Abstract. Introduction. Editor: G. Lina
|
|
- Brook Owens
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE BACTERIOLOGY Impact of psm-mec in the mobile genetic element on the clinical characteristics and outcome of SCCmec-II methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Japan T. Aoyagi 1, *, C. Kaito 2, *, K. Sekimizu 2, Y. Omae 2, Y. Saito 2, H. Mao 2, S. Inomata 1, M. Hatta 1, S. Endo 1, H. Kanamori 1,Y.Gu 3, K. Tokuda 1, H. Yano 1, M. Kitagawa 1 and M. Kaku 1 1) Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 2) Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo and 3) Department of Regional Cooperation for Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan Abstract Over-expression of alpha-phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) results in high virulence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The psm-mec gene, located in the mobile genetic element SCCmec-II, suppresses PSMas production. Fifty-two patients with MRSA bacteraemia were enrolled. MRSA isolates were evaluated with regard to the psm-mec gene sequence, bacterial virulence, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin and teicoplanin. Fifty-one MRSA isolates were classified as SCCmec-II, and 10 had one point mutation in the psm-mec promoter. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between mutant MRSA and wild-type MRSA. Production of PSMa3 in mutant MRSA was significantly increased, but biofilm formation was suppressed. Wild-type MRSA caused more catheter-related bloodstream infections (30/41 vs. 3/10, p ), whereas mutant MRSA formed more deep abscesses (4/10 vs. 3/41, p 0.035). Bacteraemia caused by mutant MRSA was associated with reduced 30-day mortality (1/10 vs. 13/41, p 0.25), although this difference was not significant. The MIC 90 of teicoplanin was higher for wild-type MRSA (1.5 mg/l vs. 1 mg/l), but the MIC of vancomycin was not different between the two groups. The 30-day mortality of MRSA with a high MIC of teicoplanin ( 1.5 mg/l) was higher than that of strains with a lower MIC ( 0.75 mg/l) (6/10 vs. 6/33, p 0.017). Mutation of the psm-mec promoter contributes to virulence of SCCmec-II MRSA, and the product of psm-mec may determine the clinical characteristics of bacteraemia caused by SCCmec-II MRSA, but it does not affect mortality. Keywords: clinical characteristics, MRSA, phenol-soluble modulins, psm-mec mutation, teicoplanin, vancomycin Original Submission: 31 October 2013; Revised Submission: 20 January 2014; Accepted: 27 January 2014 Editor: G. Lina Article published online: 30 January 2014 Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20: / Corresponding author: Tetsuji Aoyagi, Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku, Sendai , Japan tetsujiaoyagi@med.tohoku.ac.jp *These authors contributed equally to this work. Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has rapidly spread in healthcare settings worldwide [1]. Community-associated (CA) MRSA, the USA300 (SCCmec-IV) and USA400 (SCCmec-V) strains, has been observed in especially North America over the last decade [2]. The virulence of CA-MRSA is higher than that of hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA, possibly because of the production of Panton-Valentine leukocidine (PVL) [3]. However, there is controversy as to whether the role of PVL affects disease severity and clinical outcome in MRSA infection [4 6]. Recently, Wang et al. [7] found novel cytolytic peptides to be the alpha-type phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), which are encoded in an operon present in all sequenced S. aureus strains. PSMas consist of amino acids and contribute to evasion of the innate immune system by MRSA [7]. Production Clinical Microbiology and Infection ª2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
2 CMI T. Aoyagi et al. psm-mec determines MRSA clinical feature 913 of PSMas is elevated in the most prevalent CA-MRSA strains, and PSMas contribute to CA-MRSA virulence in vivo [7]. Recent reports suggest that the transcription and translation products of psm-mec, which is located in the mobile genetic elements SCCmec-II and -III in HA-MRSA, suppress the production of PSMas [8,9]. Limited surveillance data on the genetic characteristics of MRSA are available in Japan; the NY/Japan clone (SCCmec-II) was predominantly clinically isolated. SCCmec-IV MRSA was detected in only 4 20% of samples, and these strains did not contain the luks/f-pv gene [10,11]. Thus, the characteristics of CA-MRSA strains in Japan are different from those of strains reported in other countries. Mutations in the psm-mec promoter found in HA-MRSA (SCCmec-II) attenuated the transcription of psm-mec. These strains showed increased expression of PSMas to levels observed in the USA300 and USA400 strains [9]. We hypothesized that PSMas may be important in determining the manifestation and severity of invasive MRSA infections. Our aim in this study was to examine whether SCCmec-II MRSA strains with mutations in the psm-mec promoter, which produce high amounts of PSMas, are associated with clinical characteristics and outcome in bacteraemic patients. Patients and Methods Patients and study design In total, 72 patients with MRSA bacteraemia were recruited retrospectively from March 2009 to December 2011 at Tohoku University Hospital, a 1300-bed tertiary-care teaching hospital in Japan. Bacteraemia was defined based on positive blood culture with systemic manifestation of infection. We excluded patients who (i) presented other pathogens in the blood culture during one MRSA bacteraemia episode; (ii) were dead within 24 h after the blood culture was obtained; and (iii) were under 18 years of age. Thus, 52 patients were ultimately enrolled. The following data were collected from each patient s electric medical record: age, sex, hospitalization data, housing, co-morbidities, infection site, risk factors for MRSA infection, including recent surgery, wounds and insertion of catheters, and site of MRSA infection. Complications of MRSA bacteraemia were evaluated using radiological records such as computed tomography in addition to surgical pathology and additional culture results. The outcomes studied included 30-day mortality and length of hospital stay (LOHS). Data collection was approved by the Ethics Committees of Tohoku University. Microbiological molecular analysis Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed by meca gene carriage, and the presence of the luks/f-pv gene was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [12]. Type of SCCmec was determined by using SCCmec-II specific primers [12] or the class of the mec and the ccr gene complex [13]. DNA fragments including the psm-mec were sequenced by using primers as previously reported [8]. Type of polymorphic region of the protein A gene (spa) was determined by sequenced spa PCR [14]. We present the primers used in this study in Table S1. Measurement of PSMs The amount of PSMas was measured as previously described [9]. Briefly, MRSA culture supernatants were evaporated and the remaining solid was dissolved in 40% acetonitrile. The supernatants remaining after subsequent centrifugation were evaporated, and the evaporated products were dissolved in water and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). d-hemolysin (Hld) and PSMa1 were not separated in this system. Biofilm formation assay Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in tryptic soy broth containing 0.25% glucose in 96-well polystyrene plates for 3 days at 37 C. Cells attached to the plate were stained with safranin; staining was measured according to the absorbance at 490 nm. Expression of AgrA Protein of AgrA was obtained through sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel. Expression of AgrA was performed by western blotting assay as previously described [9]. The band intensity was measured by densitometry scanning (Image J 1.45 s, NIH). Antimicrobial susceptibility The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin and teicoplanin was determined by the E-test (range mg/l; biomerieux, Lyon, France). The MIC breakpoint for vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance was >2 mg/l according to EUCAST [15]. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics, such as means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages, were collected. The chi-squared test, Fisher s exact test and unpaired t-test were conducted using Graphpad prism 5 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3 914 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 20 Number 9, September 2014 CMI Results Molecular characteristics of MRSA isolated from blood cultures Figure 1 shows the gene sequencing data; 10 of 52 MRSA isolates (19.2%) had a point mutation (-7T>C) in the psm-mec promoter (Table 1). Fifty-one out of 52 (98.1%) MRSA isolates were classified as SCCmec-II, but one MRSA isolate without psm-mec gene was classified as SCCmec-IV. None of the MRSA isolates carried the LukS/F-PV gene. Forty out of 51 (78.4%) SCCmec-II MRSA isolates were classified as spa type t002: 31 (76%) of intact psm-mec MRSA; nine (90%) of a mutated psm-mec. These data indicated that MRSA strains with a mutated psm-mec promoter and intact psm-mec have a closely related genetic background. Production of PSMas, biofilm formation and AgrA expression by MRSA isolates PSMa3 production by MRSA isolates with a mutated psm-mec promoter was five-fold higher than that by MRSA isolates with intact psm-mec (p 0.023) and was equal to that by the SCCmec-IV MRSA isolate that did not contain psm-mec (Fig. 2b). However, there was no difference in the expression of PSMa1 + hld between mutant and wild-type MRSA (Fig. 2a). Mutant MRSA formed significantly less biofilm than wild-type strains (p ), and the MRSA that did not contain psm-mec also showed decreased biofilm formation (Fig. 2c). The accessory gene regulator (agr) system represents a prototype of quorum-sensing regulators, which has been recognized as a pivotal regulator of virulence factor expression [16]. AgrA binds to the psm promoter regions directly and regulates PSMas production [17]. However, psm-mec-rna inhibits translation of the agra gene by specific binding to agra mrna [9]. In our study, the AgrA expression of both no psm-mec and mutant MRSA was higher than that of wild-type MRSA (Fig. 2d). Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcome between mutant and wild-type MRSA Among the 51 SCCmec-II MRSA isolates, we did not detect any difference in age, sex, underlying disease or hospital settings between mutant and wild-type MRSA strains. Hospital-associated community onset (HACO) MRSA bacteraemia occurred more frequently in patients infected by mutant MRSA than in those infected by wild-type strains (4/10 vs. 4/41, p 0.038; Table 2). In total, 33 (63.5%) patients with MRSA bacteraemia were diagnosed as having catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI), and intact MRSA isolates were more frequently found in patients with CRBSI (30/41 vs. 3/10, p ). However, mutant MRSA was obtained more frequently in cases of pneumonia with MRSA bacteraemia (2/10 vs. 0/41, p 0.035). Additionally, 7/51 (13.5%) patients had the complication of abscess formation, and mutant MRSA was associated with abscess formation more frequently than wild-type MRSA (4/10 vs. 3/41, p 0.035; Table 2). In total, 14/51 (27.5%) patients were dead within 30 days of MRSA bacteraemia. The 30-day mortality rate was lower in MRSA bacteraemia caused by mutant MRSA than in bacteraemia caused by the wild-type strains, but the difference was not significant (1/10 vs. 13/41, p 0.25). However, the patients LOHS for bacteraemia caused by mutant MRSA was longer than that for bacteraemia caused by wild-type strains (57 days vs. 37 days, p ), although this difference also did not reach statistical significance. Mutation in the psm-mec promoter (-7T>C) psm-mec ORF TTGTTTGATATTATACTTAATGTATCTTAAATAGAAAGAGGGTATGCATATGGATTTCACTGGTGTTATTACAAGCATTATTGATTTAAT AACAAACTATAATATGAATTACATAGAATTTATCTTTCTCCCATACGTATACCTAAAGTGACCACAATAATGTTCGTAATAACTAAATTA CAAGACTTGCATTCAGGCTTTCGGTTAATTTTTTCAACTA GTTCTGAACGTAAGTCCGAAAGCCAATTAAAAAAGTTGAT -5 FIG. 1. Nucleotide sequence of the psm-mec open reading frame (ORF) in SCCmec-II. The nucleotide sequence of the psm-mec ORF and its promoter is shown [8, 30]. The psm-mec ORF (grey) is encoded from left to right. Black bold nucleotide A indicates the transcription start site (+1) of the psm-mec ORF. Underlined nucleotides (TATACT) indicate the -10 region of the psm-mec promoter; a -7T>C point mutation in the promoter region was found in this study.
4 CMI T. Aoyagi et al. psm-mec determines MRSA clinical feature 915 TABLE 1. Molecular characteristics of 52 MRSA strains from blood cultures psm-mec gene Number of isolates (n = 52) SCCmec type spa type II IV t002 t242 t437 t045 t439 t539 t688 t1094 t8602 NT LukS/F-PV Absence The mutation in the psm-mec promotor (-7T>C) Intact NT, non-typable. (a) (X10 6 AU) 80 PSMα1+Hld (b) (X10 6 AU) 20 PSMα3 Production of PSMα1+Hld P = P = 0.023* 15 Production of PSMα psm-mec absent MRSA Mutated psm-mec Wild-type psm-mec 0 psm-mec absent MRSA Mutated psm-mec Wild-type psm-mec (c) Biofilm formation (OD490) psm-mec absent MRSA Biofilm formation Mutated psm-mec P = * Wild-type psm-mec (d) Relative expression of AgrA per wild-type psm-mec P = 0.024* psm-mec absent MRSA P = * Mutated psm-mec FIG. 2. Mutation of the psm-mec promoter in SCCmec-II MRSA strains increases the amount of extracellular PSMs and decreases biofilm formation. The amount of PSMa1 + Hld (a) and PSMa3 (b) in each clinically isolated MRSA strain (psm-mec-absent MRSA (n = 1), mutated psm-mec promoter MRSA (n = 10), wild-type psm-mec (n = 41)) was measured by HPLC. (c) Biofilm formation of each MRSA strain onto polystyrene microplates was examined. (a c) Mean standard deviation (SD) from three independent experiments is presented. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney test. (d) Cell extra production of MRSA culture was subjected to western blotting by anti-agra IgG and band intensities of AgrA were measured. Data analysis was presented to calculate the relative ratio against AgrA expression of wild-type psm-mec. Means and SD from three independent experiments are presented. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test. Difference between MIC values of vancomycin and teicoplanin in SCCmec-II MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and pneumonia caused by high-mic glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) are associated with an unfavourable outcome [18 20]. We did not detect any difference in the MIC 50 and MIC 90 values of vancomycin between mutant and wild-type MRSA strains (MIC 50, 2 mg/l vs. 2 mg/l; MIC 90, 1.5 mg/l vs. 1.5 mg/l). However, the MIC 50 and MIC 90 values of teicoplanin in MRSA were lower than those in wild-type strains (MIC 50, 0.75 mg/l vs. 1 mg/l; MIC 90, 1 mg/l vs. 1.5 mg/l; Fig. 3a). In our study, the 30-day mortality rate did not depend on the MIC of vancomycin; however, MRSA isolates with a high
5 916 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 20 Number 9, September 2014 CMI TABLE 2. Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcome between SCCmec-II MRSA isolates with and without a mutated psm-mec promoter Mutant MRSA a (n = 10) Wild-type MRSA b (n = 41) p value Age (median, 25 75%) 71 ( ) 72 ( ) >65 year 7 (64%) 31 (76%) Male 8 (73%) 26 (63%) Underlying condition, No. (%) Cardiovascular disease 4 (40%) 13 (32%) Malignancy (solid cancer) 2 (20%) 8 (20%) Central nervous system 1 (10%) 9 (22%) disease Chronic renal failure 2 (20%) 7 (17%) Diabetes mellitus 3 (30%) 6 (15%) Autoimmune disease 2 (20%) 5 (12%) Corticosteroid use 2 (20%) 5 (12%) Digestive disease 0 (0%) 6 (15%) Chronic respiratory disease 1 (10%) 3 (7%) Chronic liver disease 0 (0%) 3 (7%) Charlson co-morbity index 2.60 (2.17) 2.31 (1.88) (mean, SD) Hospital setting, No. (%) Emergency room 1 (10%) 10 (24%) Medical wards 5 (50%) 16 (39%) Surgical wards 4 (40%) 15 (37%) 1.00 Site of acquisition, No. (%) Community-associated 0 (0%) 0 (0%) infection c Healthcare-associated 4 (40%) 4 (10%) 0.041* community onset d Hospital onset e 6 (60%) 37 (90%) Primary site of infection CRBSI 3 (30%) 30 (73%) * CRBSI + multiple sites 1 (10%) 3 (10%) Skin and soft tissue 1 (10%) 3 (7%) 1.00 infection Surgical wound infection 0 (0%) 2 (5%) 1.00 Pneumonia 2 (20%) 0 (0%) 0.035* IE 0 (0%) 1 (2%) 1.00 Vascular infection other 1 (10%) 0 (0%) than IE Intra-abdominal infection 1 (10%) 1 (2%) Bone and joint 1 (10%) 1 (2%) UTI 1 (10%) 0 (0%) Sepsis (origin unknown) 0 (0%) 3 (7%) 1.00 Complication with MRSA bacteraemia Abscess formation 4 (40%) 3 (7%) 0.035* Deep vein thrombosis 0 (0%) 2 (5%) 1.00 Treatment Vancomycin 6 (60%) 18 (44%) 0.49 Teicoplanin 2 (20%) 15 (37%) 0.46 Other agents of 2 (20%) 8 (20%) 1.00 anti-mrsa drugs f Outcomes 30-day mortality 1 (10%) 13 (32%) Length of hospital stay (median, 25 75%) 57 ( ) 37 ( ) MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CRBSI, catheter-related blood stream infection; IE, infectious endocarditis; UTI, urinary tract infection. a Mutant MRSA: MRSA with a point mutation (-7T>C) in the psm-mec promoter. b Wild-type MRSA: MRSA intact in the psm-mec promoter. c Community-associated infection: if the culture was obtained from an outpatient or obtained 48 h after admission from a patient without documentation of a healthcare risk factor. d Healthcare-associated community onset (HACO): if the culture was obtained from an outpatient or obtained 48 h after admission from a patient with a known healthcare risk factor. e Hospital onset: if the first positive blood culture was obtained 48 h after admission. f Other agents of anti-mrsa drugs were included in Linezolid and Arbekacin. Data indicate the number (%) of patients, median SD and median (25 75 percentile). *p < MIC of teicoplanin ( 1.5 mg/l) (i.e. isolates with an intact psm-mec gene) were associated with significantly higher mortality than isolates with low teicoplanin MIC ( 0.75 mg/ L) (6/10 vs. 6/33, p 0.017). Discussion CA-MRSA is suggested to secrete a high amount of toxins, including PSMa, PVL and Hld. These toxins are involved in evading and destroying host defences, and have been associated with skin infections, necrotizing pneumonia and abscess formation in animal models [21]. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the high virulence of CA-MRSA is not fully understood in humans. PVL is not associated with increased mortality from MRSA bacteraemia, and most cases of MRSA infection are complicated with bacteraemia associated with skin and soft tissue infection [4,6]. In some countries, PVL-positive strains are not present in many cases of MRSA bacteraemia [22,23]. In this study, we did not observe PVL-positive MRSA strains, and 98% of the MRSA strains were classified as SCCmec-II. These data suggest that factors other than PVL contribute to the pathogenesis of MRSA in Japan. PSMas and Hld had lytic activity against neutrophils [7]. However, it remains unclear whether these cytolytic toxins contribute to the clinical characteristics and outcome of human MRSA infections, as only one case report has described the potential association of an SCCmec-II MRSA strain with high PSMas and Hld with severe infection in Japan [24]. In this study, 20% of MRSA isolates had a mutation (-7T>C) in the psm-mec promoter, and these strains produced a significantly higher amount of PSMa3 than the wild-type MRSA strains. PSMa3 has higher proinflammatory and lysis activity compared with other PSMas and Hld [7]. Thus, a high amount of PSMa3 production may determine the characteristics of MRSA infection. On the other hand, wild-type MRSA isolates had significantly higher biofilm formation than the mutant strains. These results suggest that the wild-type psm-mec in SCCmec-II MRSA inhibits the virulence properties that lead to invasive infections such as pneumonia and abscess formation while promoting the virulence properties associated with attachment to intravenous catheters that lead to CRBSI. CRBSI was more frequently associated with HA-MRSA infection, but CA-MRSA was associated with a higher proportion of pneumonia and deep-site abscesses with bacteraemia [25 27]. In our study, mutant MRSA caused infections other than CRBSI and was frequently associated with pneumonia and abscess formation. However, CA-MRSA was previously associated with lower mortality or better outcomes than HA-MRSA [25,26,28], possibly because the patients with CA-MRSA bacteraemia in these studies were younger and had fewer co-morbidities. In our study, there was no difference in age or co-morbidities
6 CMI T. Aoyagi et al. psm-mec determines MRSA clinical feature 917 (a) Vancomycin MIC Teicoplanin MIC Number of patients Number of patients Mutated psm-mec Wild-type psm-mec 0 <= >=2 (mg/l) 0 <= >=2 (mg/l) (b) 30-day mortality and vancomycin MIC 30-day mortality and teicoplanin MIC Non-survivor Survivor 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% <= >=2 0% <= >=2 (mg/l) (mg/l) FIG. 3. MIC values of vancomycin and teicoplanin in SCCmec-II MRSA strains. Vancomycin and teicoplanin MIC values for SCCmec-II MRSA strains (mutated psm-mec (n = 10), wild-type psm-mec (n = 41)) were evaluated by the E-test. between patients with mutant MRSA and those with wild-type MRSA, although the 30-day mortality rate for bacteraemia caused by mutant MRSA was lower than that for bacteremia caused by wild-type MRSA. The average LOHS of bacteraemic patients with mutant MRSA was longer than that of patients with wild-type MRSA. Taken together, these findings suggested that the product of psm-mec may be involved in clinical characteristics but does not contribute to mortality. In HACO MRSA isolates, SCCmec-II and -III strains were found to be present together with SCCmec -IV and -V strains [27,28]. In our study, eight of nine HACO MRSA strains were classified as SCCmec-II, and 40% of the mutant MRSA strains were isolated within 48 h of admission. SCCmec-II mutant MRSA strains may cause MRSA bacteraemia in patients with a history of exposure to community-based medical care. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and higher vancomycin MIC values determined by the E-test have a higher likelihood of mortality and treatment failure [18]. In addition, CA-MRSA bacteraemia has a better outcome than HA-MRSA bacteraemia because of the difference in vancomycin MIC [29]. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide alternative to vancomycin and has been widely used in Europe and East Asia. In previous studies, a higher MIC of teicoplanin (>1.5 mg/l), as determined by the E-test, predicted unfavourable outcome and higher mortality rate in bacteraemia [19] and pneumonia [20], but these reports did not evaluate the genetic background of the MRSA strains. In our study, there was no difference in the MIC 50 and MIC 90 of vancomycin for the two types of SCCmec-II MRSA, but the MIC 50 and MIC 90 of teicoplanin for wild-type MRSA were higher than those of the mutant MRSA. In addition, the mortality rate was not associated with the MIC of vancomycin, but the mortality of SCCmec-II MRSA with a higher MIC of teicoplanin ( 1.5 mg/l) was significantly higher than that of SCCmec-II MRSA with a lower MIC of teicoplanin ( 0.75 mg/l). These data indicate that the MIC of teicoplanin may be a prognostic factor for bacteraemia caused by SCCmec-II MRSA, and that the lower 30-day mortality of bacteraemia associated with mutant MRSA may be related to the lower MIC of teicoplanin. This observational study has some limitations. First, this was a single-centre study conducted in Japan with a small sample
7 918 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 20 Number 9, September 2014 CMI size; therefore it may be possible that we could not find a significant difference in clinical outcome between patients with mutant MRSA and those with wild-type MRSA. Moreover, we could not evaluate differences in clinical characteristics and bacteraemia outcome between SCCmec-IV MRSA and mutant SCCmec-II MRSA because the SCCmec-IV MRSA strain was only isolated from a few samples. Second, Queck et al. found that psm-mec has a positive effect on virulence of the HA-MRSA strain MSA890, where the amount of the translational product of psm-mec was higher than that of other PSMs. However, other strains in which the amount of the translational product of psm-mec was lower than that of other PSMs did not recapitulate this effect in vitro and in vivo [30]. To determine the extent to which our findings can be generalized, further study is needed. Third, the clinical data in this observational study were retrospectively collected and are therefore subject to information bias. However, given that the two groups were compared according to molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility, this bias was likely to be inconsequential. In conclusion, high production of PSMa3 by MRSA strains containing mutated psm-mec was not associated with the treatment outcome of MRSA bacteraemia but affected its clinical characteristics. The difference in clinical impact between these two different types of MRSA strains was independent of teicoplanin MIC. Furthermore, the emergence of the MRSA strain with mutated psm-mec and a high MIC of teicoplanin indicates a need for vigorous strategies for clinical management and infection control in both hospital and community settings in Japan. Acknowledgements The authors thank Makoto Katsumi, Mina Kawauchi and Mitsuaki Nagasawa for their technical assistance. This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research ( , ). Transparency Declaration All authors: no reported conflicts. Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Table S1. Primer used in this study. References 1. Barrett FF, McGehee RF Jr, Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations. N Engl J Med 1968; 279: Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EL, Bishai WR. Community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B et al. Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease? J Infect Dis 2006; 194: Seybold U, Kourbatova EV, Johnson JG et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of health care-associated blood stream infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Ahn SH, Rude TH et al. Presence of genes encoding panton-valentine leukocidin is not the primary determinant of outcome in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: Wang R, Braughton KR, Kretschmer D et al. Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nat Med 2007; 13: Kaito C, Saito Y, Nagano G et al. Transcription and translation products of the cytolysin gene psm-mec on the mobile genetic element SCCmec regulate Staphylococcus aureus virulence. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7: e Kaito C, Saito Y, Ikuo M et al. Mobile genetic element SCCmec-encoded psm-mec RNA suppresses translation of agra and attenuates MRSA virulence. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9: e Takizawa Y, Taneike I, Nakagawa S et al. A Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain, another such strain carrying a multiple-drug resistance plasmid, and other more-typical PVL-negative MRSA strains found in japan. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: Motoshima M, Yanagihara K, Morinaga Y et al. Genetic diagnosis of community-acquired MRSA: a multiplex real-time PCR method for Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing and detecting toxin genes. Tohoku J Exp Med 2010; 220: Makgotlho PE, Kock MM, Hoosen A et al. Molecular identification and genotyping of mrsa isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009; 57: Zhang KY, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types I to V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: Shopsin B, Gomez M, Montgomery SO et al. Evaluation of protein A gene polymorphic region DNA sequencing for typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters Version 1.3, January 5, CAST_files/Disk_test_documents/EUCAST_breakpoints_v1.3_pdf.pdf accesed 30 August, Novick RP, Geisinger E. Quorum sensing in staphylococci. Annu Rev Genet 2008; 42: Queck SY, Jameson-Lee M, Villaruz AE et al. RNAIII-independent target gene control by the agr quorum-sensing system: insight into the evolution of virulence regulation in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Cell 2008; 32:
8 CMI T. Aoyagi et al. psm-mec determines MRSA clinical feature van Hal SJ, Lodise TP, Paterson DL. The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: Chang HJ, Hsu PC, Yang CC et al. Influence of teicoplanin MICs on treatment outcomes among patients with teicoplanin-treated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a hospital-based retrospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: Chen KY, Chang HJ, Hsu PC et al. Relationship of teicoplanin MICs to treatment failure in teicoplanin-treated patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2013; 46: Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46(Suppl 5): S350 S Ellington MJ, Perry C, Ganner M et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of ciprofloxacin-susceptible MRSA encoding PVL in England and Wales. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28: Kim JS, Park JS, Song W et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood in Korea. Korean J Lab Med 2007; 27: Khokhlova O, Tomita Y, Hung WC et al. Elderly infection in the community due to ST5/SCCmecII methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (the New York/Japan clone) in Japan: panton-valentine leukocidin-negative necrotizing pneumonia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2012; doi: /j.jmii [Epub ahead of print]. 25. Lalani T, Federspiel JJ, Boucher HW et al. Associations between the genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates and clinical characteristics and outcomes of bacteremic patients. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: Chen SY, Wang JT, Chen TH et al. Impact of traditional hospital strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and community strain of MRSA on mortality in patients with community-onset S aureus bacteremia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010; 89: Lee SC, Lee CW, Shih HJ, Chiou MJ, See LC, Siu LK. Clinical features and risk factors of mortality for bacteremia due to community-onset healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76: Lessa FC, Mu Y, Ray SM et al. Impact of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on clinical outcomes of patients with pneumonia or central line-associated bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: Chen SY, Liao CH, Wang JL et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec genotype effects outcomes of patients with healthcare-associated MRSA bacteremia independently of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: Queck SY, Khan BA, Wang R et al. Mobile genetic element-encoded cytolysin connects virulence to methicillin resistance in MRSA. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5: e
Source: Portland State University Population Research Center (
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Surveillance Report 2010 Oregon Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Office of Disease Prevention & Epidemiology Oregon Health Authority Updated:
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus By Karla Givens Means of Transmission and Usual Reservoirs Staphylococcus aureus is part of normal flora and can be found on the skin and in the noses of one
More informationThis is an author version of the contribution published on: Corcione S,Motta I,Fossati L,Campanile F,Stefani S,Cavallo R,Di Perri G,Ranieri VM,De Rosa FG Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant
More informationLe infezioni di cute e tessuti molli
Le infezioni di cute e tessuti molli SCELTE e STRATEGIE TERAPEUTICHE Pierluigi Viale Clinica di Malattie Infettive Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi Treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Ghana
Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Ghana Beverly Egyir, PhD Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Bacteriology Department, University of Ghana Background
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.378
More informationGeoffrey Coombs 1, Graeme Nimmo 2, Julie Pearson 1, Samantha Cramer 1 and Keryn Christiansen 1
Community Onset MRSA Infections in Australia: A Tale of Two Clones Geoffrey Coombs 1, Graeme Nimmo 2, Julie Pearson 1, Samantha Cramer 1 and Keryn Christiansen 1 Community Associated MRSA First isolated
More informationThe Impact of meca Gene Testing and Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Intervention on the Time to Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy for ACCEPTED
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 May 2008 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.00801-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationStaphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus Significant human pathogen. SSTI Biomaterial related infections Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Toxin mediated diseases TSST Staphylococcal enterotoxins Quintessential Pathogen? Nizet
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Staphylococci are a group of Gram-positive bacteria, 14 species are known to cause human infections but the vast majority of infections are caused by only three of them. They
More informationInappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection. Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012
Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012 Financial Disclosures } No conflicts of interest } The study was supported by a Hamilton
More informationSafe Patient Care Keeping our Residents Safe Use Standard Precautions for ALL Residents at ALL times
Safe Patient Care Keeping our Residents Safe 2016 Use Standard Precautions for ALL Residents at ALL times #safepatientcare Do bugs need drugs? Dr Deirdre O Brien Consultant Microbiologist Mercy University
More informationCa-MRSA Update- Hand Infections. Washington Hand Society September 19, 2007
Ca-MRSA Update- Hand Infections Washington Hand Society September 19, 2007 Resistant Staph. Aureus Late 1940 s -50% S.Aureus resistant to PCN 1957-80/81 strain- of S.A. highly virulent and easily transmissible
More informationEvaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs
Evaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs Josh Arnold, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds February 28, 2017 2016 MFMER slide-1 Objectives Identify the pathophysiology of MRSA nasal colonization
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial Therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Doo Ryeon Chung, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Infection Control Office SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CASE 1
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA
Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA Levy, Scientific American Horizontal gene transfer is common, even between Gram positive and negative bacteria Plasmid - transfer of single or multiple
More informationSignificant human pathogen. SSTI Biomaterial related infections Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Toxin mediated diseases TSST Staphylococcal enterotoxins
Staphylococcus aureus Significant human pathogen. SSTI Biomaterial related infections Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Toxin mediated diseases TSST Staphylococcal enterotoxins Quintessential Pathogen? Nizet
More informationMicrobiological and Genotypic Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant ACCEPTED. 1. Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 July 2008 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.00357-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationNosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs
Nosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs Jean Chastre, MD Service de Réanimation Médicale Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France www.reamedpitie.com
More informationHong-Kai Wang 1, Chun-Yen Huang 1 and Yhu-Chering Huang 1,2*
Wang et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2017) 17:470 DOI 10.1186/s12879-017-2560-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Clinical features and molecular characteristics of childhood communityassociated methicillin-resistant
More informationRESEARCH NOTE COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A MALAYSIAN TERTIARY CENTRE
RESEARCH NOTE COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A MALAYSIAN TERTIARY CENTRE Zetti Zainol Rashid 1, Norazlah Bahari 1, Amizah Othman 1, Roslinda Jaafar 1, Nurul Azmawati
More informationPVL Staph aureusjust a skin/soft tissue problem? Layla Mohammadi Lead Pharmacist, Antimicrobials Lewisham Healthcare NHS Trust
PVL Staph aureusjust a skin/soft tissue problem? Layla Mohammadi Lead Pharmacist, Antimicrobials Lewisham Healthcare NHS Trust Neonatal Case History Neonate born at 26 +2 gestation Spontaneous onset of
More informationConsequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance. Topics to be Covered
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationMID 23. Antimicrobial Resistance. Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance Micro evolutionary change - point mutations Beta-lactamase mutation extends spectrum of the enzyme rpob gene (RNA polymerase) mutation
More informationNational MRSA Reference Laboratory
Author: Gráinne Brennan Date: 23/02/2017 Date of Issue: 23/02/2017 National MRSA Reference Laboratory User s Manual NMRSARL Users Manual Page 1 of 12 Table of Contents Page 1. Location... 3 2. Contact
More informationAntibiotic Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR); August 2017
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella, 2015 and 2016 Helen Heffernan and Rosemary Woodhouse Antibiotic Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR); August 2017
More informationBurden of disease of antibiotic resistance The example of MRSA. Eva Melander Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital
Burden of disease of antibiotic resistance The example of MRSA Eva Melander Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital Discovery of antibiotics Enormous medical gains Significantly reduced morbidity
More informationCommunity-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections
British Medical Bulletin Advance Access published April 1, 2010 Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections Fiona J. Cooke and Nicholas M. Brown * Clinical Microbiology
More informationEpidemiology of community MRSA obtained from the UK West Midlands region.
Epidemiology of community MRSA obtained from the UK West Midlands region. J. Rollason a, L. Bastin b, A. C. Hilton a, D. G. Pillay c, T. Worthington a, C. Mckeon c, P. De c, K. Burrows c and P. A. Lambert
More informationMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Lina Cavaco
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Lina Cavaco licav@food.dtu.dk 1 DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark Staphylococcus aureus Gram positive cocci Catalase positive Coagulase postive
More informationFM - Male, 38YO. MRSA nasal swab (+) Due to positive MRSA nasal swab test, patient will be continued on Vancomycin 1500mg IV q12 for MRSA treatment...
Jillian O Keefe Doctor of Pharmacy Candidate 2016 September 15, 2015 FM - Male, 38YO HPI: Previously healthy male presents to ED febrile (102F) and in moderate distress ~2 weeks after getting a tattoo
More informationPrevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 2016. Vol. 46, No. 2 p.99 103 http://dx.doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2016.46.2.99 Communication Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
More informationThe molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the major countries of East Asia
Boston University OpenBU Theses & Dissertations http://open.bu.edu Boston University Theses & Dissertations 2017 The molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the
More informationStaphylococcus aureus Programme 2007 (SAP 2007) Hospital Survey MRSA Epidemiology and Typing Report
AGAR The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance http://antimicrobial-resistance.com Staphylococcus aureus Programme 2007 (SAP 2007) Hospital Survey MRSA Epidemiology and Typing Report PREPARED BY:
More informationMicrobiological Surveillance of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Belgian Hospitals in 2003
Microbiological Surveillance of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Belgian Hospitals in 3 Final report Olivier Denis and Marc J. Struelens Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci Department
More informationChanging epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in paediatric intensive-care units
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2012 Changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in paediatric intensive-care
More informationAntibacterials. Recent data on linezolid and daptomycin
Antibacterials Recent data on linezolid and daptomycin Patricia Muñoz, MD. Ph.D. (pmunoz@micro.hggm.es) Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 1 GESITRA Reasons
More informationEmpiric therapy for severe suspected Staphylococcus aureus infection
Empiric therapy for severe suspected Staphylococcus aureus infection Salman Qureshi, MD McGill University Faculty of Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine McGill University Health Centre Relevant
More informationAn Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Article ID: WMC00590 ISSN 2046-1690 An Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Author(s):Dr. K P Ranjan, Dr. D R Arora, Dr. Neelima Ranjan Corresponding
More informationDetection of Methicillin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in a Tertiary Care Hospital
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 7 (2017) pp. 4008-4014 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.415
More informationCA-MRSA a new problem in Indonesia?
CA-MRSA a new problem in Indonesia? Latre Buntaran Clinical Microbiologist Consultant Indonesia Coordinator of ANSORP Study Secretary General of INASIC Community Associated MRSA Papua New Guinea Asia Europe
More informationTel: Fax:
CONCISE COMMUNICATION Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL,a novel pyrrolidinone--ylidenemethyl cephem,tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci L. M.
More informationCommunity-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, July 2010, p. 616 687 Vol. 23, No. 3 0893-8512/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/cmr.00081-09 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Community-Associated
More informationANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA. 1. Vancomicin
ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA 1. Vancomicin Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It belongs to the family of medicines called antibiotics. Vancomycin works by killing bacteria
More informationMRSA surveillance 2014: Poultry
Vicky Jasson MRSA surveillance 2014: Poultry 1. Introduction In the framework of the FASFC surveillance, a surveillance of MRSA in poultry has been executed in order to determine the prevalence and diversity
More informationImpact of a Standardized Protocol to Address Outbreak of Methicillin-resistant
Impact of a Standardized Protocol to Address Outbreak of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infections at a large, urban County Jail System Earl J. Goldstein, MD* Gladys Hradecky, RN* Gary
More informationSurgical prophylaxis for Gram +ve & Gram ve infection
Surgical prophylaxis for Gram +ve & Gram ve infection Professor Mark Wilcox Clinical l Director of Microbiology & Pathology Leeds Teaching Hospitals & University of Leeds, UK Heath Protection Agency Surveillance
More informationAntibiotic resistance in West Africa
Antibiotic resistance in West Africa Prof. Pierre Tattevin Infectious Diseases and ICU, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France International Society of Chemotherapy No conflict of Interest International
More informationSustaining an Antimicrobial Stewardship
Sustaining an Antimicrobial Stewardship Much needless expense, untoward effect, harm and disappointment can be prevented by better judgment in the use of antimicrobials Whitney A. Jones, PharmD Antimicrobial
More informationIs Cefazolin Inferior to Nafcillin for Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia?
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Nov. 2011, p. 5122 5126 Vol. 55, No. 11 0066-4804/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aac.00485-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Is Cefazolin
More informationACCEPTED. Association between staphylococcal PVL gene and a lower inhospital. survival in Pulmonary Patients. Spain. Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 8 November 006 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.118/jcm.003-06 Copyright 006, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationUCSF guideline for management of suspected hospital-acquired or ventilatoracquired pneumonia in adult patients
Background/methods: UCSF guideline for management of suspected hospital-acquired or ventilatoracquired pneumonia in adult patients This guideline establishes evidence-based consensus standards for management
More information*Corresponding Author:
Original Research Article DOI: 10.18231/2394-5478.2017.0098 Prevalence and factors associated with the nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among
More informationMRSA. ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) ( community-associated )
005 16 190-194 ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) ( community-associated ) ( -susceptible Staphylococcus auerus; MSSA ) ( -resistant Staphylococcus auerus; ) ( ) ( -lactam ) ( glycopeptide ) ( Staphylococcus
More informationGeneral Approach to Infectious Diseases
General Approach to Infectious Diseases 2 The pharmacotherapy of infectious diseases is unique. To treat most diseases with drugs, we give drugs that have some desired pharmacologic action at some receptor
More informationStaphylococcus aureus and Health Care associated Infections
Staphylococcus aureus and Health Care associated Infections Common - but poorly measured Prof Peter Collignon The Canberra Hospital Australian National University What are health-care associated infections?
More informationCommunity-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections presenting to general practices in South-eastern Australia
Epidemiol. Infect. (2014), 142, 501 511. Cambridge University Press 2013 doi:10.1017/s0950268813001581 Community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections presenting to general practices in South-eastern
More informationDETERMINANTS OF TARGET NON- ATTAINMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS RECEIVING β-lactams
DETERMINANTS OF TARGET NON- ATTAINMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS RECEIVING β-lactams Jan J. De Waele MD PhD Surgical ICU Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium Disclosures Financial: consultancy for
More informationGlycopeptide Resistant Enterococci (GRE) Policy IC/292/10
BASINGSTOKE AND NORTH HAMPSHIRE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST Glycopeptide Resistant Enterococci (GRE) Policy IC/292/10 Supersedes: IC/292/07 Owner Name Dr Nicki Hutchinson Job Title Consultant Microbiologist,
More informationMRSA Outbreak in Firefighters
MRSA Outbreak in Firefighters Angie Carranza Munger, MD Resident, Occupational and Environmental Medicine The University of Colorado, Denver and National Jewish Health Candidate, Masters of Public Health
More informationPrevalence & Risk Factors For MRSA. For Vets
For Vets General Information Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, aerobic commensal bacterium of humans that is carried in the anterior nares of approximately 30% of the general population. It is
More informationReceived 19 June 2012; returned 12 July 2012; revised 19 July 2012; accepted 22 July 2012
J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 2809 2813 doi:10.1093/jac/dks329 Advance Access publication 31 August 2012 The newly described meca homologue, meca LGA251, is present in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
More informationScottish Medicines Consortium
Scottish Medicines Consortium daptomycin 350mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion (Cubicin ) Chiron Corporation Limited No. (248/06) 10 March 2006 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC)
More informationFrequency of MecA, Van A and Van B Genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates among pediatric clinical specimens in Khartoum Hospitals 2017
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. VI, Issue 3/ June 2018 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Frequency of MecA, Van A and Van B Genes in Staphylococcus aureus
More informationAnnual survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 2014
Annual survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 2014 Helen Heffernan, Sarah Bakker, Kristin Dyet, Deborah Williamson Nosocomial Infections Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science
More informationEvolution of antibiotic resistance. October 10, 2005
Evolution of antibiotic resistance October 10, 2005 Causes of death, 2001: USA 6. Population: 6,122,210,000 Deaths: 56,554,000 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases: 14.9 million 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. Heart
More informationA THREE DIMENSIONAL REVIEW ON HUMAN IGNORANCE REGARDING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
A THREE DIMENSIONAL REVIEW ON HUMAN IGNORANCE REGARDING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development today.
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased
More informationResearch Article Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Hospitalized Children
International Pediatrics, Article ID 314316, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/314316 Research Article Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Hospitalized
More informationOne issue associated with Staphylococcus aureus is the development of drug resistance.
Abstract One issue associated with Staphylococcus aureus is the development of drug resistance. A recently emerged strain of MRSA, ST398, has been identified as livestock-associated and transmission has
More informationAngélica Cechinel, 1 Denise P. Machado, 1 Eduardo Turra, 1 Dariane Pereira, 1 Rodrigo P. dos Santos, 2 Regis G. Rosa, 1 and Luciano Z.
Canadian Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology Volume 2016, Article ID 8163456, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8163456 Research Article Association between Accessory Gene Regulator Polymorphism
More information03/09/2014. Infection Prevention and Control A Foundation Course. Talk outline
Infection Prevention and Control A Foundation Course 2014 What is healthcare-associated infection (HCAI), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs)? Why we should be worried?
More informationEDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update
EDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update Educational commentary is provided through our affiliation with the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP). To obtain
More informationAntimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there!
Antimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there! Stanley I. Martin, MD, FACP, FIDSA Director, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Geisinger
More informationCefazolin vs. Antistaphyloccal Penicillins: The Great Debate
Cefazolin vs. Antistaphyloccal Penicillins: The Great Debate Annie Heble, PharmD PGY2 Pediatric Pharmacy Resident Children s Hospital Colorado Microbiology Rounds March 22, 2017 Image Source: Buck cartoons
More informationBrief Report THE DEVELOPMENT OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN A PATIENT WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION
Brief Report THE DEVELOPMENT OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN A PATIENT WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION KRZYSZTOF SIERADZKI, PH.D., RICHARD B. ROBERTS, M.D., STUART W. HABER, M.D.,
More informationChallenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems
Micro 301 Antimicrobial Drugs 11/7/12 Significance of antimicrobial drugs Challenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems Definitions Antibiotic Selective
More informationHEALTHCARE-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias HEALTHCARE-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Anna S. Levin 4 main lines! Epidemiology of HAS and resistance!
More informationACCEPTED. Division of pediatric infectious diseases, Chang Gung Children s Hospital and Chang
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 1 October 00 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:./jcm.0-0 Copyright 00, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
More informationTACKLING THE MRSA EPIDEMIC
TACKLING THE MRSA EPIDEMIC Paul D. Holtom, MD Associate Professor of Medicine and Orthopaedics USC Keck School of Medicine MRSA Trend (HA + CA) in US TSN Database USA (1993-2003) % of MRSA among S. aureus
More informationSummary of unmet need guidance and statistical challenges
Summary of unmet need guidance and statistical challenges Daniel B. Rubin, PhD Statistical Reviewer Division of Biometrics IV Office of Biostatistics, CDER, FDA 1 Disclaimer This presentation reflects
More informationAppropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of
Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections ( MRSA ) By : A. Bojdi MD Assistant Professor Inf. Dis. Dep. Imam Reza Hosp. MUMS Antibiotics Still Miracle Drugs Paul
More informationDoes Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs?
Does Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs? John A. Jernigan, MD, MS Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and
More informationCommunity-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome
MAJOR ARTICLE Community-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome Jörg J. Ruhe, 1,2 Nathaniel Smith, 1,3 Robert W. Bradsher,
More informationRapid molecular testing to detect Staphylococcus aureus in positive blood cultures improves patient management. Martin McHugh Clinical Scientist
Rapid molecular testing to detect Staphylococcus aureus in positive blood cultures improves patient management Martin McHugh Clinical Scientist 1 Staphylococcal Bacteraemia SAB is an important burden on
More informationEpidemiology of MRSA in Australia
Epidemiology of MRSA in Australia Graeme R Nimmo Director, Division of Microbiology Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston QLD 429 Tel: (7) 3636 8 Fax: (7) 3636 1336 Email: Graeme_Nimmo@health.
More informationClinical Microbiology Newsletter
Clinical Microbiology Newsletter $95 Vol. 31, No. 20 www.cmnewsletter.com October 15, 2009 Epidemiology and Virulence of Community-Associated MRSA Adam D. Kennedy, Ph.D. and Frank R. DeLeo, Ph.D., Laboratory
More informationBacterial infections complicating cirrhosis
PHC www.aphc.info Bacterial infections complicating cirrhosis P. Angeli, Dept. of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (), University of Padova (Italy) pangeli@unipd.it Agenda Epidemiology
More informationMRSA control strategies in Europekeeping up with epidemiology?
MRSA 15 years in Belgium MRSA control strategies in Europekeeping up with epidemiology? Marc J. Struelens, MD, PhD Senior Expert, Scientific Advice Unit European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,
More informationActive Bacterial Core Surveillance Site and Epidemiologic Classification, United States, 2005a. Copyright restrictions may apply.
Impact of routine surgical ward and intensive care unit admission surveillance cultures on hospital-wide nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a university hospital: an interrupted
More informationGenetic Lineages of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Acquired during Admission to an Intensive Care Unit of a General Hospital
Original Paper Received: April 10, 2016 Accepted: November 8, 2016 Published online: November 8, 2016 Genetic Lineages of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Acquired during Admission to an Intensive
More informationEuropean Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS) in Scotland: 2004
European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS) in Scotland: 2004 SECOND ANNUAL REPORT MJ Coyne 1, SJ Dancer 1, G Edwards 2, 3, D Morrison 2. 1 Health Protection Scotland, 2 Scottish MRSA
More informationThe role of new antibiotics in the treatment of severe infections: Safety and efficacy features
The role of new antibiotics in the treatment of severe infections Safety and efficacy features Christian Eckmann Hannover, Germany The role of new antibiotics in the treatment of severe infections: Safety
More informationNasal Carriage Rates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Individuals from a Rural Community in Southeastern United States
World Journal of Medical Sciences 4 (2): 65-69, 2009 ISSN 1817-3055 IDOSI Publications, 2009 Nasal Carriage Rates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Individuals from a Rural Community
More informationAppropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean?
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean? Jaehee Lee, M.D. Kyungpook National University Hospital, Korea KNUH since 1907 Presentation outline Empiric antimicrobial choice: right spectrum,
More informationAbsence of LA-MRSA CC398 as nasal colonizer of pigs raised
AEM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 9 December 2011 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/aem.07260-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationMRSA Control : Belgian policy
MRSA Control : Belgian policy PEN ERY CLI DOT GEN KAN SXT CIP MIN RIF FUC MUP OXA Marc Struelens Service de microbiologie & unité d épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses Université Libre de Bruxelles
More information"What's new in Infectious skin diseases"
"What's new in Infectious skin diseases" Prof. Dr. med. Kathrin Mühlemann Dep. of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern Disclosure Educational Grant with
More information