ABSTRACT. The most important insects from medical point of view, are the

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1 Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology~'vol. 21 No.2, SOME MYIASIS PRODUCERS ~N,CAIRO' AND GIZA ABA1TOI-RS TOSSON A. MORSY\ MOHAMMED E. FAYADT. MAGDI M.I~ ABDEL HAMED A. SABRY\ AHMED O.M. EL SEROUGl f By and KARIM F. ABDALLAH2 SALAMA"~ Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Meq.icine t. Ain Shams Univ ers ity" Cairo 1 and Department of ParasitoLogy, Faculty Of Med.icine, Banha Universit'!J, Banha 2, Egypt ABSTRACT The most important insects from medical point of view, are the blood suckers or the insect..borne disc'i:lses. Still others, almost non~ blood suckers, b~t may attack man and a~i~al to d~posit their eggs" or larvae causi:ng pathogenic condition, kno.wr,.. as myiasis. In the pre-" sent paper, a total of nine myiasis produc,ing dipterous flies were collected from Cairo and Giza abatt~irs. They were.: Musca d. vicina, Calliphora vicina, Chrysomyia ahbice'ps, C.. marginalis, Lucilia sericttta 1 L. cuprino, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis,. Wohlfahrtia m'agnifica and Oestrus Qv'is. Their role as myiasis producers in man and animal was} discussed. INTRODUCTION Myiasis is "the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals' v/ith dipterous larvae whieh at least for a certain period, feed on the' host's dead or living tissue, liquid body substances of ingest~d food" (Zumpt, 1965). Myiasis producing flies hav"e been classified by Patton (1920) in three categories (i) specific or obliga.tory. tiss,:!e pa.rasities~,~

2 ,(ii) semi-specific, which usually deposit their eggs or larvae in de..caying flesh or vegetable matter, but also at times on morbid tissues,and (iii) accidental which usually deposit their eggs or larvae in excrement or decaying organic matter, but at times lay them in food.stuffs. On the other hand, the various types of myiasis are classified,anatomically (Bishopp' and L'eake, 1926) by the locations of infected tissues. Generally speaking, myiasis isa subject of inedical and veterinary importance adversely affects the health of man and animal. In Egypt, many cases of human and animal myiasis have been reported. The present study aimed to throw some light on the myiasis producing dipterous flie~ in the abattoirs in Cairo'and Giza Governorates, and to brief their importance. MATERIAL and METHODS Several visits were paid to the abattoirs in CaIro and Giza Governorates. Slaughtered animals (sheep, camels, cows and buffaloes).were carefully examined for myiasis producing dipterous larvae. If.any, they were collected in labelled wide mouth bottles which were covered by muslin. Small larvae were placed in l(i,% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution over a night. Large larvae were punctured with a fine. needle or even heated for few minutes in 10'% potassium hydo. xide solution, After thorough washing, the larvae were dehydrated in an ascending series of ethanol, cleared in xylol and mounted in canada balsm. Adult flies were collected from the abattoirs and the.outside areas with hand nets. Both the larvae and the adults were,systematically identified by the use of standard keys (James, 1947, Zumpt, 1965 and Smith, 1973). RESULTS A total of nine species of myiasis producers were identified. They :belong to different families. They were : I - Family : Muscidae 1. Musca domestica vicina Linne, II - Family Calliphoridae

3 2. Calliphora vicina, Robineau - Desvoidy, Chrysomyia afbiceps, Wiedemann, Chrysomyia marginalis, Wiedemann, LuciUa sericata Meigen, LucUia cuprina Wiedemann, III - Family Sarcophagidae 7. Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Fallen, Woh[fahrtia magnifica Schiner, 1862 IV - Family : Oestridae 9. Oestrus ovis Linne DISCUSSION Myiasis is a problem of medical and veterinary importance, particularly in the tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study, a total of nine species of myiasis producing dipterous flie& were detected and systematically identified. At least not less than fifty species of myiasis producers of man and animals are encountered in Egypt. MusC'll d. vicina (common house fly) has a cosmopolitan distribution and is important as a mechanical carrier of various infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, worms' eggs and protozoal cysts. Females deposit batches of eggs ( ) in dung of animals, human faeces, garbage and other decaying animal and vegetable matter and at times food prepared for humah consumption. So, it mainly causes intestinal myiasis. Also, man may accidentally ingest gravid females (Salem 1935 and Nagaty et ai., 1960). CaUiphora vicina (syn. C. erythrocephafa, blue bottle fly) is a large, stoutly-built fly which buzzes loudly when it flies. The larvae have been found inhuman wounds, feeding primarily on moribundflesh and bones (OnQrato, 1922). They also cause aural myiasis (EI

4 .Deeb et ai, 1988). However, C. vicina mainly causes intestinal myiasis (James, 1947). In Egypt, Soliman et al (1963) and Shaumer et al (l989) reported the presence of C. vicina in several governorates particularly Cairo, Giza, Ismailia and Alexandria as well as EI Baharia oasis. Chrysomyia albiceps, (sheep blow fly) one of the important sheep blow flies in south Africa, is widely distributed in Egypt, particularly the Nile Delta (Shaumar et ai, 1989). On the other hand, C. marginaus is less abundant in the Nile Delta, but being common in Helwan, Heliopolis and Sinai. Both are bluish-green flies, with dark thoracic stripes and dark transverse abdominal bands. However, the anterior border of the wings is deeply infuscated in marginalis but not so and being entirely hyaline in albiceps (Shaumar et ai, 1989), Females of C. albiceps lay their eggs as one batch in a cutaneous lesion or cut on any exposed part of the body or on the gums, in the nares, nasal sinuses, conjunctiva, ear or even vagina. The larvae hatch and burrow into the tissues and usually leave the hosts for pupation. The succession of the secondary and tertiary flies is further influenced by the competition between them for food. Human cases of myiasis.caused by C. albiceps ha.ve been reported in India (Fain et ai, 1959) and in Egypt (Morsy et ai, submitted). On the other hand, C. marginalis never strikes live sheep or man but breeds in carcasses only and plays a very important role as a competitor in carcasses, as they feed on the larvae of other species. LuciLia sericata (blow fly) is the chief cause of blow fly strike of sheep in England and L. cuprina is the chief cause in Australia and south Africa. They are metallic green or have a bronze 'colour in some kinds of lighting. They are called green bottle or copper bottle flies. It is difficult to distinguish between them. However, the legs are black but in L. cuprina the femora of the first pairs of legs are bright green (Shaumar et ai, 1989). Larvae of L. sericata have been found in man in America (Ryckman and Halstead, 1952), in Yogoslavia (Nikolio, 1952), in Saudi Arabia (EI Deeb et ai, 1988) and in Egypt (Morsy et ai, submitted). Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (flesh fly) is a large grayish flesh fly, with chess-board like abdominal pattern. They are larviparous,

5 ..and larviposit on decaying flesh, wounds. and human excreta. At times they larviposit on food prepared for human consumption and cause intestinal myiasis. It is interesting to mention that according to Zumpt (1965) female S. carnaria can drop its larvae from a height ~of about 26 inch. through wire-gauze covers put over meat. Human myiasis due to Sarcophaga species have been reported in Panama (Calero, 1948), in India (Ataland Dubey, 1963), in Saudi.Arabia ~Soliman and Morsy, 1976 and EI Deeb et ai, 1988) and in Egypt..(Salem, 1935, Wadia, 1971 and Morsy et al submitted). Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Old World flesh fly) is a large grayish fly, with large black spots on the dorsum of the abdomen. It occurs jn the Mediterranean countries, Arabia. Turkey and Russia. It is larvlparous and has similar habits as those of genussarcophaga. It larviposits in skin le.sions in nasal sinuses, on the papillae of the tongue, in the external auditory meatus, in sore eyes and even in the vagina of man and other animals. They cause severe disfigurements.and pain to man particularly children. Human cases of myiasis due to W. magnifica have been reported in Spain (Najera, 1943), in "Saudi Arabia (Soliman and Morsy, 1976) and in Egypt (Barsoum,.1917, Salem, 1938, Wahba, 1939 and Ghawaby and Morsy, 1976). Oestrus avis (sheep nasal fly) has a dark grey colour with small.black spots which are especially prominent on the thorax and it is.c:lvered with light.brown hairs. The adults hide.in corners or cre vices and in the early morning they are seen standing against the walls. The females are larviparous and deposit their larvae into the conjunctiva, the outer nares, onto the lips or into the buccal cavity. The larvae by their oral hooks and spines rapidly bore into the mucous membrane (Faust et ai., 1976). The larvae in the conjunctival sac or lacrimal duct may lead to optic atrophy, in the nares they may Teach the nasopharynx causing pathological damages. Human myiasis,due to O. avis have been reported.in Urguay (Isola and Osimani, 1944), in Algeria (Sergent, 1952) in Yogoslavia (Nikolio, 1952), in India (Basu et ai, 1953), in Tunisia (Vermeil, 1954) in Italy (Pampi glione, 1957), in China (Liu et ai, 1964), in Spain (Cuevara et ai, 1971) in Nigeria (Ogunrinade, 1977) and in Egypt (Attiah et ai, 1.940). Generally speaking, these nine species of myiasis producirg dip

6 terous flies are not all the spec:es involved in myiasis in Egypt. But. this group represents the species found and identified during the. Autumn season in these abattoirs. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that the disease commonly called "strike" or myiasis of sheepmay be caused by the larvae of various species of the genera Lucitia,. Calliphora, and Chrysomyia. Such a condition should be distinguish ed from the dangerous form of myiasis caused by the larvae of th! screw-worm flies of the genus Callitroga (Syn. CochLiomyia) This greenish:blue calliphorine flies of tropical and sub.tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere is an obligatory parasite of warm blooded animals induding man. The females deposit ( /female) eggs in wounds resulting from accidents, castration, dehorning, scalding by dips, tick bites and so forth as well as around the vulva of cows when there is a bloody discharge or on the navel of young calves (Soulsby, 1978). The larvae penetrate into the tissues, which they liquefy. The wound develops an evil odour and foul smelling liquid oozes out. Several persons in U.S.A. (farmers) have become infested and some have died as a result of the lesions. In the year 1989, the senior author in collaboration with the Public Health Authoroties, Mersa Matrouh Governorate, surveyed the Libyan (S.P.A.L.J.) Egyptian borders for' the screw worm flies. Neither exogenous nor endogenous cases have been seen. That is to say, till now, Egypt is free from the screw-worm of man, cattle and other animals. of the genus Callitroga. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are greatly indebted to the director and the technical Staff of the abattoirs in Cairo and Giza Governorates. REFERENCES Atal, P.R. and Dubey, D.C. (1963) : Intestinal myiasis with accompanying helminthic infection. J. Ind. Med. Ass., 41 : 403. Attiah, M.A.H., Salem, H.H. and EI Gammaly, A. (1940) : Ocular infection with Oestridae in Egypt. Bull. aphtha!. Soc., Egypt, 33 : Barsoum, A. (1917) : Fly blown orbit. Bull. aphtha!. Soc. Egypt, 20 ;

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8 Patton, W.S. (1920) : Some notes on Indian C'alllpl1oflna:e'. Ind. J. Med~. Res., 8 : Pampiglione, S. (1957) : Critical revision of cases of ocular myiasis seen in man in Italy. Nouvi Ann. c!'igiene e Microbiol, 8 : 41lL Ryckman, R.E. and Halstead, B.W. (1952) : Report of a case of human nasal myiasis by LuciLia sericata in San Bernadino, County, California. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., I : !Z. Salem, H.H. (1935) : Myiasis in Egypt. J. Egypt. Med. Ass-., 18 : 238. Salem, H.H. (1936) : A summary of Egyptian species of genus Sarcophaga with a description of S. rhoaenoorfi, nov. sp. BulL Soc. Roy. Ent. d'egypte, 20 : Salem, H.H. (1938) : A complete revision of species of genus Wohlfahrtia B. & B., Diptera, larvivoridae, Metopiidae, Egyptian' University, Fac. of Med. Pub!. No. IS. Sergent, E.D. (1952) : "Thimni", Oculo nasal myiasis caused by OestruS" ovis. Arch. Inst., Past. d'algeria, 30 :3HJ. Shaumar, N.F., Mohammed, S.K. and Mohammed, S.A. (1989) : KeyS' for identification of species of family Calliphoridae (Diptera) in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 19 : Smith, K.G.V. (1973) : Insect and other arthropods of Medical importance. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Soliman, M.S. and Morsy, T.A. (1976) : Myiasis in Medico-legal practice_ J. Egypt. Soc. Parasit., 6 : Soulsby, F.J.L. (1976) : Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 6th ed. The English Language Book: Society and Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell Ltd. Vermeil, C. (1954) : Two cases of oculo-nasal myiasis d'ue to OestrUS' avis in Tunisia. Ann. Parasit. Itumaine et comparee, 29 : )-16'. Wadia, M.M. (1971) : Aural myiasis by Sarcophaga (Flesh fly). Bull. Alex. Fac. Med. 7 (1). Wahba, A. (1915) : Fly blown orbit. Bull. aphtha!. Soc. Egypt., 9 ; Wahba, A. (1939) : Fly blown orbit. Report of three cases and a com~ ment. Bull. aphtha!. Soc. Egypt., 33 : Zumpt, F. (1965) : Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World. A textbook for physicians, veterinarians and zoologists. Butterworth & Co., London