Major Causes of Lung and Liver Condemnation and Financial Impact in Cattle Slaughter at Bahir Dar Municpial Abattior

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1 African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (5): , 01 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 01 DOI: /idosi.ajbas Major Causes of Lung and Liver Condemnation and Financial Impact in Cattle Slaughter at Bahir Dar Municpial Abattior 1 1 Asmare Amuamuta, Biniyam Akalu and Mersha Chanie 1 University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Basic Veterinary Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar Ethiopia University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar Ethiopia Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 011 to March 01 in Bahir Dar municipal abattoir, northwest Ethiopia, to identify the major causes of liver and lung condemnation from cattle slaughter and to estimate the direct economic loss associated with these organs condemnation. A total of 384 cattle were considered for antemortem and postmortem examination. During the antemortem examination, among 384 cattle destined for slaughter, nasal discharge (1.8%) and skin scar (0.5%) and body swelling (0.5%) had taken the highest and the lowest proportion rates, respectively. Post mortem examination revealed that 379 (91.7%) livers, 116 (8%) lungs, in both age categories were condemned due to various causes. Fasciolosis (.9%) and hydatidosis (35.7%) were found the major causes responsible for rejection. Statistically significant differences were not observed (P>0.05) for liver and lung condemnation rates and factors considered like age, source and breed of animals. There was a statistically significant difference observed between body condition scoring categories and liver and lung condemnation (15.03, p<0.05) in this study. The average annual economic loss from liver and lung condemnation was estimated to be about USD. The current study revealed that fasciolosis and hydatidosis were the major causes for condemnation that lead to huge economic losses. Therefore, to alleviate this problem, further studies and preventive measures (for the two major diseases found) should be undertaken to reduce unnecessary financial losses encountered. Key words: Bahir Dar Cattle Condemnation Financial Liver and Lung Postmortem INTRODUCTION infection of livers, lungs (pneumonia), pericarditis and pyelonephyritis are found to be the major causes of Diseases that occur in livestock have two major organs condemnation, with an approximate annual loss of impacts. These two major impacts have highly 154,86.00USD at Debre Zeit Helimex abattoir [6]; pronounced effect on large scale abattoirs where there is 610.0USD in Gondar municipal labattoir [10]; large number of animals slaughtered [1, ]. Meat USD in Bahir Dar Municipality abattoir [11]. inspection as part of the veterinary public health activities Even though various investigation have been ensures the delivery of hygienically processed meat for conducted through abattoir survey to determine the public consumption while preventing the transmission prevalence and economic losses resulting from organs of infectious and zoonotic diseases to humans [3-5]. condemnation in Ethiopia, most of the survey focused on The activity also provides vital data and valuable parasitic case such as hydatidosis, fasciolosis and information on the incidences and prevalence of animal cysticercosis [1-18]. Organ condemnation due to other diseases and conditions within any country [6-9]. factors was lacking. Disease causes extensive financial wastes as a result In addition, many municipality abattoirs in Ethiopia of direct and indirect economic losses, is the major like Ashiraf, Helmix, ELFORA, Metehara, Mojo and Luna concern to livestock industry. Studies conducted in have been established. This increase the number of export different abattoirs of Ethiopia revealed that parasitic abattoirs showing increase in demand of carcass and Corresponding Author: Asmare Amuamuta, University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Basic Veterinary Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar Ethiopia. 165

2 African J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 4 (5): , 01 organs supply but the supply is decreasing due to Postmortem Examination: During postmortem, liver and disease, production and other various constraints. In view lung examination was conducted by visualization, of this, the current status of organ condemnation and the palpation and incisions where necessary for the presence evaluation of economic losses from various abattoirs of cyst, parasites and other gross abnormalities. including Bahir Dar municipal abattoirs are needed. Pathological lesions were differentiated and judged Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine according to guidelines on meat inspection for developing the magnitude of liver and lung condemnation, identify countries FAO [] guideline on meat inspection for the major causes in cattle slaughter at Bahir Dar developing countries. municipality abattoir assess the possible factors associated with organ condemnation and determine the Assessment of Direct Economic Loss: All affected organs magnitude of direct financial loss attributed to the and partially trimmed off carcass were rejected from local condemnation of liver and lung organs. market since total condemnation of carcass was not allowed to practice in the abattoir due to economic reason. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis was based on the average annual slaughter capacity of the abattoir considering market demand, Study Area: The study was conducted from November average market prices in local market and the rejection 011 to March 01 at Bahir Dar municipal abattoir. Bahir rates of specific organs at Bahir Dar municipal abattoir. Dar, the capital city of the Amhara Regional Average market price of each organ and carcass was Administrative State, is situated in West Gojjam determined from interviews made with personnel s of the administrative zone, northwest Ethiopia [19]. The land is abattoir and butcher men. The economic loss due to covered by various bushes, low woods mainly evergreen condemnation was estimated by the formula set by [3]. plants and some semi-humid and humid high land vegetation with major agricultural products like teff, EL = Srx X coy X Roz wheat, sorghum, millet, maize and pulse crops. The livelihood of the people mainly depending on agricultural/ where; mixed crop-livestock production. EL = Average annual economic loss estimated due to liver and lung condemnation from local market. Study Animals: The study animals were those cattle Srx = Average annual cattle slaughter rate of the coming to Bahir Dar abattiore for slaugher. abattoir. Coy = Average cost of each cattle liver and lung Study Design and Sample Size: Across-sectional study Roz = Average condemnation rate of cattle liver and was conducted to determine the pathologic causes of lung condemnation for lung and liver. In this study, cattle were randomly sampled using systematic random sampling RESULTS methods. A total of 384 cattle destined for slaughter were taken as and inspected. Every animal during the study Abattoir Survey: Antemortem examination was carried out period was examined after and before slaughter and data on 384 cattle slaughtered for the detection of any was recorded. In this study, according to Pace and abnormalities encountered in liver and lungs in Bahir Dar Wakeman [0] cattle were grouped into young ( years), municipal abattoir. A total of 6(6.77%) cattle were found young adult (-6 years) and adult (> 6 years) and age to have the abnormalities listed below (Table 1) and nasal estimation based on eruption of one or more incisor teeth. discharge was the highest (1.8%). Whereas, skin scar (0.5%) and body swelling (0.5%) were the lowest Antemortem Examination: Antemortem inspection was antemortem findings in both age categories. conducted on individual animals, while the animals were entered in to the lairage. The general behavior of the Postmortem Examination: All cattle that had been animals, gait, structure, conformation, body condition examined in antemortem inspection were subjected to scoring and signs of disease and abnormalities of any postmortem examination. From the total organs examined type were registered according to the standard of in both age categories, 13 (55.5%) lungs and 05 (53.4%) antemortem examination procedures given by livers were totally condemned from local market due Gracey et al. [1]. Following these, judgments were to various parasitic and gross pathological lesions passed based on FAO []. (Tables and 3). 166

3 African J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 4 (5): , 01 Table 1: Abnormal conditions encountered during antemortem examination in cattle ready for slaughter Condition encountered Young adults (85) Adults (99) Total (384) (%) Abdominal hernia 1 3 (0.78%) Local swelling 1 1 (0.5%) Lameness 1 3 (0.78%) Rough hair coat (1.3 %) Skin scar 1 1 (0.5%) Nasal discharge (1.8%) Tick infestation 4 (1.041%) Total (6.77%) Table : Major causes of liver condemnation and frequency of lesions (percentage of rejected liver) Frequency of lesion and percentage of rejected liver Major causes of liver condemnation Frequency Percent Fasciolosis 88.9 Calcification Abcsess Cirrhosis Hydatidosis Total Table 3: Major Causes of lung condemnation and frequency of lesion (percentage of rejected lungs) Frequency of lesion and percentage of rejected lungs Major causes of lung condemnation Frequency Percent Haydatid cyst Calcification Emphysema Pneumonia Abscess Haemmorage Congestion 8.1 Total Table 4: Rejection rate of liver and lungs based on age categories in this study Frequency of lesion and percentage of rejected organs Age of animals examined Total number of cattle slaughtered Lung condemnation Liver condemnation Lung and liver condemnation Young adults 85 5(9.4%) 19(.4) 5(9.4%) Adults 99 74(4.7%) 7(4%) 89(9.8%) Total (5.78%) 91(3.7%) 114(9.7%) ( = 0.578, P = 0.749) Table 5: Rejection rates of organs and association with body condition scoring Frequency of lesion and percentage of rejected organs (%) Body condition of animals Total number of cattle slaughtered Lung Liver Liver and lung Poor (9.7%) 3(0.3%) 47(9.7%) Medium (.3%) 33(18.9%) 67(38.3%) Good 51 13(5.5%) 11(1.6%) 15(9.4%) Total (5.8%) 91(3.7%) 114(9.7%) ( =15.03, P < 0.05) 167

4 African J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 4 (5): , 01 Table 6: Rejection rates of organs and association with source and breed of cattle Source of cattle Breed Condemned organs No. and percent of condemned organs Bahir dar Out of Bahir Dar Local Cross Lung 99(5.8%) 46(34.1%) 53(31.4%) 90(3%) 9(39.1%) Liver 91(3.7%) 4(31.1%) 49(8.9%) 85(30.%) 8(34.8%) Lung and liver 114(9.7%) 47(34.8%) 67(39.6%) 106(37.7%) 6(6.1%) Total Table 7: Findings of the study used in the direct financial loss assessment Organ Average rejction rate of organs Total number cattle slaughter rate Average price of each organ Liver 53.3% USD Lung 55.5% USD As indicated below 9.4% and 4.7% of lungs were Assessment of direct financial loss: The average condemned in young adult and adult animals and.4% annual direct economic loss from domestic market of and 4% of liver were condemned in young adult and liver and lung organs condemnation at Bahir Dar adult animals, respectively. Both liver and lung were municipal abattoir was estimated to be USD condemned at 9.4% and 9.8% in young adult and adult (Table 7). animals, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference ( = 0.578, P> 0.05) between the two DISCUSSION age categories and lung and/or liver condemnation. As depicted below in Table 5 lungs of 9.7%,.3% In the present study, the most commonly and 5.5% condemned from poor, medium and good body encountered abnormalities during antemortem inspection conditioned animals, respectively. Cattle were judged by were 5 (1.3%) rough hair coat, 3 (0.78%) lameness, totally condemnation of liver and 0.3%, 18.9% and 1.6% (0.5%) local swelling, 3 (0.78%) hernias, 7 (1.8%) nasal was condemned from poor, medium and good body discharges and 4(1.014%) tick infestation. Nasal discharge conditions, respectively. Both liver and lung were 9.7%, was the highest encountered antemortem problem 38.3% and 9.4% totally condemned form poor, followed by tick infestation and the least was local medium and good body condition animals, respectively. swelling. The nasal discharge is most probably due to lack There was a statistically significant difference observed of feed and water, stress, immune suppression and between liver and/or lung rejection rates and the different overcrowding in the holding pens. body condition categories ( = 15.03, P < 0.05) of cattle. Out of 384 cattle slaughtered in Bahir Dar Out of the total number of lungs condemned, 34.1% municipal abattoir, 99 (5.78%) lungs, 91 (3.7%) liver and and 31.4% were originated from Bahir Dar and out of 114 (9.7%) of both liver and lungs were rejected from Bahir dar, respectively. Out of total liver condemnation, local market due to their gross pathological lesions in this 31.1 % and 8.9% were originated from Bahir dar and out study. The current study showed that reduced rejection of Bahirdar, respectively. Total number of both liver and rates of liver at postmortem as compared to previous lung condemnation from both origins was 34.8% studies conducted by Manyazewal [4], Shegaw [5] (cattle from Bahir dar) and 39.6% (cattle out of Bahir dar). andualem [6], Berihanu [7] and Sirak [8] who reported However, there was no statistical significance ( = 0.501, a rejection rate of 35.%, 43.7%, 36%, 35% and 58% of P>0.05) between liver and lung condemnation and source liver at Mekele, Kombolcha, Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar, of cattle. Lung condemnation rate was 3% and 39.1% respectively. The rejection rate of lung in this study was from cattle of local breeds and cross breeds, respectively comparable with that of Mezgebu [9] who reported a and liver condemnation was 30.% and 34.8% from local rejection rate of 6.4% but lower than the report by and cross breeds, respectively. Both liver and lung Dechasa et al. [30-31] of 4.% at Nazareth abbatoir. condemnation was 37.7% and 6.1% from local and cross This may probably be due to the differences in the breed cattle, respectively. However, there were no prevalence of disease conditions at the different study statistical significant difference ( = 0.749, P>0.05) sites and it may also be due to the decrease in disease observed in the two breeds of cattle and liver and/or lung conditions causing liver condemnation in the study area condemnation (Table 6). these days. 168

5 African J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 4 (5): , 01 Among disease conditions encountered during p< 0.05) between the two age categories. This shows that postmortem examination, fasciolosis (.9%), hydatidosis both ages were affected by disease conditions similarly. (1%) and calcification (10.% were the major causes of However, body condition of animals showed a liver condemnation while hydatidosis (35.7%) and statistically significant difference (P<0.05) for the rate of calcification (8.9%) were the major causes of lung organ condemnation showing that disease conditions that condemnation. In Ethiopia and other countries, many cause organ condemnation are highly associated with studies have been undertaken to identify the major body condition scores. disease conditions encountered during antemortem and Other factors considered in this study including postmortem examination. Fasciolosis and hydatidosis source of animals (Bahir Dar vs outside Bahirdar) have been reported to be the major disease problems of and breed (local vs cross) did not show statistical livestock industry. The current study was in agreement significant differences (P>0.05) in rejection rates of organs with the previous studies conducted by Jembere [14], in the present study. Mezegbu [9], Seid [3], Fitsum [33] and Marta [34] The average annual estimated economic loss per at Nazareth, Gondar, Ambo, Hawassa and Sebeta annum due to condemnation of organs (liver and lung) abattoirs, respectively and revealed that liver and lung in this study was 170, 676 ETB which was equivalent to 9, were highly rejected organs and fasciolosis and USD per annum based on the current exchange hydatidosis were the major causes of rejection. rate. This figure in the current study was higher than The findings of Teka [35] andualem [6] and Shegaw [5] the report of economic loss in abattoirs by Marta [34] also stated that liver flukes in the liver and hydatid cyst in and Fitsum [33] who reported 81,480 ETB and 130, the lungs were among the major causes of organ ETB, respectively. However, the current result found was condemnation during postmortem examination. lower than the economic loss report by Yetnayet [38] In cattle more than 90% hydatid cysts are usually who reported 470, 39.1 ETB from condemnation of found in the liver. The lung is the organ mostly affected organs. The variations of these studies could be by hydatidosis because at old age, the liver capillaries attributed to the differences in the prevalences of parasitic dilated and most cysts passed directly to the lungs and infestations and pathological conditions in the study secondly the cyst passes to the lungs through thoracic areas. duct without involving the liver as stated by Gracey et al. [1]. CONCLUSIONS The current finding (.9% of bovine fasciolosis) seems to be relatively lower than the findings by Tilahun According to the result of this study hydatidosis and [36], Yohannes [11], Sirak [8], Yehenew [37], Fitsum [33] fasciolosis were the most and major causes of lung and andualem [6], Marta [34] who reported higher liver condemnation respectively. Factors considered prevalences than this study and this could be due to including age, source and breed of animals did not show differences in environments and ecological conditions of significant association with the rate of organ the study areas. condemnation but body condition showed a significant In the current study, higher prevalence of bovine difference in this study. The annual financial loss from hydatidosis (35.7%) found in lung as compared to the international and local market organ condemnation was previous studies by Shegaw [5] andualem [6], also estimated high. Seid [3], Marta [34] who reported 5.%, 6.7%, 3.8%,.7% but lower than the reports of Fitsum [33] REFERENCES which was 38.8% and 66.9%, respectively. These variations may be due to the difference in the origin of the 1. Mellau, L.S.B., H.E. Nonga and E.D. Karimurbo, 010. cattle brought from and also due to differences in the A slaugherhouse Survey of Liver lesion in environment and epidemiological factors which could slaugherered cattle, Sheep and Goats at Arusha, affect the rate of transmission of echinococcosis/ Tanzania. Research Journal of Veterinary Sciences, hydatidosis. 3: In the current study, condemnation of organs. Shiferaw, M., B. Feyisa and T. Ephrem, 011. (liver, lungs and both liver and lungs) were recorded in Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis and its Economic adult cattle and in young adults at comparable rates and Significance in and Around Assela, Ethiopia. Global the result did not show a significant difference ( = 0.578, Journal of Medical Research, 11:

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