Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Gondar Elfora Abattoir

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1 American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 10 (4): 43-47, 015 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 015 DOI: /idosi.aejsr Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Gondar Elfora Abattoir 1 Ambachew Motbaynor and Yitagel Terefe Haramaya University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box, 138, Diredawa, Eiopia Abstract: A cross -sectional study was conducted from November 009 to April 010 on bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Gondar ELFORA abattoir wi e objective of determining e prevalence, viability and distribution of bovine cysticercosis. A total of 768 carcasses were examined during e study period, of which 3 (.99%) were infected wi Taenia saginata metacestode. From a total of 691 samples inspected, 3 systicerci were detected, of which 11(34.38%) were viable. The anatomical distribution of cysticerci were 1 (37.5%) in cardiac muscle, 8(5%) in masseter muscle, 8(5%) in shoulder muscle, 4 (1.5%) in tongue and 1 (3.13%) in liver. The prevalence was not varied significantly between breed, age and origin of e animals. In conclusion, even if e study revealed low prevalence of T. saginata metacestode, e disease deserves due attention to safeguard e public heal and furer promote beef industry in e country. Therefore, appropriate control and preventive measures need to be taken in order to minimize risks associated wi cysticercosis. Key words: Gondar ELFORA Bovine Cysticercosis Cattle Prevalence Viability Test INTRODUCTION Human feeding habits and modes of life are responsible for e spread of Taeniasis/Cysticercosis infections. Taenia saginata and its metacestode Cysticercus Man s customs and traditions of consuming raw, bovis, e unarmed beef tapeworm, belong to e class inadequately cooked beef dishes like kourt and kitffo in cestoda order cyclophyllidae Family Taenidae and genus Eiopia containing viable bladder worms perpetuate Taenia [1, ]. The adult is ribbon-shaped, multisegmented human infection. Cattle are infected by ingestion of and hermaphroditic flatworm, its body divided in to ree pasture and drinking water contaminated wi T.saginata distinct parts consisting of scolex (Head), neck and eggs [8]. Dispersion of T. saginata eggs is favored by e strobila. The scolex measuring 1mm to mm in diameter, following factors like, Man s indiscriminate defecation, has four strong hemispherical sackers. There is no e use of sewage effluents and sludge as fertilizer on rostellum and hooks and e predilection site in e pasture, e use of immigrant labor from countries wi intestinal mucosa is in e proximal part of e jejunum high prevalence of infection in feedlots, scavenger birds [3, 4]. The neck is short unsegmented wi a germinal (Seagulls) and flooding water [9]. structure immediately behind e scolex, which Adequate meat inspection, abstinence from eating continuously produces proglottids. The strobila is a chain raw or inadequately cooked beef (Thorough cooking of of segments, made up of sexually immature and mature meat at a temperature of C) and freezing e infected gravid segments in linear sequence and each segment is carcass at -10 C for 10 days prevent human infection. called proglottid. Strobilazation occurs at e distal part of Chemoerapy in humans reduces e spread of eggs and e neck [5]. infection in cattle [5]. An adult T.saginata tapeworm has Therefore, e objective of e study was: segments each of which is hermaphroditic wi one set of reproductive organs and genital pores which open on e To assess e current status of bovine cysticercosis lateral margins of e segment [6, 7]. Self and cross in cattle slaughtered at Gondar ELFORA abattoir fertilization between and among proglottids is possible. (Prevalence, cyst viability and distribution). Corresponding Auor: Ambachew Motbaynor, Haramaya University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box, 138, Diredawa, Eiopia. 43

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS University of Gondar Faculty of veterinary medicine laboratory for viability test, en e cyst were incubated Study Area Description: The study was conducted in at 37 c in 30% ox bile wi 70% normal saline solution for Nor Gondar, Nor western part of Eiopia. Gondar is 1- hours. A cyst was regarded as viable if e scolex located 77 kms nor western Addis Ababa in Amhara evaginated during e incubation period [14]. regional state. It is divided into ree major agro-climatic zones; high land, mid high land and low land [10]. Data Management and Analysis: Data for each animal risk factor, such as age, breed and origin were recorded on a Study Animal: The study was conducted on 768 local and special sheet prepared for is purpose (Annex 1.) and cross breed cattle originated from neighboring provinces entered into Microsoft Excel en analyzed using such as Gondar Zuria, chiliga, Belessa, Foggera, Wogera, STATA7.0 version [15]. Armachiho and Dembia. RESULTS Study Design: A cross sectional study was conducted from November 009 to April 010 by collecting data on Prevalence Study: A total of 768 cattle were examined for events associated wi C.bovis in cattle at Gondar e prevalence of cysticercosis, 3 of em were found to ELFORA abattoir. be infected wi cysticerci. The overall prevalence of cysticercosis in e study area was recorded as.99% Sample Size Determination: The required sample size of (3/768). e study was determined by e formula given in Out of 66 animals from highland, animals have Thrushfield [11] wi 95% confidence interval and at 5% been found infected by C. bovis which consists 3.3% desired precision. By using is formula and prevalence of whereas among 106 animals from lowland, 1 animal 4.9% reported by Dawit [1] e required sample size (0.94%) have been infected (Table 1). But e analysis becomes 94. But in order to increase e accuracy of e shows no significance among cattle from highland and study, e sample size is increased to 768. Thus a total of lowland (p>0.05). 768 cattle were randomly sampled and examined for e 0 animals were found to be infected from 564 local presence of C. bovis. breed animals which consists 3.55% and out of 04 cross breed animals 3 (1.47%) of em were infected, so ere is Study Meodology insignificance association between e two breeds Ante Mortem Examination: During ante mortem (p>0.05) examination, detail records about e breed, sex, age and Out of 617 adult animals, 0 animals have been found origin of e animals was recorded. The age estimation infected by C. bovis which consists 3.4% whereas was based on dentitions [13]. among 56 young animals 1 animal was infected which consists 1.79% and out of 95 old animals at are Post Mortem Examination: During post mortem examined of em are infected by C. bovis, but e examination, heart, liver, lung, tongue, masseter muscle, analysis shows ere is no significance association ticeps muscle, neck muscle, intercostals muscle and (p>0.05). diaphragm was systematically inspected for e presence The anatomical distribution of cyst were 9 (8.1%) in of C. bovis by applying e routine meat inspection heart,5 (15.63%) in shoulder,6 (18.75%)in masseter, procedures which consists primary examination involves (6.5%) in tongue, (6.5%) in masseter and heart, 3 visualization and palpation of organs and muscles, (9.4%) in shoulder and heart, (6.5%) in masseter and where as e secondary examination involves furer toungue, (6.5%)in shoulder and tongue, 1 (3.13%) in incisions in to each organs in case where a single or more liver and heart (Table 3). The highest proportion of cyst C. bovis was found. Whenever and wherever e cyst was was observed in e heart followed by masseter and apparent e number of e cyst per organ or muscle was shoulder muscle and e lowest proportion was seen at recorded [14]. e liver. The majority of infected organ (68.75%) were found harboring cysts only in single organ or tissue Viability Test: Any cyst which was at meat inspection whereas e remaining 10 (31.5) were found more an was removed wi e surrounding tissue and taken to one organ. 44

3 Table 1: prevalence of bovine cysticercosis on different ecological zone Origin No of examined animals No of affected animals Prevalence (%) High land Low land Total X =1.7813, p=0.18 Table : Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis on breed wise Breed No of examined animals No of affected animals Prevalence (%) Local breed Cross Breed Total X =., p=0.136 Table 3: Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis on age wise Age No of animals examined Affected animals Prevalence (%) Old (>6 years) 95.1 Adult (-5 years) Young(<= years) Total X = , P= Table 4: Frequency and cyst distribution among different organs Organ No of infected organs Percent (%) Shoulder (S) Heart (H) Masseter (M) Tongue (T) 6.5 M and H 6.5 S and H M and T 6.5 S and T 6.5 Liver, Heart and shoulder Total Table 5: Relative viability of C. bovis in different organs Organ No of cyst collected No of viable cyst Percent Shoulder Heart Masseter Tongue Liver Total Viability Test: A total of 3 cyst were collected at Gondar ELFORA abattoir during e study period, of e total cyst collected 11 (34.38%) of em were viable while oers 1 (65.63%) were degenerated cyst (Table 5). DISCUSSION During e abattoir survey conducted at Gondar ELFORA abattoir, e overall prevalence of bovine cysticercosis was indicated as.99% which is more or less comparable wi works of Dessie [16].7% at Assela, Tembo [17] 3.11% at central Eiopia and Dawit [1] 4.9% at Gondar ELFORA abattoir and it is different from e works of Nigatu [18] 7.5% at Addis Ababa, Amsalu [19] 9.7% at Gondar and Getachew [0] 13.8% at Debre Zeit. But it is far lower an e reports of Hailemariam [1] 30%, Ahmed [] 1% and Hailu [3] 17.5% in whole Eiopia, Nekemt and East Shoa respectively. Prevalence of is study is very low when comparable wi some reports from African countries, such as 0% in Senegal, 7% in Tanzania and 38-6%in Kenya et al. [4]. But it is higher an wi some reports in developed countries, such as 10.6% in Croatia [5] 0.9% in Cuba [6] and % in Germany [7].Thus Tsaginata cysticercosis has more public heal importance in developing countries like Eiopia compared wi developed countries. Improper removal and treatment of sewage, application of sewage and sludge for pasture as a fertilizer and fecal contamination of feed and/water by farm employees are possible sources of infection in e developed countries [9, 8]. The result indicated at e prevalence of bovine cysticercosis decreases time to time at Gondar ELFORA abattoir, for instance Amsalu [19] 9.7%, Dawit [1] 4.9% and is study (010).99%. The reason why e prevalence decreases in trend might be due to, e increase use of latrine by farmers, regular deworming of humans and animals as a result of easily availability of taenicidal drugs and gradual decrement of e consumption of raw or under cooked meat as a result of improvement on heal education. In is study e prevalence of bovine cysticercosis was not varied significantly for age groups, breed and origin of e animals (p>0.05). Possible explanation for is insignificance of variations might be due to e fact at all age groups and breeds of animals are equally susceptible to e infection and most animals are reared wi similar husbandry system which leads to equal exposure of e animal to T. saginata eggs. During e study, e most frequently affected organ is e cardiac muscle 1 (36.36%) followed by e shoulder 8(5%) and masseter muscle 8(5%) which is similar to e result of Tembo [17]. But different workers come wi different results. For example, Mohammed [9] reported at liver is e most infected organ, Getachew [0] 45

4 shoulder is e most infected organ and Amsalu [19] avoid consumption of eating raw, under cooked or back recommended e tongue is effective means of detection. yard slaughter meat and bush defecation which leads to The different result reported by different workers may be contamination of e environment in general and e due to difference in geographical area, breed of cattle, pasture in particular wi e egg of T. saginata, at management system and activity of muscle groups [30]. plays a role in e perpetuation of e life cycle of e Therefore, e choice of muscle examined by meat parasite. inspectors should be based on e studies done wiin In line wi e above conclusion, e following each country or region [31]. recommendations are forwarded: Viability test showed at cardiac muscle had e highest relative frequency proportion of viable cyst 5 Attention must be given to e routine meat (41.66%), followed by shoulder 3 (37.5%) and masseter inspection and public awareness on improving muscle (5%). The explanation for is result might be personal and environmental hygiene. due to muscle at are in high activity receives 10-0 times Teach peoples specially school children on more blood an muscles at rest and e distribution of e danger of raw meat consumption, which is e cyst is controlled by e volume and intensity of e reliable means of bringing cultural changes in e arterial blood [14]. country. The wide distribution of T. saginata/c.bovis is Educate peoples for e use of latrine and e danger associated wi several factors including, consumption of of defecation on e open environment, raw and under cooked meat, such as e favorite dish'' Regular deworming of humans especially e farmers kitfo'' and ''kourt'' of e Eiopians [3] low latrine at have close contact wi e cattle. coverage (49.7% urban, 3.95% rural and 11.5% in e country [33]), bush defecation, poor waste disposal, e REFERENCES use of sludge sewage as a pasture fertilizer, low level of public awareness and presence of backyard slaughtering 1. Sym, J.D., Introduction to Animal practice. Eggs of T. saginata are capable of surviving in rd parasitology, 3 ed. e external environment for a long time. Studies have. Urquhart, G. M., J. Arm our, J.L. Duncan, A.M. Dunn indicated at it can remain infective for 6-10 mons in nd and F.W. Jennings, Veterinary Parasitology, e soil. It has also been shown at eggs may stay alive ed, Longman and Scientific, UK. in e effluent from sewage treatment plants and at 3. Gracey, J.F., Thornton's meat hygiene, 7 ed. cattle may be at risk when having access to streams Bailliere Tindal, London., UK. carrying is effluent [34, 35]. In Eiopia bush defecation, 4. O.I.E., 000. Manual of standards for diagnostic tests e habit of eating raw meat and backyard slaughter and vaccines, Cysticerclosis., pp: might have contributed for e high prevalence of 5. Soulsby, E.J.W., 198. Helmines, Arropods and cysticercosis in cattle [17] since conventional meat protozoa of Domestic Animals, 7 ed, Bailliere Tindal, inspection technique is less sensitive lightly infected London, Lead and Fibiger, Philadelphia. carcasses can be easily missed and passed for human 6. Maeda, G.E., N.P. Kyvsgaard, C. Nansen and consumption [35]. H.O. Bogh, Distributions of Taenia saginata by muscle group in naturally infected cattle in CONCLUSION Tanzani, Prev. Vet. Med., 8: Doyle, M.P., L.R. Beuchat and T.J. Montaville, From e result of is abattoir survey, prevalence of Food Microbiology, Fundamentals and Fronties, bovine cysticercosis was found.99%, ough e center for food safety and quality enhancement, prevalence is not high compared to e oer reports, but department of food science and technology, it induces public heal hazards and great economic loss University of Georgia, Washington D.C. as a result of trimming of organs and carcasses. The risk 8. Fralova, A., 198. Epidemiology of Taeniasis. factors of bovine cysticercosis and its public heal Zoonosis control collection of teaching aids for significance is due to conventional meat inspection international training course. V. II, Moscow. technique which is less sensitive at lightly infected 9. Fertig, D.L. and C.R. Dorn, Taenia saginata carcasses can be easily missed and passed for human cysticercosis in an Ohio cattle feeding opration, consumption, lack of creating awareness to e people to J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 19:

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