The Scoop on Poop 2019 Country Living Expo Classes #123 & #223

Transcription

1 The Scoop on Poop 2019 Country Living Expo Classes #123 & #223 TIM CUCHNA, DVM NORTHWEST VETERINARY CLINIC STANWOOD (360)

2 Fecal Exam Today s plan Sessions 1 & 2 1 st part discussing fecal exam & microscopes 2 nd part Lab four areas Set-up your samples Microscopes Demonstration fecals & worms Alternate fecal set-up - strainer Last 15 minutes clean-up and last minute questions/comments; done before 11:15

3 Fecal Exam Today s Topics How does fecal flotation work Introduction to fecal parasite ID/characteristics Parasites of concern Microscope basics and my preferences Microscopic exam Treatment plan based on simple flotation fecal exam Demonstration of fecal set-up

4 Fecal Exam Important topics NOT covered today Parasite treatment protocols Parasite management Other parasites such as external and blood-borne

5 How does fecal flotation work? Specific gravity density of a substance (parasite eggs) is less than fecal float solution (salt) Fecal flotation solution approximately sp. gr. Water = 1.00 Parasite eggs range from sp.gr. Fecal debris usually is greater than 1.30 sp. gr. Fecasol solution sp. gr.

6 Fecal Exam My goal

7 Parasite Identification 1. Animal ID (name, species, age, stage and condition of animal) 2. Characteristics of parasite eggs. a) Size - microns (µm)/micrometer 1 µm=1/1000mm = 1/1millionth of a meter. Paper thickness = 100 microns (µm) b) Shape c) Shell thickness Thin to thick d) Caps (operculum) One or both ends; smooth or protruding

8 Parasite Characteristics - size Range from 10 to 200 microns/micrometer(µm) X-small (10-15µm) Giardia, Toxoplasma Small(20-40µm) Coccidia, Trichuris Medium(60-90µm) Strongyles, Ascarids, E. mac Large( µm) Nematodirus, Flukes, Tapeworm egg packets

9 Parasite Characteristics-size Plastic Cling Wrap µm Wool Fiber µm Human Hair µm Paper 1-2 sheets µm

10 Parasite Characteristics-size Image: Veterinary Parasitology 5th Edition, William J. Foreyt, Iowa State Press, 2001

11 Parasite Characteristics-shell Thin - Strongyles, Flukes, Coccidia Medium - Trichuris, Capillaria Thick - Ascarids

12 Parasite Characteristics-shape

13 Parasite Characteristics caps operculum Are the caps at one end or both? Protruding? (Yes/No) Coccidia, Trichuris, Flukes, Capillaria

14 Parasite Larvae

15 Parasites of Concern Nematodes Roundworms Protozoa Coccidia, Giardia, Toxoplasma Cestodes Tapeworms Trematodes Flukes Minor Insects Not discussed in this class NOTE: You will primarily be seeing and identifying parasite eggs/ oocysts.

16 Parasites of Concern Nematodes Roundworms Strongyles Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Dictyocaulus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides, Bunostomum, Capillaria, Hetarakis Ascarids Ascaris Suum, Parascaris, Toxocara, Ascaridia galli Whipworm - Trichuris Pinworms Oxyuris equi

17 Parasites of Concern Protozoa Coccidia Eimeria Practically all species Eimeria macusanensis Camelids Isospora Cats, Dogs, Pigs Giardia Multiple species Zoonotic Toxoplasma Cats - Zoonotic

18 Parasites of Concern Giardia

19 Parasites of Concern Cestodes Tapeworms Sheep/Goats - Moniezia expansa Sheep/Goats Intermediate host Dogs eat carcass Echinoccus granulosus Hydatid disease Taenia ovis - Sheep measles Dogs, Cats Fleas Dipylidium caninum More unsightly than a production issue.

20 Parasite Artifacts Fungal spores Air bubble Plant cells Pollen and seeds

21 Questions

22 Microscope Basics 1. Ocular lens - 10X 2. Objective lenses 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X Ocular X objective = total magnification 10 X (4X, 10X, 40X, 100X) = 40X, 100X, 400X,1000X 3. Stage 4. Light source 5. Focus knobs coarse/fine e

23 Microscopes My preferences 1. Binocular ocular lens 2. Mechanical stage 3. Adjustable light source 4. Coarse and fine focus knobs together

24 Microscope Viewing YOU 20mm = 0.75 inches 80 µm LIGHT SOURCE

25 Microscopic Exam 40X Magnification 10X Ocular/4X Objective Low power 4.5mm X 4.5 mm/view 5 X 5 = 25 views 100X Magnification 10X Ocular/10X Objective High power 2mm X 2mm/view 10 X 10 = 100 views/cover slip cover slip (20mm X 20 mm) 400X Magnification 10X Ocular/40X Objective High-dry power 0.45mm X 0.45mm/view 250 views/cover slip

26 Microscopic Exam Treatment based on Simple Flotation Work with your veterinarian Simple/Modified Simple are for Identification qualitative Ideally, do fecal egg counts (FEC) identification and standardized number quantitative When do you become concerned or treat? Parasite(s) involved - Some parasites you will treat if present at all, especially Nematodirus, Eimeria macusaniensis Condition of animal Diarrhea (+/-) Body Condition Disease Appetite

27 Northwest Veterinary Clinic Treatment Recommendations Our rule-of-thumb is to treat when eggs per slide on normal-looking animals 40X low power, /25 = 4-8 per view 100X high power, /100 = 1-2 per view Specific parasites Abnormal-looking animals Unexplained diarrhea, disease or poor body condition and a positive fecal get treated. Conduct fecal egg counts when proficient

28 Resources Books Veterinary Clinical Parasitology by Anne Zajac & Gary A. Conboy, 2006 Manuals - Veterinary Parasitology: Reference Manual by William J. Foreyt, 2001 Internet images and techniques Supplies Not recommendations search fecal flotation supplies Livestockconcepts.com Revivalanimalhealth.com Microscopes Binocular $400+; Monocular less than $250 Microscopes.com greatscopes.com

29 Microscopic Exam Simple Float Fecalyzer Demonstration

30 Questions?

31 Parasite larvae -?

32 Parasite comparisons

33 Fecal Exam Supplies Flotation solution $12-30/gallon Mixing containers Test tubes Fecal diagnostic kits $30 for 50 Stirring sticks Strainer Slides $5-15 for 100 Cover slips $5 for 100 Microscope Kim-wipes Test tube rack Timer Centrifuge Hydrometer measures Specific Gravity Gram scale (FEC)