species selected on the basis of the Analysis

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1 UNEP-WCMC technical l report Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas Part I (Version edited for public release)

2 2 Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of 2014 export quotas. Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Published August 2014 Copyright European Commission 2014 Citation UNEP-WCMC Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of 2014 export quotas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and servicess to help decision- they do. To do makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensivee assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged.

3 Contents Introduction and summary... 4 Brookesia spp.: Overview of status, management and trade... 6 Brookesia betschi... 8 Brookesia ebenaui Brookesia griveaudi Brookesia minima Brookesia nasus Brookesia peyrierasi Brookesia therezieni References Calumma parsonii Ravenea rivularis Appendix... 34

4 Brookesia overview Introduction and summary 4 This report presents a review of nine species selected on the basis of the quota analysis and provides an update of new and increased 2014 CITES export quotas published since the production of the Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas (UNEP-WCMC, 2014). National export quotas for CITES listed taxa are an important tool to manage and monitor wildlife trade. The establishment or revision of an export quota should be based on a non-detriment finding (NDF) by the Scientific Authority of the exporting country and the NDF should be reviewed annually (Resolution Conf (Rev. CoP15)). Once such annual quotas are established, the need for a NDF for each individual shipment of the species concerned is eliminated. The EU, through stricter measures outlined in the Wildlife Trade Regulations, requires an NDF by importing Member States and therefore monitors newly established quotas and changes to previous quota levels to assess the situation where necessary, or to reassess SRG opinions or EU decisions. Similarly, by assessing the new quotas early each year, the SRG can advise on the treatment of anticipated import applications within the EU. Export quotas are usually established by each Party to CITES unilaterally on a voluntary basis, but they can also be set by the Conference of the Parties, or result from recommendations of the Animals and Plants Committees. To ensure that national quotas are effectively communicated and implemented on permits and certificates, countries should inform the CITES Secretariat when they establish national export quotas for CITES species (Resolution Conf (Rev. CoP16)). In turn, the Secretariat informs the Parties by publishing a list of national export quotas of which it has been informed ( Quotas generally relate to a calendar year (1st of January to 31st of December); however, since 2008 sturgeon quotas have related to a quota year (1st March to last day of February). For species of Acipenseriformes, quotas should be established and communicated to the CITES Secretariat for meat and caviar from stocks shared between different Range States (Resolution Conf (Rev. CoP16)). Guidance on the Management of nationally established export quotas is available through Resolution Conf (Rev. CoP15). In 2014, quotas were published on the CITES website ( on 14/03/2014 and were updated on 26/03/2014, 14/04/2014 and 20/06/2014. Based on the quotas that were available on 28/04/2014, UNEP-WCMC analysed the 2014 CITES export quotas to identify: a) Quotas that were newly established in 2014 (i.e quotas for particular species/country/term/source combinations which have not previously been subject to a quota, or have not been subject to a quota for at least the last 5 years); b) Quotas that increased or decreased in 2014 compared with 2013 quotas (or compared with 2012 quotas if no quota was published in 2013). This analysis was discussed at SRG 68 on 28/05/2014 and a list of 18 taxa/country combinations that may warrant review was presented; in addition Member States were invited to suggest any additional species with new or increased quotas that may warrant review. The following species are reviewed in this report:

5 Brookesia overview Brookesia betschi/madagascar (new quota, 300 live) Brookesia ebenaui/madagascar (new quota, 150 live) Brookesia grivaudi/madagascar (new quota, 150 live) Brookesia minima/madagascar (new quota, 150 live) Brookesia nasus/madagascar (new quota, 150 live) Brookesia peyrierasi/madagascar (new quota, 150 live) Brookesia therezieni/madagascar (increased quota, 500 live) Calumma parsonii/madagascar (increased quota, 300 live) Ravenea rivularis/madagascar (increased quota, 4500 kg seeds) 5 The SRG agreed that further consideration might be necessary to determine whether the trade would have a harmful effect on the conservation status of these species or on the extent of the territory occupied by the relevant population of these species. These reviews are presented below. Additional species/country combinations are planned for review for SRG 70. Update since Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas Since the publication of the Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas (UNEP-WCMC, 2014) additional CITES export quotas were published from Botswana, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Georgia, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mozambique, Paraguay and Romania on 20 th June Of these, the following relate to new or increased quotas of note: An increase in quotas for various wild-taken species from Indonesia, namely: skins and skin products of Python breitensteini (increased from skins and skin products in 2013); 2700 skins and skin products of Python curtus (increased from 1890 skins and skin products in 2013); and live, wild-taken pieces (not identifiable to species level) of Fungia spp. (increased from live, wild-taken pieces in 2013). In addition, there was an increase in the quota for Panthera leo from Mozambique, from 50 wild-taken specimens in 2012 and 2013 to 53 wild-taken specimens in The following new quotas were published: live Cyclemys dentata from Indonesia (LR/nt); 4500 live Dogania subplana from Indonesia (LR/lc); 4000 pieces of live, wild-taken Acanthophyllia deshayesiana (NT as Cynarina lacrymalis) from Indonesia; 616 wild-taken Papio cynocephalus (LC) from Mozambique; 41 wild-taken Philantomba monticola (LC) from Mozambique; kg of wood and kg of extract of Bulnesia sarmientoi from Paraguay (LR/cd) (positive opinion formed 28/05/2014). In addition, CITES export quotas relating to sturgeon and paddlefish were published on the CITES website on 10 th June The only increased or new quotas related to aquacultured specimens from Iran. Of the taxa for which new or increased quotas have been published in 2014 at the species level, Cyclemys dentata and Dogania subplana may warrant further consideration by the SRG, as these species were listed in the CITES Appendices at CoP16 and their Red List assessments are outdated. Acanthophyllia deshayesiana from Indonesia may also warrant review, given the relatively high new quota and potential taxonomic confusion with Cynarina lacrymalis, for which an EU suspension is in place. References UNEP-WCMC Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge

6 Brookesia overview Brookesia spp.: Overview of status, management and trade. 6 The Malagasy leaf chameleons (Brookesia spp.) are dwarf chameleons endemic to Madagascar; they are generally small (ca mm total length), cryptic and ground-dwelling, living in rainforest leaf litter by day and climbing into low vegetation at night (Tolley and Burger, 2007; Glaw and Vences, 2007). The CITES standard nomenclatural references recognise 26 Brookesia species (Glaw et al., 1999; Klaver and Böhme, 1997), with 30 species currently recognised by Uetz and Hallerman (2014). Many of the species occur in northern Madagascar, where they are restricted to small regions of rainforest and occupy relatively narrow elevational ranges, resulting in a high degree of regional endemicity (Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995). Whilst there are many studies focusing on site-specific inventories of Brookesia, there is far less information available about the abundance, density or population trends of individual species (Carpenter and Robson, 2005; Jenkins et al., 1999), or on how chameleons respond to habitat disturbance (Jenkins et al., 2003). Brookesia species are considered to be forest specialists, hence they are vulnerable to forest fragmentation and degradation (Randrianantoandro et al., 2008; Raselimanana and Rakotomalala, 2003). Collection for trade was also considered a threat (Carpenter and Robson, 2005), with chameleons being perhaps the most targeted of Madagascar s herpetofauna (Jenkins et al., 1999; Raselimanana and Rakotomalala, 2003; Glaw and Vences, 2007 in: Lowin, 2012). Madagascar ratified CITES in Following a period of political instability in 2002, the CITES Management Authority introduced a six-month moratorium on all international trade in native species of fauna and flora (Rabesihanaka et al., 2008). In accordance with the recommendations of the CITES Animals and Plants Committees, a Review of Significant Trade was conducted at the country level in Madagascar, which resulted in the creation of a CITES Action Plan for the reform of Madagascar s wildlife export and the establishment of an operational Scientific Authority (Rabesihanaka et al., 2008). Concurrently, Madagascar adopted several pieces of legislation relating to wildlife trade (Ministère de l Environnement des Eaux et Forets, 2006): Act No of 17 October 2005 on International Trade and Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; Decree No of 31 January 2006 laying down detailed rules for implementing the Act No of 17 October 2005; Decree No of 31 January 2006 concerning the publication of the revised Appendices to CITES; Decree No from 13 June 2006 on the classification of species of wildlife. The wildlife species of Madagascar are classified into three categories: protected (Category 1), harmful (Category 2) and game (Category 3). Under Decree No , Brookesia perarmata is classified as a Category 1, Class 1 (protected) species, which strictly prohibits the hunting, capture, detention and commercial trade of the species; 24 Brookesia species are classified as Category 1, Class 2 (protected) species (including B. betschi, B. ebenaui, B. griveaudi, B. minima, B. nasus and B. therezieni, all reviewed in this current report 1 ), which means authorisation from the relevant in-country CITES authorities is required for the collection of the species from the wild (Ministère de l Environnement des Eaux et Forets, 2006). 1 Brookesia peyrierasi, also reviewed in this report, is not listed in Decree No

7 Brookesia overview The CITES Scientific Authority of Madagascar (Dr Falitiana Rabemananjara in. litt. to UNEP- WCMC, 17 July 2014) confirmed that the 2014 export quotas for chameleon species were set cautiously, based on their IUCN Red List categorisation, as follows: 7 Critically Endangered and Endangered species zero quota Vulnerable species 150 live specimens Near Threatened 150 to 300 live specimens Least Concern 500 live specimens Madagascar published fifteen zero export quotas for Brookesia species in Dr Richard Jenkins and Dr Frank Glaw (Jenkins pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 31 July 2014) considered that the quotas set for the seven Brookesia species reviewed in this report were likely to be sustainable. However, they expressed concern whether, for some of the species (B. betschi, B. ebenaui, B. minima), collectors would be able to find sufficient collection localities outside of protected areas. Dr F. Glaw (Jenkins pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 31 July 2014) also noted a potential lookalike issue in distinguishing some of the species from their closest relatives, although considering the size of the quotas, this was not thought to pose a serious problem for species conservation. Dr R. Jenkins (pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 31 July 2014) also raised the potential concern that if there was demand for certain species that could not be legally collected [such as the Brookesia species with zero quotas], there might be trade in threatened species under different trade names if traded species cannot be easily identified. Trade at the genus level The genus Brookesia was listed in CITES Appendix II in 2003 (except for B. perarmata, which was listed in Appendix I). Over the period there was a small amount of trade at the genus level from Madagascar to the EU-28 (wild-sourced bodies to Germany and Italy), and to the rest of the world (wild-sourced bodies, live individuals and scientific specimens, all to the United States), all of which was for scientific purposes (Table 1). No indirect exports of Brookesia spp. to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported Table 1: Direct exports of Brookesia spp. from Madagascar to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), All trade was wild-sourced for scientific purposes. (No trade was reported in 2011). Importer Term Unit Reported by Total EU bodies - Importer Exporter RoW bodies - Importer Exporter live - Importer Exporter specimens ml Importer Exporter Importer Exporter 1 1 Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 17/06/2014.

8 Brookesia overview REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia betschi II/B 8 COMMON NAMES: Blanc's leaf chameleon (English) RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Near Threatened Taxonomic Note Glaw and Vences (2007) noted that the taxonomy of Brookesia betschi was in need of revision. Trade patterns Madagascar published a new CITES export quota of 300 live specimens of Brookesia betschi in The only reported direct export of B. betschi from Madagascar to the EU-28 over the period comprised two wild-sourced bodies for scientific purposes in 2005, reported by both Madagascar and Germany. Direct trade to the rest of the world comprised two wildsourced scientific specimens imported by the United States in 2004 (reported as 2 mg of scientific specimens by Madagascar) and six wild-sourced scientific specimens imported by the United States in 2008 (not reported by Madagascar). No indirect exports of B. betschi to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported Conservation status Brookesia betschi is restricted to northern Madagascar (Andreone, 2004; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995; Klaver and Böhme, 1997), where it occurs in montane humid forest between 1150 and 1650 m altitude (Jenkins et al., 2011). It was reported to occur in Marojejy National Park (Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995; Klaver and Böhme, 1997; Glaw and Vences, 2007; Andreone et al., 2000), Tsaratanana (Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995; Klaver and Böhme, 1997; Glaw and Vences, 2007), Manongarivo Special Reserve (Glaw and Vences, 2007), and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Andreone et al., 2000). It was also found in other forests between these protected areas (Andreone et al., 2000; Glaw and Vences, 2007). All records to date were reported to be from primary or mature secondary forest (Jenkins et al., 2011).

9 Brookesia betschi B. betschi is categorised as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List, and the species range area and the quality of its habitat are continuing to decline (Jenkins et al., 2011). Its extent of occurrence was estimated to be km 2, although this includes degraded land between forest blocks (Jenkins et al., 2011). It was considered to have a decreasing population trend due to the loss of rainforest habitat in northern Madagascar (Jenkins et al., 2011). 9 The main threats to forests where B. betschi occurs were reported to include slash and burn agriculture and timber extraction (Jenkins et al., 2011). Jenkins et al. (2011) reported that the species was protected in Madagascar, but could be collected with authorization from outside of protected areas. It was noted that research was needed into population trends and the species distribution between known sites (Jenkins et al., 2011).

10 Brookesia ebenaui REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia ebenaui II/B 10 COMMON NAMES: Northern leaf chameleon (English), Brookésie d'ebenau (French) SYNONYMS: Brookesia legendrei, Chamaeleo ebenaui RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Vulnerable Trade patterns Madagascar published a new CITES export quota of 150 live specimens of Brookesia ebenaui in Direct exports of B. ebenaui from Madagascar to the EU-28 over the period comprised small numbers of wild-sourced bodies to Germany and Italy and live individuals to Germany (reported by Madagascar only) (Table 1). Direct trade from Madagascar to the rest of the world comprised small numbers of wild-sourced live individuals and scientific specimens to the United States. No indirect exports of B. ebenaui to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported Table 1: Direct exports of Brookesia ebenaui from Madagascar to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), All trade was wild-sourced. (No trade was reported or ). Importer Term Purpose Reported by Total EU bodies S Importer Exporter live T Importer Exporter RoW live T Importer Exporter specimens S Importer 2 2 Exporter 2 2 Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 17/06/2014. Conservation status Brookesia ebenaui is restricted to the far north of Madagascar, in low- or mid-altitude dry and humid forests (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Jenkins et al., 2011f), occurring at a maximum elevation of 950 m above sea level (Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995). It was described as the most arboreal Brookesia species, also being arboreal during the day (Glaw and Vences, 2007). It was reported to occur in Montagne d Ambre National Park (Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1994, 1995; Glaw and Vences, 2007; Durkin et al., 2011), Lokobe Strict Nature Reserve, Nosy Be (Andreone et al., 2003; Glaw and Vences, 2007; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995), Montagne des Français (D Cruze et al., 2008; Glaw and Vences, 2007), Fontenay Nature Park (D Cruze et al., 2008), Manongarivo Special Reserve (Jenkins et al., 2011f) and Ankarana Special Reserve (Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995).

11 Brookesia ebenaui The species was reported to be locally common, but with a decreasing population trend (Jenkins et al., 2011f). B. ebenaui was recorded as rare during surveys of the Montagne des Français massif in the Antsiranana region, where it was found at an altitude of 140 m in forest habitat (D Cruze et al., 2007). In the Forêt d Ambre Special Reserve, at the foot of the Montagne d Ambre mountain complex in the Antsiranana region it was recorded as common (D Cruze et al., 2008). 11 B. ebenaui is categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, as it has a severely fragmented population and there is continued decline in the extent and quality of its habitat within its estimated range area ( km 2 ), due to agricultural activities and logging (Jenkins et al., 2011f). The main threats to the species were reported to include forest loss and degradation due to, among other factors, agricultural clearance, charcoal and timber production, cattle grazing (D Cruze et al., 2007, 2008; Jenkins et al., 2011f), small-scale quarrying, and small-holder development (Jenkins et al., 2011f). Jenkins et al. (2011e) noted that more information was needed on this species' distribution and population status, and on the extent and intensity of various threats within its range.

12 Brookesia griveaudi REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia griveaudi II/B 12 COMMON NAMES: Marojejy leaf chameleon (English) RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Near Threatened Trade patterns Madagascar published a new CITES export quota of 150 live specimens of Brookesia griveaudi in Direct exports of B. griveaudi from Madagascar to the EU-28 over the period comprised small numbers of wild-sourced bodies to Germany and Italy, and scientific specimens to Portugal (Table 1). Direct trade from Madagascar to the rest of the world comprised wild-sourced scientific specimens to the United States. No indirect exports of B. griveaudi to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported Table 1: Direct exports of Brookesia griveaudi from Madagascar to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), All trade was wild-sourced for scientific purposes. (No trade was reported , or 2012). Importer Term Unit Reported by Total EU bodies - Importer 2 2 Exporter specimens - Importer 6 6 Exporter RoW specimens mg Importer Exporter Importer Exporter 1 1 Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 17/06/2014. Conservation status Brookesia griveaudi was reported to be common in low-altitude rainforest of northeast Madagascar (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995), up to a maximum elevation of 1350 m above sea level (Jenkins et al., 2011b). It was reported to occur in Marojejy National Park (Andreone et al., 2000; Glaw and Vences, 2007; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995), Tsararano Forest (Andreone et al., 2000; Glaw and Vences, 2007), Masoala National Park (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995), as well as Antalaha, Fanano, Maroantsetra and Sambava forests (Glaw and Vences, 2007). B. griveaudi is categorised as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List, with a severely fragmented population and continuing decline in the area and quality of its forest habitat, due to logging and slash-and-burn agriculture (Jenkins et al., 2011b). Its extent of occurrence was estimated to be km 2. The species was reported to have a decreasing population trend (Jenkins et al., 2011b).

13 Brookesia griveaudi Jenkins et al. (2011a) noted that whilst the species occurs in several protected areas, management of these sites and protection of additional remnant forest may be required. 13

14 Brookesia griveaudi REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia minima II/B 14 COMMON NAMES: Minute leaf chameleon (English), Brookésie naine (French) RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Vulnerable Taxonomic Note Within the Brookesia genus are a number of highly miniaturised species, known as the Brookesia minima group (Brygoo and Domergue, 1975), which was originally composed of five very small species with a snout-vent length of mm (Brookesia dentata, B. minima, B. peyrierasi, B. ramanantsoai and B. tuberculata) (Brygoo, 1978 in: Glaw et al., 2012). Species within this group have proved difficult to distinguish, due to low morphological differences and retainment of paedomorphic [juvenile] features, with many of the characters used to identify larger Brookesia species being greatly reduced within the B. minima group (Glaw et al., 1999). The original CITES standard nomenclatural reference for Brookesia spp. (Klaver and Böhme, 1997) considered Brookesia peyrierasi and B. tuberculata to be synonyms of B. minima. However, B. peyrierasi and B. tuberculata have since been elevated to distinct species and have a separate CITES standard nomenclatural reference (Glaw et al., 1999, adopted at CoP16). Jenkins et al. (2011f) advised that The taxonomy of the B. minima group is in need of revision and the distribution of all species needs to be re-evaluated following thorough morphometric and molecular studies. Trade patterns Madagascar published a new CITES export quota of 150 live specimens of Brookesia minima in Direct exports of B. minima from Madagascar to the EU-28 over the period comprised small numbers of wild-sourced bodies to Germany and live individuals to Germany and the United Kingdom (Table 1). Direct trade from Madagascar to the rest of the world comprised wild-sourced live individuals to the United States and Japan and scientific specimens to the United States. No indirect exports of B. minima to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported

15 Brookesia minima Table 1: Direct exports of Brookesia minima from Madagascar to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), All trade was wild-sourced. (No trade was reported or ). 15 Importer Term Purpose Reported by Total EU bodies S Importer Exporter live T Importer Exporter RoW live T Importer Exporter specimens S Importer 2 2 Exporter Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 17/06/2014. Conservation status Brookesia minima is restricted to the northwest of Madagascar (Andreone, 2004; Glaw and Vences, 2007; Glaw et al., 1999), inhabiting leaf litter of low-altitude rainforest of the Sambirano region (Glaw and Vences, 2007). Individuals have been recorded from sea level to 750 m altitude (Jenkins et al., 2011g). Due to difficulties in species identification, and the recognition of B. peyrierasi and B. tuberculara as distinct species, there are few confirmed localities for B. minima (Jenkins et al., 2011g). It was reported to occur on the island of Nosy Be, including Lokobe Strict Nature Reserve (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Andreone et al., 2003), Manarikoba forest (Glaw and Vences, 2007) and Manongarivo Special Reserve (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Glaw et al., 1999). It was recently also found at Sahamalaza-îles Radama National Park (Raselimanana, 2008 in: Jenkins et al., 2011f), whilst its presence in Tsaratanana Reserve was reported to require confirmation (Jenkins et al., 2011g). B. minima is categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, as it has a severely fragmented population and there is continued decline in the extent and quality of its habitat within its estimated range ( km 2 ), due to slash-and burn agricultural and logging (Jenkins et al., 2011g). The species, described as not common, was reported to have a decreasing population trend (Jenkins et al., 2011g). Threats to the species were reported to include slash and burn agriculture and logging for charcoal production and construction materials (Jenkins et al., 2011g). Jenkins et al. (2011e) noted that research was needed to clarify the taxonomy and distribution of B. minima, as well as this species' exposure to and sensitivity to threats.

16 Brookesia nasus REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia nasus II/B 16 COMMON NAMES: Elongate leaf chameleon (English) SYNONYMS: Brookesia betsileana RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Vulnerable Taxonomic Note Whilst the current CITES standard nomenclatural reference, Klaver and Böhme (1997), includes Brookesia nasus in the genus Brookesia, recent research into chameleon phylogeny has identified B. nasus and B. lolontany as a sister clade, clearly seperated from all other Brookesia species (Townsend et al., 2009; Tolley et al., 2013). Glaw et al. (2013) subsequently transfered B. nasus and B. lolontany to the genus Palleon, producing two clearly monophyletic genera (Vences et al., 2013). Trade patterns Madagascar published a new CITES export quota of 150 live specimens of Brookesia nasus in Direct exports of B. nasus from Madagascar to the EU-28 over the period comprised small numbers of wild-sourced bodies to Germany and Italy (Table 1). Direct trade from Madagascar to the rest of the world comprised wild-sourced bodies and scientific specimens to the United States. No indirect exports of B. nasus to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported Table 1: Direct exports of Brookesia nasus from Madagascar to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), All trade was wild-sourced for scientific purposes. (No trade was reported in r ). Importer Term Unit Reported by Total EU bodies - Importer Exporter RoW bodies - Importer Exporter 3 3 specimens mg Importer Exporter Importer Exporter Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 17/06/2014. Conservation status Brookesia nasus occurs in rainforests of southeastern Madagascar (Klaver and Böhme, 1997; Glaw and Vences, 2007). It was reported to inhabit humid forests spanning elevations of m in low, mid and high altitude vegetation types (Nussbaum et al., 1999; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1996 in: Jenkins et al., 2011c).

17 Brookesia nasus It was reported to occur in a number of localities including Kalambatritra Special Reserve (Andreone and Randrianirina, 2007), Andohahela, Andringitra and Ranomafana National Parks (Andreone and Randrianirina, 2007; Glaw and Vences, 2007), forest fragments in Mandena and Sainte Luce (Lehtinen et al., 2003; Lehtinen and Ramanamanjato, 2006) and from Ambahaka forest, Ambalamarovandana, Andrambovato, Eminiminy, Ikongo, Ivohibe camp, Manambolo, Tolagnaro, Vinanitelo and Vohiparara (Glaw and Vences, 2007). 17 B. nasus was reported to occur at a relatively high abundance in Andohahela (Andreone and Randriamahazo, 1997 in: Jenkins et al., 2011c). It was found to be the most abundant chameleon during surveys of Ranomafana National Park, , with population densities of 26.8 ha -1 (95% C.I ha -1 ) recorded (Jenkins et al., 1999). Mandena was reported to represent the southern limit of the species distribution (Ramanamanjato, 2007); B. nasus was reported to be localised in the largest blocks of closed-canopy littoral forest, whilst being absent from smaller forest patches (Ramanamanjato, 2007). The species was reported to have a decreasing population trend (Jenkins et al., 2011d). A subspecies, B. nasus pauliani, was described from montane forest of the Andringitra mountains, but it was not found during recent surveys and its taxonomic status requires clarification (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1996; Jenkins et al., 2011d). B. nasus (as Palleon nasus) is categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, as there is continued decline in the extent and quality of its habitat within its estimated range area ( km 2 ), due to slash-and burn agriculture, logging for charcoal and mining, and it is thought to occur as a severely fragmented population (Jenkins et al., 2011d). Jenkins et al. (2011c) noted that whilst the species occurs in several protected areas, management of these sites and protection of additional sites may be required. Research was recommended to investigate its life history and to monitor population trends (Jenkins et al., 2011d).

18 Brookesia peyrierasi REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia peyrierasi II/B 18 COMMON NAMES: Antongil leaf chameleon (English) RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Endangered 2 Taxonomic Note Brookesia peyrierasi was formerly considered a synonym of B. minima (e.g. Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 1995), but was resurrected following examination of additional collection specimens and identification of differences in both external and genital morphology (Schimmenti and Jesu, 1996; Glaw et al., 1999 [CITES standard nomenclatural reference for the species]). Trade patterns Madagascar published a new CITES export quota of 150 live specimens of Brookesia peyrierasi in There was no reported direct or indirect trade of B. peyrierasi from Madagascar to the EU-28 or the rest of the world, over the period However, the CITES standard nomenclatural reference recognising B. peyrierasi as distinct from B. minima was only adopted at CoP16 in Conservation status Brookesia peyrierasi occurs in the northeast of Madagascar (Andreone, 2004; Glaw and Vences, 2007; Glaw et al., 1999). It was reported to occur on Nosy Mangebe (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Glaw et al., 1999; Raxworthy, 1988), in Anandrivola forest (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Raxworthy, 1988) and Masoala National Park (Glaw and Vences, 2007). A confirmed 2010 record was reported from a locality west of Maroansetra, close to Makira Reserve (F. Glaw pers. comm., January 2011, in: Jenkins et al., 2011g). Jenkins et al. (2011g) also listed several other localities, which require verification due to taxonomic uncertainties within the B. minima group. B. peyrierasi was reported to have been recorded at high densities on Nosy Mangabe (Lutzman, 2006 in: Jenkins et al., 2011g), and to be common in the rainforest leaf litter of Nosy Mangabe (Glaw and Vences, 2007). The species was reported to have a decreasing population trend (Jenkins et al., 2011h). B. peyrierasi is provisionally categorised as Endangered in the IUCN Red List, as its population is severely fragmented and there is continued decline in the extent and quality of its habitat within its estimated range area (3774 km 2 ), due to mining and selective logging for rosewood (Jenkins et al., 2011h). It was noted that the species may occur more widely than its current tentative estimated range area (although probably not more widely than km²), pending resolution of outstanding taxonomic issues (Jenkins et al., 2011h). 2 The IUCN Red List status for Brookesia peyrierasi originally displayed incorrectly as Vulnerable on the website, in contrast to the status of Endangered given in the justification. This was confirmed to be an error (Jenkins, R. pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 26 June 2014), which was corrected in version of the Red List, available from 24 July 2014.

19 Brookesia peyrierasi Threats to the species were reported to include loss, degradation and fragmentation of lowland forest, resulting from rosewood extraction and mining for precious stones (Jenkins et al., 2011h). The CITES SA of Madagascar (Dr Falitiana Rabemananjara pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 17 July 2014) confirmed that quotas for chameleons were set cautiously, based on their Red List status for which Endangered and Critically Endangered species have been assigned a zero quota (see Brookesia overview section). However, whilst B. peyrierasi is categorised provisionally as Endangered, its status was displaying incorrectly as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List website 2 ; the quota of 150 live specimens was therefore set based on this assumption B. peyrierasi is not listed among the Brookesia species protected under Madagascar s national legislation (Decree No )(Ministère de l Environnement des Eaux et Forets, 2006), presumably because it was formerly considered a synoym of B. minima. The CITES SA of Madagascar (Dr Falitiana Rabemananjara pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 17 July 2014) confirmed that the species was under consideration in terms of the national legislation. Jenkins et al. (2011g) noted that further research was needed into this species' distribution, population status, ecology and sensitivity to forest degradation, as well as clarification of the taxonomy of members of the B. minima group. 3 The Scientific Authority of Madagascar have since been informed of this issue.

20 Brookesia therezieni REPTILIA: CHAMAELEONIDAE Brookesia therezieni II/B 20 COMMON NAMES: Perinet leaf chameleon (English) RANGE STATES: Madagascar UNDER REVIEW: Madagascar EU DECISIONS: - IUCN: Least Concern Trade patterns Madagascar published a CITES export quota of 500 live specimens of Brookesia therezieni in 2014; quotas of 100 live specimens were published each year from 2005 to 2013 (Table 1). According to data reported by Madagascar, the 2010 export quota appears to have been exceeded by 14 individuals; however, Madagascar has indicated that some annual reports (including the 2010 report) have been based on permits issued, rather than actual trade. Table 1: CITES export quotas for live, wild-sourced Brookesia therezieni from Madagascar and global direct exports of live individuals, as reported by the countries of import and export, (Trade data for 2013 and 2014 are not yet available.) Quota Reported by the importers Reported by Madagascar Direct exports of B. therezieni from Madagascar to the EU-28 over the period mainly comprised wild-sourced live individuals to Germany, Czech Republic, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Italy (Table 2). Direct trade from Madagascar to the rest of the world mainly comprised wild-sourced live individuals to the United States, Japan and Canada. No indirect exports of B. therezieni to the EU-28 originating in Madagascar were reported Table 2: Direct exports of Brookesia therezieni from Madagascar to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by Total EU bodies S W Importer Exporter live T W Importer Exporter RoW bodies T I Importer 1 1 Exporter live T I Importer 4 4 Exporter W Importer Exporter specimens S W Importer Exporter Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 17/06/2014.

21 Brookesia therezieni Conservation status Brookesia therezieni occurs in mid-altitude rainforest of eastern Madagascar (Klaver and Böhme, 1997; Glaw and Vences, 2007) at altitudes between 900 and 1500 m above sea level (Jenkins et al., 2011c). 21 It was reported to occur in Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve (Andreone et al., 2000), Mantadia National Park, Andasibe Analamazaotra Special Reserve (Jenkins et al., 2011c; Glaw and Vences, 2007) and in the areas of An'Ala, Ankeniheny and Imerimandroso in eastern Madagascar (Glaw and Vences, 2007). Rabearivony and Thorstrom (2010) also reported its occurrence in Bemanevika (a protected area in process of creation) in northwestern Madagascar. The species was reported to be relatively abundant in the southern part of its range (Jenkins et al., 2011c). B. therezieni is categorised as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List, as although its habitat is declining and the population is likely to be fragmented, it has a relatively large distribution (extent of occurrence > km 2 ) (Jenkins et al., 2011c). The species was reported to have a decreasing population trend (Jenkins et al., 2011c). Threats to the species were reported to include rainforest loss through land clearance and slashand-burn farming (Jenkins et al., 2011c). Jenkins et al. (2011b) noted that further research should be carried out into the harvest levels and population trends of the species. B. therezieni was reported to be difficult to distinguish in the field from sympatrically living B. superciliaris (Ratsoavina et al., 2010), although this species is also categorised as Least Concern (Jenkins et al., 2011a).

22 Brookesia references References Andreone, F Crossroads of herpetological diversity: Survey work for an integrated conservation of amphibians and reptiles in northern Madagascar. Italian Journal of Zoology, 71 (sup2), p Andreone, F., Glaw, F., Nussbaum, R. a., Raxworthy, C. J., Vences, M. and Randrianirina, J. E The amphibians and reptiles of Nosy Be (NW Madagascar) and nearby islands: a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna. Journal of Natural History, 37 (17), p Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H Ecological and taxonomic observations on the amphibians and reptiles of the Andohahela low altitude rainforest, S. Madagascar. Revue Française d Aquariologie, 24, p Andreone, F. and Randrianirina, J. E The amphibians and reptiles of Kalambatritra, a littleknown rainforest of south-eastern Madagascar. Boll. Musc. reg. Sci. nat. Torino, 14 (1), p Andreone, F., Randrianirina, J. E., Jenkins, P. D. and Aprea, G Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at Ambolokopatrika, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation, 9, p Brygoo, E Reptiles Sauriens Chamaeleonidae - Genre Brookesia et complement pour le genre Chamaeleo. Faune de Madagascar, 47, p Brygoo, E. and Domergue, C Notes sur les Brookesia de Madagascar IX. Observations sur B. tuberculata Mocquard, 1894, B. ramanantsoai sp. nov. et B. peyrierasi nom. nov. (Reptilia, Squamata, Chamaeleontidae). Bulletin du Musee d Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 267, p Carpenter, A. I. and Robson, O A review of the endemic chameleon genus Brookesia from Madagascar, and the rationale for its listing on CITES Appendix II. Oryx, 39 (4), p D Cruze, N., Kohler, J., Franzen, M. and Glaw, F A conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of the Forêt d Ambre Special Reserve, north Madagascar. Madagascar Conservation & Development, 3 (1), p D Cruze, N., Sabel, J., Green, K., Dawson, J., Gardner, C., Robinson, J., Starkie, G., Vences, M. and Glaw, F The first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at Montagne des Francais, Madagascar. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 2 (2), p Durkin, L., Steer, M. D. and Belle, El. M. S Herpetological surveys of forest fragments between Montagne d Ambre National Park and Ankarana Special Reserve, Northern Madagascar. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 6 (1), p Glaw, F., Hawlitschek, O. and Ruthensteiner, B Correspondence. A new genus name for an ancient Malagasy chameleon clade and a PDF-embedded 3D model of its skeleton. Salamandra, 49 (4), p Glaw, F., Köhler, J., Townsend, T. M. and Vences, M Rivaling the world s smallest reptiles: discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (Brookesia) from northern Madagascar. PloS one, 7 (2). Glaw, F. and Vences, M A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. 3rd ed. Cologne: Vences & Glaw Verlag, p.495. Glaw, F., Vences, M., Ziegler, T., Bohme, W. and Kohler, J Specific distinctness and biogeography of the dwarf chameleons Brookesia minima, B. peyrierasi and B. tuberculata (Reptilia : Chamaeleonidae): evidence from hemipenial and external morphology. Journal of Zoology (London), 247, p Jenkins, R Richard Jenkins (Chair, IUCN Chameleon Specialist Group), pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 31/07/2014. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Brady, L., Glaw, F., Griffiths, R. A., Rabibisoa, N., Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C. and Randrianiriana, J. 22

23 Brookesia references Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011a. Brookesia superciliaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 10 July 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Brady, L., Glaw, F., Griffiths, R. A., Rabibisoa, N., Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C., Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. and Carpenter, A. 2011b. Brookesia griveaudi. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 24 June 2011]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Brady, L., Glaw, F., Griffiths, R. A., Rabibisoa, N. Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C., Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. and Raxworthy, C. J. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011c. Brookesia therezieni. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 25 June 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Brady, L., Glaw, F., Griffiths, R. A., Rabibisoa, N. Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C. and Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011d. Palleon nasus. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 25 June 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Glaw, F., Rabibisoa, N. Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C. and Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011e. Brookesia betschi. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 24 June 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Glaw, F., Rabibisoa, N. Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C. and Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011f. Brookesia ebenaui. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 24 June 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Glaw, F., Rabibisoa, N. Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C. and Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011g. Brookesia minima. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 24 June 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Andreone, F. Andriamazava, A. Anjeriniaina, M., Glaw, F., Rabibisoa, N. Rakotomalala, D. Randrianantoandro, J. C. and Randrianiriana, J. Randrianizahana, H. Ratsoavina, F. Robsomanitrandrasana, E. 2011h. Brookesia peyrierasi. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version Available at: [Accessed: 25 June 2014]. Jenkins, R. K. B., Brady, L. D., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J. and Griffiths, R. A Forest disturbance and river proximity influence chameleon abundance in Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 109 (3), p Jenkins, R. K. B., Huston, K., Kauffmann, J. L. D., Rabearivony, J., Raveloson, G. and Rowcliffe, J. M The population status of chameleons within Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and recommendations for future monitoring. Oryx, 33 (1), p Klaver, C. J. J. and Böhme, W Chamaeleonidae. In: Wermuth, H. (ed.), Das Tierreich, Part 112, Berlin and New York: Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co. Lehtinen, R. M., Ramanamanjato, J. and Raveloarison, J. G Edge effects and extinction proneness in a herpetofauna from Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, p Lehtinen, R. M. and Ramanamanjato, J.-B Effects of rainforest fragmentation and correlates of local extinction in a herpetofauna from Madagascar. Applied Herpetology, 3 (2), p

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