAN INGE SUTANTO ALISAH N. ABIDIN RUMSAH RASAD ROCHIDA RASIDI DINAH KARTA- NEGARA HERRY D. ILAHUDE HER1 WIBOWO S. DJAKARIA SALEHA SUNGKAR UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA 290

7 PUDJI ERLLTANI AGNES KURNIAWAN RUSLI MULYONO LILIANA K. SETIATI D.S. I.G.P. SUWETA NURHAJATI S. MUKAYAT B. SARDJONO S. GUNAWAN ALIDA R.H. AMIN SOEBANDRIO S. CORNAIN NUR ASIKIN SOEPRAPTO S. UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA BIOMEDICAL UNIT, HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH BIOMEDICAL UNIT, HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (BIOTECHNOLOGY) BOGOR UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA, BALI BIOMEDICAL UNIT, HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA, UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA, UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA, UNIVERSITY OF ONESIA, INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE BOGOR 29 1

8 MACHFUDZ D. SOEDARTO S. SRI SOEBEKTI B.S. SUTIJONO ONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES, BIOLOGICAL MUSEUM, BOGOR UNIVERSITY OF AIRLANGGA, SURABAYA UNIVERSITY OF AIRLANGGA, SURABAYA INSTITUTE FOR VETERINARY SCIENCES, BOGOR E. KOSIN UNIVERSITY OF TARUMANEGARA, HENDRO YUWONO SEMARANG SUGENG J. MARDI HUSODO SOEYOKO J. SITUMORANG UNIVERSITY OF GAIAH MADA, Y OGYAKARTA PUTU SUTISNA N.A. SURATMA UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA, DENPASAR, BALI UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA, DENPASAR, BALI

Prevalence of some parasitic helminths among slaughtered ruminants in Kirkuk slaughter house, Kirkuk, Iraq

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