Arthropod Parasites: Flies & Myiasis

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1 Arthropod Parasites: Flies & Myiasis Spencer Greenwood Dept. of Biomedical Sciences Office: 3313 N AVC North Annex (W) (H) Sgreenwood@upei.ca

2 The Flies - Diptera P Over 120,000 described species P The flies of veterinary importance are Ectoparasites as adults or as larvae Rarely ectoparasites in both stages

3 General characteristics

4 General characteristics Head & Mouthparts

5

6 Pathology Biting Flies P 50% of the annual losses in cattle production from all livestock pests in USA P Blood feeders puncture skin directly Pain & allergic reactions to saliva P Acute blood loss Livestock have been killed by swarms of biting flies P Biological or mechanical vector esources_photoview

7 Non-biting Flies P Feed on secretions or scavenge at wounds or body orifices P Annoy & disturb host Pathology P Mechanical vectors for many pathogens

8 Pathology Myiasis Flies P Lay eggs on tissues or in wounds of the host P Larvae invade tissues & can cause significant damage to the host

9 P All flies can cause considerable disturbance to the host Biting flies & Myiasis flies Dramatic escape responses resulting in self-injury Gadding P Large populations of flies can also cause death by suffocation after inhalation

10 Keds - Family Hippoboscidae Pages P Melophagus ovinus is a wingless, blood-sucking continuous ectoparasite of sheep & goats

11 Morphology P Brown in colour, 5-8 mm in length & dorsoventrally flattened P Wingless & fly- or tick-like in appearance with strong claws to help them cling to wool or hair

12 Life History P Female deposits 1 fully developed larvae at a time Egg hatches inside body & is nourished through 3 larval stages P Once deposited, larva immediately pupates Female glues it to wool! Emerges as an adult in days

13 P Adult females live 4 months Produce larvae P Transmission by direct contact Ewe to lamb is important P Survive up to 4 days off the host

14 Pathology P Cause irritation to skin making sheep restless so they do not feed well & may lose condition P Wool loss & discolouration (from blood) results in wool being downgraded Jean-Luc Cornec s telephone sheep from the Museum of Telecommunication in Frankfurt.

15 Control P Insecticides Dips/baths Dust/powders Spot-ons Sprays P Ivermectin? P Shearing can reduce numbers Treat with insecticides post shearing in warmer weather (Spring?)

16 P Infestation of the tissues or organs of animals by the larval stages of dipterous flies P Fly larvae feed directly on necrotic or living tissue of the host P Classification: Obligatory Facultative Accidental Myiasis Pages 59-66

17 Obligatory myiasis P A living host is required to complete development Will not survive without a living host Example Oestrus ovis

18 Facultative myiasis P Living host tissue is not required to complete development Example Lucilla spp.

19 Accidental myiasis P Rare chance events of myiasis i.e. accidental ingestion of fly eggs

20

21 Morphology of the larvae Cyclorrhaphous dipteran larvae

22 Morphology of the larvae Cyclorrhaphous dipteran larvae

23 Life History P Eggs deposited directly on an animal or on vegetation where they are likely to be picked up by a passing host P Eggs usually hatch within 24 hours & 3 larval stages follow in which feeding occurs P After the 3rd stage larva completes its feeding it leaves the host & finds a suitable place to pupate usually burrows into the ground P After pupation, adults emerge & may or may not feed before mating & depositing eggs

24 Pathology P Depends on - species of fly, number of larvae & site of infestation P Clinical signs: Irritation, discomfort, pruritus, weight loss, reduced fertility P Heavy infestations = severe tissue damage, hemorrhage, anaphylaxis, toxemia, secondary bacterial infections & death will result if not treated Cochliomyia hominivorax New World screw-worm

25 P Traumatic Myiasis Involves open wounds P Furuncular Myiasis Involves boil-like lesions P Creeping Myiasis Path of the larva can be traced beneath the skin P Sanguinivorous Myiasis A rare blood-sucking form

26 P Family Oestridae All obligate parasites & highly host specific Larvae have posterior spiracular plates containing numerous small pores (used for identification) Adults have primitive or non-functional mouthparts & are shortlived Bots & Warbles Family Oestridae

27 P Genus contains 5 species Oestrus P The Sheep Nasal Bot Fly - Oestrus ovis Important in North America

28 P Adults Grey mm in length Small black spots on the abdomen Reduced (knob-like) mouthparts Morphology

29 Morphology P Immature larvae White ~1 mm P Mature larvae yellow or brown ~20 mm

30 Life History

31 Behavioural changes... P Larvaepositing females cause annoyance Sheep will run in panic Less grazing time & reduced weight gain...less wool!

32 Behavioural changes... P Sheep bunch together with heads towards the centre... Sheep meeting?

33 Pathology P Irritation & inflammation caused by the larvae can result in sticky mucoid nasal discharge, sneezing, nose rubbing or head shaking P Secondary bacterial infections

34 Treatment Ivermectin works for all stages

35 FYI...and it can happen to humans by sheep kissing

36

37 Gasterophilus P Obligate parasites of horses & donkeys: Gasterophilus nasalis Throat Bot fly Gasterophilus intestinalis Horse Bot Fly Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis Nose Bot Fly Important in North America

38 P Adults mm Resemble a Honey bee with a long curved ovipositor Non-functional mouthparts Morphology

39 1st stage larvae develop in mouth & moult to 2nd stage larvae which enters stomach Life History 3rd stage larvae develop in stomach for ~ 12 months Throat Bot fly - Gasterophilus nasalis = intermanibular region Horse Bot Fly - Gasterophilus intestinalis = forelegs Nose Bot Fly - Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis = lips

40 Pathology P Light infestations have little effect P Larvae migration can cause irritation P Secondary bacterial infections P Pus pockets in the mouth P Oral lesions

41 P Larvae cause a chronic gastritis when attached to the stomach or intestine, Little evidence that this results in clinical disease P Bots may be associated with reduced weight gain, disruption of digestion, ulceration & stomach rupture

42 FYI P Humans may become infested with larvae Migrate through oral tissues but do not complete the life cycle Transmission by "horse kissing"

43 Treatment & Control P Washing legs with warm water will induce hatching of G. intestinalis & wash away the larvae P Topical treatments of pesticides to kill eggs/larvae

44 Treatment & Control P Traditionally, systemic pesticides to kill larvae Periodically throughout the season Final application 1 month before killing frost P Common treatments now macrolides Ivermectin, moxidectin

45 Hypoderma Warbles, Heel flies or Cattle grubs P Hypoderma lineatum Common Cattle Grub Occurs in USA & parts of Canada P Hypoderma bovis Northern Cattle Grub Occurs in Northern USA & Canada

46 P Adults mm Bee-like appearance Lack mouthparts Morphology

47 Life History Migration: months : - Hypoderma lineatum - tissue around esophagus - Hypoderma bovis -tissue around spine - develop for ~3 months, then migrate to dorsal subq - final 2 moults in dorsal subq then exit host & pupate in soil

48 Pathology P Ovipositing females result in dramatic avoidance behaviour in cattle called "gadding" which can result in self injury, decreased time feeding... P Anaphylactic shock can result from warble being crushed during removal

49 P Warbles result in carcasses being trimmed & downgraded P Damage to the hides limits their value as leather

50 Treatment P After adult fly activity ceases & before larvae reach sensitive tissues Correct time varies with geographic region P If you treat when larvae are around esophagus & spinal cord Serious tissue & nerve damage Bloat, ataxia or paralysis P Systemic treatments Ivermectin, doramectin, moxidectin Organophosphates kill larvae early in migration

51 Treatment & Control P Manual removal of grubs < Inject 1 ml of 3% H2O2 into air hole & grub will emerge in ~ 15 seconds < Piercing grub during procedure can result in fatal anaphylactic shock!!!

52

53 Cuterebra spp. P Rodent or Rabbit Bot Fly Occasionally infests cats & dogs

54 Morphology P Adults Rarely seen Resemble a Bumble bee with vestigial mouthparts

55 Life History P Flies lay eggs along a rabbit run or near burrow P Eggs hatch instantly when animals run by & larvae attach P Larvae enter host through natural body openings & migrate through the tissues to species specific areas

56 P Mature larvae leave skin & pupate in the soil

57 P Cats & dogs are infested when trying to stick their heads down a rabbit burrow entrance August - October

58 Pathology P Warbles cervical subcutaneous connective tissues in cats & dogs P Rarely, larvae may migrate into other tissues with fatal results if the brain is involved

59 Treatment P Surgical removal of the bot & wound treatment Often misdiagnosed as a tumour

60 FINAL LAB EXAM April 21, 2011 at 1300H in Laboratory 215N P Comprehensive - All Laboratories P Microscope or material at stations P 1 hour P 32 Questions 15 - Helminth section (Cawthorn) 15 - Protozoa transmitted by Arthropods & Arthropod Parasites (Greenwood) 2 - Aquatic parasitology (Cawthorn)

61 FINAL LECTURE EXAM P Format: 10 Multiple choice, 5 short answer 3 short to long answer (flea) 1 hour (50 marks from lectures 21-25) April 21, 2011 after Lab Exam Lecture Theatres A/B P Protozoa transmitted by Arthropods vectors Pages 1-13 P Veterinary Ectoparasitology Ticks: Pages Mites: Lice: 39-top of 41 Fleas: Flies: 58-top of 65 (from Keds to Cuterebra) P Aquatic Parasitology - Dr. Cawthorn (10 marks)

62 Review session April 13th ~1600H Should improve chances of passing Exam! AVC VPM-122 EXAM REVIEW Don t Delay Study TODAY! 2011 April 13, 2011 By S. J. Greenwood PhD, DVM

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