EU WILDLIFE TRADE Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries annual reports to CITES 2015

Transcription

1 EU WILDLIFE TRADE 215 Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries annual reports to CITES 215

2 EU Wildlife Trade 215 EU Wildlife Trade 215: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries annual reports to CITES 215 Prepared for: The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium. Published: September 217. Copyright: European Commission 217. Citation: UNEP-WCMC EU Wildlife Trade 215: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries annual reports to CITES 215. The UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of UN Environment, the world s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centre has been in operation for over 35 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice. CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Overview of CITES trade 4 3. Species showing noteworthy trends Estimated financial value of EU trade 42 Annex A: Supplementary information 5 Annex B: Methodology 53 Annex C: Additional species selected 55 This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement to the source is made. Reuse of any figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from UN Environment. Applications for permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be sent to the Director, UNEP- WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 DL, UK. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UN Environment, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Environment or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UN Environment. UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 DL, UK Tel: Layout: Ralph Design Ltd, UN Environment promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged.

3 Executive summary 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides a detailed analysis of the trade data submitted by EU Member States and candidate countries in their CITES annual reports for 215. The EU remained an important importing market in 215, with just over 1 import transactions reported, approximately one quarter of all import transactions reported globally. Imports in 215 comprised over 315 taxa, of which three quarters were plants. As in previous years, live ornamental plants were the commodity imported in the highest quantities by the EU in 215. Almost all of this trade was for commercial purposes and predominantly comprised wild-sourced snowdrops and artificially propagated cacti and orchids. Other highly imported plant commodities included artificially propagated stems and leaves. Reptile skins and small manufactured reptile leather products for the fashion industry, African cherry bark (Prunus africana) for medicines and conch for food were also imported at notable levels in 215. Export and re-export transactions reported by the EU in 215 increased by 7% compared to 214, reaching nearly 34 transactions. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the export of live ornamental plants, which more than tripled compared to 214, due to an increase in exports of artificially propagated orchids from the Netherlands to non-eu European destinations such as Norway and Turkey. Similarly to imports, reptile small leather products were re-exported at high volumes to Switzerland and skin pieces to Tunisia; most of these products were made from wild-sourced alligators. Live small giant clams (Tridacna maxima) was the main wild-sourced product directly exported from the EU, the vast majority of which were reported by France (overseas territories) and were destined for the United States. Candidate countries primarily reported the import of wild-sourced Python and fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) skins, while exports predominantly comprised (re-)exports of live snowdrops to the Netherlands. Species levels were assessed against noteworthy trends criteria based on the methodology that was used in the CITES Review of Significant Trade selection process post-cop17. In particular, species were selected on the basis of high volume, high volume (globally threatened), sharp increase (global), sharp increase (country level) or trade in endangered species. In 215, 11 taxa imported into the EU as wild-sourced or ranched specimens showed noteworthy trends. Of these, 49 are discussed in further detail in this report. The majority of these were corals, followed by reptiles and plants. In 215, the estimated financial value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals increased by approximately two thirds compared to 214 to reach EUR 1.1 billion; this value was primarily made up of leather products, skins and raw corals. The estimated financial value of animal exports from the EU was approximately EUR 1.7 billion, of which the vast majority (8%) was accounted for by small luxury leather goods made from reptiles. The value of plant imports in 215 decreased by 13% compared to 214, to approximately EUR 227 million, with live plants, bark and timber accounting for 88% of the total value. Plant exports were estimated to be valued at EUR 28 million in 215, over double the value of 214, which is likely due to the increased quantity of live artificially propagated orchids exported from the EU in 215.

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5 Introduction 3 1. INTRODUCTION This report provides a comprehensive overview of international wildlife trade by European Union (EU) Member States and candidate countries 1 in 215 (Figure 1.1). The aim of this analysis is to inform future trade management in the EU, in order to ensure that international trade in wildlife is sustainable. The report comprises a broad overview of the EU and candidate countries trade in 215; a detailed analysis of species showing noteworthy trends in imports of wild-sourced and ranched specimens, including analysis of those species listed in the EU Annexes but not included in the CITES Appendices; and the economic value of EU imports and exports in 215. Species under international trade management are listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations 2, which enforce CITES in the EU. Member States of the EU are required to submit annual reports detailing their trade in species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. This analysis is based on trade data reported by EU Member States and candidate countries in their annual reports to CITES which was downloaded from the CITES Trade Database (trade.cites.org) on 6th June 217. The analysis contains data from all 28 Member States and the four candidate countries (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (hereafter referred to as FYR Macedonia), Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey) that had submitted their annual reports for 215 at the time of data extraction. Further details of the data included, including details of the basis of compilation of annual reports, can be found in Annex A. Figure 1.1: EU Member States (28, in blue) and candidate countries (5, in green) in 215. Overseas territories outside the European region are not shown. 1 Five countries were candidate countries to the EU in 215: Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. 2 During 215, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 amended by (EU) No 1158/212, and Implementing Regulation (EC) No 865/26 amended by (EC) No 1/28, (EU) No 791/212 and (EU) No 792/212.

6 4 EU Wildlife Trade OVERVIEW OF CITES TRADE This chapter provides a general overview of international trade in CITES-listed species in the EU, first focussing on imports and then on exports. In both cases direct and indirect trade are considered together unless otherwise specified. More detailed insights into particular species showing patterns of noteworthy trade are presented in Chapter 3. An overview of CITES-listed trade in candidate countries to the EU is also provided below. EU Member States Imports The EU is a major import market for international trade in CITES-listed species, reporting over 1 import transactions in 215, a slight increase compared to 214. When considered in the global context, EUreported import transactions accounted for nearly one quarter of transactions reported globally in 215. As in previous years, almost all transactions were reported for commercial purposes (94%). Imports into the EU in 215 involved a diverse range of taxa (3154 taxa), of which 72% were plants. EU imports in 215 comprised over 28 million items that can be equated to one individual (Figure 2.1), and 2.8 million kg of commodities reported by weight (Figure 2.2). Imports by weight included African cherry (Prunus africana) bark, queen conch (Strombus gigas) meat and raw stony corals (Scleractinia). In addition, stems, leaves and manufactured leather products were imported at high volumes. Key commodities imported by the EU are summarised in Table 2.1 and included: Live ornamental plants, primarily wild-sourced snowdrops (Galanthus woronowii) imported from Turkey. Other plants traded in high volumes were mainly artificially-propagated, including cacti predominantly from Ethiopia, cycads from Honduras and China, orchids from Taiwan, Province of China (hereafter referred to as Taiwan, PoC) and Thailand and cyclamen from Turkey; Artificially propagated Rhipsalis stems, mainly from Tanzania, and Cycas revoluta leaves from Costa Rica; Reptile skins for the leather industry, including those of wild-sourced alligator (Alligator mississippiensis; mainly from the United States of America, hereafter referred to as the United States), captive-bred pythons originating in Viet Nam and ranched Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) predominantly from Zimbabwe; and Small leather products of wild-sourced reptiles, predominantly from alligators originating in the United States and imported from Switzerland and Tunisia. Galanthus woronowii

7 Overview of CITES trade 5 Strombus gigas Figure 2.1: Main groups imported as number of individuals (live, skins, skulls, bodies, trophies) in millions, in 215. Total = 28 million individuals. Plotted data represents 98% of trade reported as individuals.

8 6 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Figure 2.2: Main groups imported by weight (in tonnes) in 215. Total = 29 tonnes Plotted data represents 98% of trade reported by weight. Acipenser baerii

9 Overview of CITES trade 7 Table 2.1: Imports of commodities by the EU in quantities greater than 5 units in 215, by group (all sources excluding I). Source code A = artificially propagated; W = wild-sourced. Term Quantity imported Main source Trend No. taxa involved Main (re-)exporter Main taxa in trace (%) Live plants W (69%) 14% Turkey (67%) Galanthus woronowii (68%) Stems A (>99%) 1%+ 17 Tanzania (72%) Rhipsalis baccifera (29%) Plant leaves A (>99%) 37%- 12 Costa Rica (>99%) Cycas revoluta (99%) Reptile skins W (65%) 12%- 3 United States (24%) Alligator mississippiensis (31%) Reptile small leather products W (87%) 4%+ 31 Switzerland (49%) Alligator mississippiensis (78%) Bark (kg) W (1%) 39%- 1 Cameroon (78%) Prunus africana (1%) Invertebrate meat (kg) W (1%) 6%+ 1 Jamaica (1%) Strombus gigas (1%) Live corals W (56%) 7%+ 178 Indonesia (57%) Acropora spp. (22%) Figure 2.3 shows the main trade routes for imports into the EU from each of the six CITES regions: Figure 2.3: Main groups directly imported by the EU from each of the six CITES regions. Groups are ordered by trade volumes shaded by source black: >75% captive-bred/artificially propagated; blue: >75% wild, grey: >75% ranched.

10 8 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Exports In 215, EU Member States reported nearly 34 export transactions, of which 57% were re-exports and the remainder direct. Compared to 214, the number of export transactions reported by the EU increased by 7%; this increase can mainly be attributed to an increase in the export of live plants from the Netherlands. A total of 2374 different taxa were exported from the EU, of which nearly 6% were plants. Exports comprised nearly 14 million items that can be equated to one individual and 6.3 million kg of commodities reported by weight (Figure 2.4 and 2.5). In addition, manufactured leather products, skin pieces and live sturgeon eggs were traded at notable levels. Live artificially propagated ornamental plants were the top commodity exported by the EU in 215, with levels in 215 increasing three fold compared to 214 (Table 2.2). Of these, orchids made up more than half of this trade (54%) and were primarily destined for Norway and Turkey from the Netherlands. Other plants exported in high volumes were snowdrops (Galanthus spp.), for which the main importer was the United States, and cacti destined for the non-eu European market (Turkey and Switzerland). Figure 2.4: Main groups exported as number of individuals (live, skins, skulls, bodies or trophies) in millions, in 215. Total = 14 million individuals. Plotted data represents 98% of trade as individuals.

11 Overview of CITES trade 9 Other key exports from the EU in 215 were: Wild-sourced reptile leather products, three quarters of which comprised A. mississippiensis destined for Switzerland; Reptile skin pieces for the leather goods trade, principally involving wild-sourced A. mississippiensis skin pieces exported to Tunisia and Mauritius; and Captive-bred live sturgeon eggs (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. baerii and A. ruthenus), most of which were destined for China and Madagascar. Figure 2.5: Main groups exported by weight (in tonnes) in 215. Total = 63 tonnes. Plotted data represents 98% of trade by weight. Alligator mississippiensis

12 1 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Ursus arctos Table 2.2: (Re-)exports of commodities by the EU in quantities greater than 1 units in 215, by group (all sources excluding I). Source code A = artificially propagated; W = wild-sourced. Excludes trade reported as specimens. Group Term (unit) Quantity (re-)exported Main source Trend No. taxa involved Main destination Main taxa (%) Plants live A (98%) 276% Norway (21%); Turkey (67%) Phalaenopsis hybrid (5%) Reptiles leather products (small) W (79%) 8%+ 43 Switzerland (56%) Alligator mississippiensis (61%) Reptiles skin pieces W (93%) 39%+ 14 Tunisia (37%) Fish eggs (live) 9275 C (1%) 42%- 3 China (65%) Alligator mississippiensis (92%) Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (53%) Plants medicine A (95%) 28%- 3 Reptiles skins W (61%) 22%- 26 Fish fingerlings 181 C (1%) 248%+ 3 Inverts live C (79%) 4%+ 14 Reptiles derivatives F (92%) 21%+ 2 Timber bark (kg) W (1%) 126%+ 1 Plants powder W (1%) 3955%+ 1 United States (89%) Switzerland (25%) Switzerland (66%) United States (57%) United States (34%) Madagascar (>99%) Republic of Korea (79%) Hydrastis canadensis (94%) Alligator mississippiensis (37%) Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (67%) Hirudo medicinalis (68%) Daboia russelii (>99%) Prunus africana (1%) Sphaeropteris medullaris (1%)

13 Overview of CITES trade 11 Figure 2.6 shows the main trade routes for direct exports from the EU to each of the six CITES regions: Figure 2.6: Main groups directly exported by the EU from each of the 6 CITES regions. Groups are ordered by trade volume. All trade was >75% captive-bred/artificially propagated. Arrow width denotes relative volumes. Live small giant clams (Tridacna maxima) were the main wild-sourced direct exports from the EU with over 14 exported by France 3 for commercial purposes in 215, almost all of which were destined for the United States. Excluding trade for scientific purposes (which mainly comprised mammal and coral specimens), the next most highly exported wild commodity was hunting trophies (69 trophies), the majority of which were brown bears (Ursus arctos) exported from Romania. As in 214, the majority of exports of Annex A taxa were captive-produced or artificially propagated; plant seeds, live plants and live reptiles were key commodities exported. Trade reported as pre- Convention predominantly comprised ivory carvings ( pieces and 3 kg), and ivory pieces and timber carvings and veneer. As in previous years, China was the main destination of ivory carvings, accounting for three quarters of pre-convention re-exports of ivory carvings. Loxodonta africana 3 Tridacna maxima is native to French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Réunion.

14 12 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Candidate countries Imports Approximately 48 transactions involving CITESlisted species were reported by the four candidate countries who had submitted annual reports for 215 at the time of writing (Turkey, Serbia, FYR Macedonia and Montenegro). Of these, more than 9% were reported by Turkey. As in previous years, in contrast to imports into the EU, the majority imports into candidate countries in 215 involved animal products, with reptile and mammal skins the top commodities imported (Figure 2.7). Of these, wild-sourced python skins originating in Malaysia and Indonesia and wildsourced fur seal skins from Namibia accounted for approximately a third each. Wild-sourced Captive-produced Ranched 5, 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Reptile skins Mammal skins Reptile small leather products Live birds Raw corals Mammal skin pieces Fingerlings Figure 2.7: Commodities imported by candidate countries at greater than 1 units in 215, by source. Exports Candidate countries reported 775 (re-)export transactions in 215, a decline of 11% compared to 214. Just over three quarters of (re-)export transactions were reported by Turkey. Live plants were the main commodity exported by candidate countries, with over 26 million exported in 215. Of these, approximately half were directly exported and the other half were re-exports from Georgia. Two thirds of plants (re-)exported were wild-sourced and the remainder were artificially propagated. All plants (re-)exported were snowdrops (G. woronowii; greater than 9%), cyclamen or Sternburgia, exported by Turkey to the Netherlands. Arctocephalus pusilus.

15 Species showing noteworthy trends SPECIES SHOWING NOTEWORTHY TRENDS Varanus salvator This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries in 215 that showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or ranched trade. Species were selected according to one or more of the following criteria: high volume of trade in 215, high volume of trade in a globally threatened species, sharp increase in trade in 215 at the global level, a sharp increase in trade in 215 from a particular exporting country or trade in 215 in an endangered species. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below, with further details available in Annex A. From a total of 18 taxa showing noteworthy trends in EU imports in 215, 47 are discussed in further detail in Table 3.1. Of these, invertebrates (including 17 coral taxa) had the highest number of taxa showing noteworthy trends (19), followed by reptiles (9), fish (6), plants (6), amphibians (2) mammals (2), timber (2) and birds (1). Seventy per cent of the taxa selected were also selected in the 214 Analysis. Nine Annex D species were selected, which were predominantly plants (6); one reptile, fish and invertebrate species were also selected. Thirteen taxa showed noteworthy trends in candidate country imports in 215 including birds (7), reptile (1) and invertebrates (5) (including four coral taxa).

16 14 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Methods In 215, the selection process followed the methodology that was discussed by the 2nd meeting of the Advisory Working Group (AWG) of the Evaluation of the Review of Significant Trade (held in Shepherdstown, 215) and was used for the Review of Significant Trade selection process following CoP17 4. Data included In the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only EU- and candidate countryreported direct imports from wild, ranched and unknown sources, as well as trade reported without a source specified, were considered. Terms that cannot easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g. feathers, hair, specimens) were not included within the selection process, with the exception of certain terms 5 that were considered to be traded in sufficiently high quantities to merit further scrutiny. Conversion factors were applied to all trade data (see Annex A) to make them comparable and more easily equated to numbers of individuals. Trade data for Annex D species was included in the selection process separately and the species selected are presented in Table 3.2. Species selection methodology The dataset was filtered using a set of criteria to extract the species showing noteworthy patterns of trade. The selection of species highlighted in this detailed analysis was derived using the following framework: Trade levels were selected as noteworthy according to five criteria: i) Endangered Species: Species categorised as Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN) according to The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (any species-country combinations with trade meet the criteria); ii) Sharp Increase (Global): Taxa showing a sharp increase in global trade in 215, in comparison to the average over the preceding five-year period (21-214); iii) Sharp Increase (Country): Taxa showing a sharp increase in trade in 215 at the country level (for countries of export) in comparison to the average over the preceding five-year period (21-214); iv) High Volume: Taxa traded at levels considered to be high compared to other taxa in their order over the most recent five year period ( ); v) High Volume (Globally Threatened): Globally threatened 6, Near-Threatened (NT) and Data Deficient (DD) taxa traded at relatively high volumes for their Order over the most recent five year period ( ). Further details on these criteria are summarized in Annex A, including a detailed description of each criterion. 4 See AC 29 Doc A2 (Rev 1) ( and PC 23 Doc Annex 2 ( org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/23/e-pc a2.pdf) 5 Bark, caviar, extract, meat, musk, powder, raw corals, roots, timber and wax. 6 To be considered globally threatened, a species must be categorised as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List.

17 Species showing noteworthy trends 15 Papio ursinus Species selected All species presented in the following tables were selected on the basis of sharp increase (global), sharp increase (country), endangered species or were selected on the basis of high volume or high volume (globally threatened) and had not been selected in the previous five Analyses. Tables 3.1 (p.16) and 3.3 (p.4) provide a summary of trade in 215 for the species selected, and additional relevant information such as SRG opinions and CITES export quotas. The trade accounts cover all direct trade in the sources included in the selection process (wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified), in all terms, as reported by the EU (in the case of species selected on the basis of EU imports) or candidate countries (in the case of cove species selected on the basis of candidate country imports). Trade levels are presented graphically in Figure 3.1 for those species included in Table 3.1, with the exception of species selected on the basis of trade for scientific or reintroduction purposes and cases where minimal trade was reported in years prior to 215. Table 3.2 includes summary details on those Annex D species which were selected as showing noteworthy trends. The list of species that were selected according to the criteria outlined above on the basis of EU or candidate country imports, but not included in Table 3.1, is presented in Annex C.

18 16 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Table 3.1: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 215 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade (global), sharp increase in trade (country) or trade in endangered species. Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes ANNEX A: BIRDS A I Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot) EN High volume (GT) Endangered species 211, 212, 213, 214 In 215, P. erithacus was listed in Annex B/ Appendix II. Wild-sourced imports in 215 comprised two live birds for commercial purposes (imported from the Central African Republic and DRC and two specimens for scientific purposes (imported from Cameroon and Gabon). Imports of live, wild-sourced birds decreased , with highest levels reported in 26 (621 birds). In 215, the SRG had a positive opinion in place for Cameroon (confirmed 12/6/26), DRC (confirmed 13/6/25) and Central African Republic (formed 16/9/1999). In 215, DRC published a quota of 5 live individuals and Cameroon published a quota of 3 live, wild-taken individuals. P. erithacus was selected for Review of Significant Trade following CoP12, with Cameroon categorised as Urgent Concern and DRC as Possible Concern (AC22 Doc. 1.2), with various recommendations adopted by the Standing Committee (SC55 Doc. 17 Annex)). The species was selected again following CoP15, except for countries with previous recommendations still in effect, including Cameroon and DRC (AC26 Doc 12.3). Following CoP17, P. erithacus was uplisted to Appendix I on 2/1/217 and EU Annex A on 4/2/217; EU opinions for this Annex A species were subsequently removed.

19 Species showing noteworthy trends 17 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) ANNEX B: MAMMALS A/B II Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga Whale) B II Papio ursinus (Chacma Baboon) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes NT High volume (GT) In 215, the EU imported 47 kg wildsourced D. leucas meat for purpose code P ; all imported by Denmark from Greenland. Imports of wild-sourced meat declined 23% compared to 214, with similarly high levels reported in 211. LC High volume 211 Wild-sourced imports in 215 mainly comprised trophies and trophy parts reported as purpose H, P and T equating to approximately 383 individuals (265 skulls, 97 trophies, 15 skins, four bodies and two feet). A permit analysis identified a number of cases where skins and skulls were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals involved in the trade to approximately 373. The main exporters of P. ursinus to the EU in 215 were Namibia (65%), South Africa (26%) and Zimbabwe (9%). Imports of P. ursinus trophy items varied little from 214 but decreased 15% compared to 213. The SRG formed positive opinions for South Africa and Zimbabwe on 29/1/21.

20 18 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) ANNEX B: REPTILES A/B I/II Crocodylus niloticus (Nile Crocodile) B II Crocodylus novaeguineae (New Guinea Crocodile) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** LC Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Mozambique; Namibia; Zimbabwe) LC Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Indonesia) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes 213, 214 Global imports of C. niloticus into the EU in 215 primarily comprised kg ranched meat and skins, nearly all of which were ranched (>99%). Imports of meat increased 2.5 times compared to 214, reaching the highest levels of the ten-year period; imports of skins remained stable compared to 214. Imports into the EU , from Mozambique, primarily comprised ranched skins (831) for purpose T, with the vast majority imported 214 (47) and 215 (341). Import levels in 214 increase 2-fold in comparison to 213. Wild-sourced imports from Namibia in 215 primarily comprised 722 skins imported for commercial purposes. 215 was the first year that more than three skins had been imported from Namibia during the ten-year period. In 215, Mozambique published a quota of 18 wild-taken specimens, Namibia published a quota of 25 hunting trophies (skins), Zambia published a quota of trophies and skins from 3 animals and Zimbabwe published a quota of 2 sport hunted specimens. This species was reviewed for Zimbabwe for SRG 74, following which a positive opinion was formed for ranched specimens on 25/1/216 (confirmed on 23/3/216 and 27/6/216). A positive opinion was also formed for wild specimens from Zimbabwe on 2/1/216, which then changed to a positive opinion for wild trophies but a negative opinion for wild specimens except for hunting trophies on 23/3/216 (confirmed on 27/6/216). Imports from Zimbabwe in 215 primarily comprised kg ranched meat for commercial purposes and ranched skins for commercial purposes. Ranched meat for commercial purposes was reported 27 and ; imports in 215 increased approximately 15% in comparison with 214, representing the highest levels of the ten-year period. Imports of ranched skins remained relatively stable compared to 214. Imports of C. novaeguineae in 215 primarily comprised wild-sourced skins for commercial purposes, with 1274 skins imported from Indonesia. Imports of wild-sourced skins in 215 were five times greater compared to 214, reaching the highest levels of import for the ten-year period. Between 26 and 215, 98% wild-sourced skins were imported into the EU from Indonesia. In 215, Indonesia published a quota of 13 5 wild-taken and 85 ranched skins and skin products/ live specimens. C. novaeguineae from Papua New Guinea was reviewed for SRG 44, following which a positive opinion was formed on 26/5/28.

21 Species showing noteworthy trends 19 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) B II Brookesia thieli (Domergue's Leaf Chameleon) B II Phelsuma grandis (Madagascar Giant Day Gecko) B II Salvator rufescens (Argentine Tegu) B II Varanus rudicollis (Rough-necked Monitor) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes LC Sharp Increase (global) Imports of B. thieli in 215 solely comprised 89 live animals imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Imports increased from 2 live animals in 214, resulting in the highest level of import of the ten year period. Imports in all other years remained below 51 animals. In 215, B. thieli from Madagascar had a positive opinion (formed on 13/12/24). An overview of status, management and trade in Brookesia spp. was provided for SRG69. A no opinion ii) was formed for B. thieli at SRG 77 on 7/11/216 (confirmed on 6/2/217 and 21/6/217). In 215, Madagascar published a quota of 5 live specimens. LC Sharp Increase (global) Imports of P. grandis into the EU in 215 consisted of 1 live, wild-sourced animals for commercial purposes, all imported from Madagascar. Imports reported in 215 were almost double those reported in 214 (58 animals). Imports of P. grandis were first reported in 212 (six individuals) and have increased year-on-year since. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Phelsuma madagascariensis (from which P. grandis was split following CoP15) on 26/9/26. In 215, Madagascar published a quota of 15 live individuals. LC High volume In 215, wild-sourced imports of S. rufescens almost entirely comprised 18 2 skins for commercial purposes, imported from Argentina. Imports of skins increased 16% in comparison to 214, to approximately one quarter of the levels reported in 26 (71 252), which represents the highest levels of the ten-year period. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Argentina on 22/7/1997 (confirmed on 2/12/28). Tupinambis rufescens was reviewed for SRG 46 (Argentina) and SRG 63 (Bolivia). Salvator split from Tupinambis in 217, following taxonomic changes adopted at CoP17. Tupinambis spp. was included in the Review of Significant Trade at AC9 in September 1993, with no recommendations issued for Argentina. - Sharp Increase (global) In 215, EU imports of V. rudicollis comprised 149 live, wild-sourced animals imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. Imports of V. rudicollis in 215 increased approximately four times in comparison to 214, reaching similar levels to those reported in 28. Imports remained below 8 individuals in all other years in the ten-year period. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia on 21/6/217 following SRG 79. In 215, Indonesia published a quota of 9 live specimens. Reviewed for Malaysia for SRG 74.

22 2 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes B II Varanus salvator (Water Monitor) LC High volume; Sharp increase (Malaysia) 21, 211, 212, 213, 214 The majority (97%) of V. salvator imports in 215 consisted of wild-sourced skins for commercial purposes, imported from Malaysia (51%) and Indonesia (49%). Imports of skins in 215 represented a 19% increase relative to 214, continuing a year-on-year increase since 212 to the highest levels reported for the ten-year period. In 215, wild-sourced skins from V. salvator were imported into the EU from Malaysia for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins from Malaysia increased > 5.5 times in comparison to 214, the highest levels reported for the ten-year period. The species was reviewed for SRG 41 (all range States with focus on Indonesia and Malaysia), SRG 54 (China, India and Singapore), SRG 74 (Malaysia) and SRG 79 (Thailand). A positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 29/2/28. A former positive opinion for V. salvator from Malaysia was replaced by a no opinion ii) for Varanus spp. on 25/1/216 (confirmed on 27/6/216 and 21/6/217). In 215, Malaysia published a quota of 3 Varanus spp. for Sabah, and Indonesia published a quota of 54 live V. salvator and skins and skin products. ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS B II Oophaga sylvatica NT Sharp increase 214 In 215, the Netherlands imported 76 ranched O. sylvatica from Ecuador for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 almost doubled compared to imports in 214 (41). No wildsourced or ranched trade was reported The species was reviewed for SRG 66, following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Ecuador on 6/12/213. A positive opinion for wild-sourced trade from Ecuador was formed after SRG 68 on 28/5/214 and this was confirmed after SRG 73 on 15/9/215. B II Mantella betsileo (Bronze Mantella) LC High volume EU imports of wild-sourced M. betsileo in 215 comprised 416 live frogs imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 increased by a third compared to 214, but remained below peak volumes reported in 211 (976). This species was considered at SRG 55 and a positive opinion for Madagascar was confirmed on 11/3/211. In 215 Madagascar published a quota for 3 live M. betsileo; EU imports in 215 accounted for 14% of this quota. Mantella spp. was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP13 and reviewed in 28 (AC23 Doc. 8.4), following which Madagascar was requested to analyse the taxonomic split of M. ebenaui from M. betsileo and adapt the export quota accordingly (AC24 Doc. 7.3). Actions for the species are now considered to have been completed (AC24 Doc. 9.2).

23 Species showing noteworthy trends 21 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) ANNEX B: FISH B II Lamna nasus (Porbeagle Shark) B II Sphyrna lewini (Hammerhead shark) B II Cheilinus undulatus (Humphead Wrasse) B II Hippocampus breviceps (Shortsnouted Seahorse) B II Hippocampus subelongatus (West Australian Seahorse) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** VU High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Norway) EN High volume (GT); Endangered species EN High volume (GT); Endangered species DD Sharp Increase (global) DD Sharp Increase (global) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes 214 In 215, Denmark imported 858 kg wildsourced L. nasus meat for commercial purposes from Norway (87%) and the Faroe Islands (13%). As the L. nasus CITES Appendix II listing entered into effect on 14/9/214, records of imports are only available 214 and 215. L. nasus was listed in Appendix III on 25/9/212, then transferred to Appendix II on 12/6/213 (coming into effect on 14/9/214). The species was reviewed for SRG 78, following which a negative opinion was formed for Norway and Faroe Islands on 6/2/217 (confirmed on 21/6/217), and a no opinion iii) was formed for Japan (Northeast Atlantic stock) on 6/2/217. In 215, the Netherlands imported 18 live S. lewini from Australia for commercial purposes. No trade in this species was reported in 214, as the S. lewini CITES Appendix II listing entered into effect on 14/9/214, records of imports are only available 214 and 215. S. lewini was listed in Appendix III on 25/9/212, then transferred to Appendix II on 12/6/213 (coming into effect on 14/9/214). Four live, wild-sourced C. undulatus were imported by the Netherlands (75%) and France (25%) in 215, for purpose Z, imported from Australia. Imports fluctuated between 1 and 6 individuals. In 215, the SRG had a "no opinion" in place for Australia, which was formed on 29/2/28. The SRG formed a no opinion i) for Australia at SRG 77 on 7/11/216. In 215, all wild-sourced imports in H. breviceps comprised 12 live animals for commercial purposes, imported from Australia. Imports of H. breviceps were only reported 29, 211 and 215, with three time as many live animals imported 215 than 29. Endemic to Australia. Wild-sourced imports in H. subelongatus in 215 comprised 285 live animals for commercial purposes, imported from Australia. Imports of H. subelongatus were reported 27, and 215, with imports increasing almost ten-fold between 211 and 215. Endemic to Australia.

24 22 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes B II Hippocampus zosterae (Dwarf Seahorse) - Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (United States) 213, 214 Wild-sourced imports for H. zosterae in 215 comprised 6 live animals for commercial purposes, imported from the United States. Imports increased approximately three times in comparison to 214, reaching the highest levels of the ten-year period. ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES (NON-CORALS) B II Hirudo verbana (Southern Medicinal Leech) - High volume Hirudo medicinalis selected: 21, 211, 212 In 215, imports of H. verbana predominantly (93%) comprised 342 kg live wild-sourced animals for commercial purposes, imported from Turkey. Imports more than tripled compared to 214 but remained lower than peak levels reported in 212. All imports were reported as H. medicinalis up until 21, following which both H. medicinalis and H. verbana were reported 211 and 212. H. verbana split from H. medicinalis following CITES CoP15. Reviewed for SRG 51 as H. medicinalis (sensu lato), following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/2/21, and subsequently formed for H. verbana, last confirmed on 11/3/211. In 215, Turkey published a quota of 2 kg of wild-taken live or frozen specimens. Selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16, reviewed in 217 (AC29 Doc Annex 1) and categorised as 'Less concern'. B II Tridacna squamosa (Fluted Giant Clam) LR/cd High volume (GT); Sharp Increase (global) 214 Wild-sourced T. squamosa imported in 215 consisted of 2 live animals for commercial purposes, imported from Australia. Imports of live T. squamosa in 215 had doubled in respect to 214 and had increased 1-fold since the first reported imports of the ten-year period (211). The species (all range states) was reviewed for SRG 58 following which a no opinion i) for wild specimens was formed for Australia and Malaysia on 2/12/211. T. squamosa from Australia was reviewed for SRG78, following which a no opinion ii) was formed on 6/2/217, changing to a positive opinion on 21/6/217. T. squamosa from Solomon Islands was included in the Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 (AC26 Doc. 12.2), with ongoing actions for Solomon Islands (AC28 Doc. 9.3).

25 Species showing noteworthy trends 23 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** ANNEX B: CORALS B II Montipora mollis LC Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) B II Pavona maldivensis LC Sharp Increase (global) B II Euphyllia paraancora (Branching Anchor Coral) VU Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes 211 In 215, EU imports of M. mollis comprised 28 live, wild-sourced corals imported from Australia to France for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 increased 4.5 times in comparison with 214; imports were reported only, all of which were imported from Australia. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Montipora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. Wild-sourced imports of P. maldivensis in 215 comprised 346 live animals for commercial purposes, imported from Tonga (85%) and Australia (15%). Imports in 215 were nearly five times greater than in 214, reaching the highest levels As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Pavona is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. 214 The majority of E. paraancora imported in 215 comprised 1266 live, wild-sourced corals, predominantly imported from Australia (85%). Live imports increased more than fivefold between 213 and 214 and remained at similar levels in 215. Imports from Australia were first reported 211 and increased almost 1-fold to peak in 214. A trade assessment for coral species where identification to genus level is acceptable was produced for SRG 69 and E. paraancora from Fiji was reviewed for SRG 74. A positive opinion for raw corals of the genus Euphyllia for Australia was formed on 7/11/214.

26 24 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes B II Plerogyra simplex NT Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Fiji) Wild-sourced imports of P. simplex in 215 consisted of 17 live corals for commercial purposes, imported predominantly from Fiji (91%) and the remainder from the Solomon Islands. France was the largest importer within the EU, reporting 86% of total imports. Imports in 215 increased 174% in comparison to 214, resulting in the highest levels of the ten-year period. In 215, the SRG had a positive opinion for Fiji, formed on 15/9/28 (confirmed on 7/11/214) and a no opinion i) for Plerogyra spp. raw corals from Solomon Islands, formed on 7/11/214. In 215, Fiji published quotas of kg of Scleractinia spp. live rock and 2 pieces of P. simplex, live or dead. P. simplex was selected for Review of Significant Trade following CoP15 with Fiji and Solomon Islands reviewed for AC27 and categorised as Possible Concern and of Least Concern, respectively (AC27 Doc (Rev.1)). After failing to comply with recommendations of the Animals Committee, a CITES suspension for P. simplex from Fiji was put in place on 16/3/216 (CITES Notif. No. 216/18), and a corresponding negative opinion for Fiji, formed on 7/11/216. B II Plerogyra sinuosa (Bladder Coral) NT High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Tonga) 211 In 215, the EU imported 9258 live, wildsourced P. sinuosa for commercial purposes, predominantly from Australia (94%). Imports increased 9% , however peaked in 211 (14 21). EU imports from Tonga in 215 comprised 335 live, wild-sourced P. sinuosa, over double the imports reported in 214. Imports were only reported from Tonga and during this period imports more than doubled year on year to the highest reported levels in 215. In 215, the SRG has a positive opinion for Australia, confirmed on 2/6/211; the positive opinion was confirmed specifically for live P. simplex on 7/11/214, along with a positive opinion for raw corals of the genus Plerogyra from Australia. P. sinuosa was selected for Review of Significant Trade following CoP15 (AC26 Doc. 12.3) with Fiji Marshall Islands, Palau, Singapore, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu reviewed for AC27 (AC27 Doc (Rev.1)). B II Duncanopsammia axifuga (Whisker Coral) NT High volume (GT) 21, 211 In 215, live, wild-sourced D. axifuga were imported into the EU from Australia for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 increased 3% in comparison to 214, but remained lower than the highest levels of imports which were reported in 211 (15 469). The species was reviewed for SRG 55 and the SRG formed a positive opinion at SRG 57 on 7/1/211 (confirmed on 2/12/211).

27 Species showing noteworthy trends 25 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** B II Favia rotundata NT Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) B II Platygyra daedalea (Brain Coral) LC Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia) B II Polyphyllia talpina (Sea Mole Coral) LC Sharp Increase (Fiji) B II Merulina ampliata (Ruffled Coral) LC Sharp Increase (Fiji) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes 21, 211, 213 In 215, 3726 live, wild-sourced F. rotundata were imported by the EU from Australia; the vast majority were imported by France (98%). Imports increased 161% in comparison to 214; no imports were reported Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see e.g. SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Favia is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. 213 In 215, 2199 live, wild-sourced P. daedalea were imported by the EU from Australia for commercial purposes; the majority were imported by France (96%). Imports of live P. daedalea increased 2.5 times in 215 relative to 214, returning to similarly high levels reported in 213. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see e.g. SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Platygyra is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. Platygyra spp. was reviewed for SRG 71, following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Tonga on 9/4/215 (confirmed on 27/6/216). Imports of P. talpina from Fiji in 215 consisted of 6 live, wild-sourced corals for commercial purposes, representing 24% of the live imports in 215. Imports from Fiji tripled and were only reported During this period imports almost doubled year on year. In 215, Fiji published a quota of 1 pieces, live or dead and kg of Scleractinia spp. live rock. EU imports of M. ampliata from Fiji in 215 consisted of 526 live, wild-sourced corals, for commercial purposes. Imports almost tripled between 214 and 215 to the highest reported in the period ; imports in other years remained below 2 live corals. No imports of M. ampliata were reported The species was reviewed for SRG 64, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia and Fiji on 28/5/213. Fiji published a quota of kg of Scleractinia live rock and 225 pieces, live or dead, of M. ampliata.

28 26 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** B II Acanthastrea amakusensis - Sharp Increase (global) B II Symphyllia agaricia LC Sharp increase (Australia) B II Mycedium elephantotus LC Sharp increase (Fiji) B II Seriatopora hystrix (Needle Coral) LC Sharp increase (Fiji) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes In 215, 182 live, wild-sourced A. amakusensis for commercial purposes were imported from Tonga (71%) and Australia (29%). Imports increased almost 2 times in comparison with 214, reaching the highest level of the ten year period. Imports did not exceed 1 live, wild-sourced animals, during the ten-year period, excluding 211 and 215. In addition, 215 was the first year that imports from Tonga were reported Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Acanthastrea is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. The genus Acanthastrea was reviewed for Tonga for SRG 71 on 9/4/215, following which a positive opinion was formed for A. amakusensis but a no opinion ii) for trade at the genus level (confirmed 27/6/216). The SRG formed a positive opinion for A. amakusensis from Australia on 3/11/29 and a positive opinion for Acanthastrea spp. from Australia on 7/11/ , 213 Wild-sourced imports of S. agaricia in 215 consisted of 1513 live corals, imported from Australia for commercial purposes. Imports increased 39% compared to 214, reaching the highest levels of the ten-year period. Imports from Australia were reported in 27 and Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Symphyllia is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. 211, 212 In 215, imports of M. elephantotus from Fiji consisted of 692 live, wild-sourced corals for commercial purposes, representing 35% live imports in 215. Imports from Fiji increased 91% , reaching the highest levels of the ten-year period. In 215, Fiji published a quota of kg of Scleractinia live rock and 379 pieces, live or dead, of M. elephantotus. Reviewed for Indonesia for SRG Imports of S. hystrix in 215 comprised 2513 live, wild-sourced corals for commercial purposes, of which 88% were imported from Fiji (227). Imports from Fiji increased by 143% reaching the highest levels for the ten-year period. The species was reviewed for SRG 64, following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Fiji on 28/5/213 (confirmed 7/11/214). In 215, Fiji published a quota of 4233 pieces, live or dead and kg of Scleractinia spp. live rock. As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Seriatopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.

29 Species showing noteworthy trends 27 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes B II Goniopora lobata NT High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Australia) 21, EU imports of G. lobata in 215 almost entirely 211 comprised live, wild-sourced coral for commercial purposes (994), imported from Indonesia (62%) and Australia (38%). Live imports increased 21% in comparison to 214, reaching similar levels to those reported in 213. Live imports remained consistently high throughout the ten-year period. Imports of G. lobata from Australia tripled , reaching the highest levels of the ten-year period (3444) and contributing to 38% total imports of G. lobata in 215. Imports from Australia were first reported in 29 with low levels of live, wild-sourced G. lobata reported and no imports reported Imports increased to 167 in 214, contributing to 14% total imports. A positive opinion for G. lobata has been in place for Indonesia since 15/1/24 (last confirmed 7/11/214). The SRG formed a positive opinion for trade in Goniopora spp. at genus level from Indonesia on 8/12/214, which was confirmed on 9/4/215. As per CITES Notification No. 213/35, Goniopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. In 215, Indonesia published a quota of 45 live specimens of Goniopora spp. and 41 live specimens of G. lobata. No EU opinions are in place for Australia, although adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in the country (see for instance SRG 64/11). B II Tubipora musica (Organ Pipe Coral) NT High volume (GT) Imports of T. musica in 215 almost entirely comprised 334 live, wild-sourced corals for commercial purposes, imported from Indonesia (61%), Fiji (19%) and Australia (19%). Imports in 215 continued a year on year decline from peak levels reported in 211 (5126). The species was reviewed for SRG 64, following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Fiji and Indonesia on 28/5/213 (confirmed for Fiji on 6/2/217 and 21/6/217). The SRG then formed a positive opinion for Indonesia on 12/9/213. In 215, Indonesia published a quota of 85 live specimens and Fiji published a quota of 5 pieces, live or dead.

30 28 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** ANNEX B: PLANTS B II Cyathea australis - Sharp Increase (global) B II Euphorbia pedilanthoides NT Sharp Increase (global) B II Euphorbia sakarahaensis VU Sharp Increase (global) B II Pachypodium densiflorum - Sharp Increase (global) Sharp Increase (Madagascar) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes In 215 the Netherlands imported 17 live, wild-sourced C. australis from Australia, for commercial purposes. Imports were over 2.5 times greater in 215 than in 214. Highest levels of import of live, wild-sourced plants for the ten-year period were reported in 29 (7583), over 4-fold greater than reported in 215. The species was reviewed for SRG 59 following which a positive opinion was formed for Australia on 23/2/ , 213 In 215, wild-sourced imports of E. pedilanthoides consisted of 2 live plants, imported by Germany from Madagascar, for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 increased over three-fold in comparison with 214. Imports were only reported 26 and The species was reviewed at SRG 7 following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Madagascar on 8/12/214. E. pedilanthoides was selected for the Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 (PC18 Doc. 8.4); it was later removed on the basis of a large distribution (PC 18 Summary Record). 212, 213 In 215, Germany imported 2 live, wildsourced E. sakarahaensis from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Imports of E. sakarahaensis were reported in 26 and , with 215 imports increasing threefold in comparison with 214. The species was reviewed at SRG 7 following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Madagascar on 8/12/214. E. sakarahaensis was selected for the Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 (PC18 Doc. 8.4); following confirmation from Madagascar that an export ban was in place and only artificially propagated plants were exported, the species was removed from the process (PC 18 Summary Record). Imports of wild-sourced P. densiflorum in 215 consisted of 951 live plants for commercial purposes from Madagascar. Imports in 215 represented an increase of over 4.5 times relative to 214, to the highest levels reported for the ten-year period. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Madagascar at SRG 22 on 2/4/22. The species was included in a country-based Review of Significant Trade in Madagascar (e.g PC16 Doc. 1.4), which concluded in 28 (PC17 Summary Record).

31 Species showing noteworthy trends 29 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) B II Pachypodium horombense B II Cyphostemma montagnacii ANNEX B: TIMBER B II Gonystylus bancanus IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** - Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Madagascar) - High volume; Sharp Increase (global); VU High volume (GT) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes In 215, Germany imported 4 live, wildsourced P. horombense from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Imports of P. horombense increased from 1 to 4 plants , to the highest levels reported for the ten-year period. In 215, the SRG had a "no opinion" in place for Madagascar, formed at SRG 37 on 12/6/26. The species was then reviewed for SRG 78, following which a no opinion ii) was formed for Madagascar on 6/2/217 (confirmed on 21/6/217). The species was included in a country-based Review of Significant Trade in Madagascar (e.g PC16 Doc. 1.4), which concluded in 28 (PC17 Summary Record). In 215, Germany imported 15 live, wildsourced C. montagnacii for commercial purposes from Madagascar. Imports of C. montagnacii were reported in 212, 213 and 215 only and increased 2.5 times in 215 compared to 213. Following information provided at SRG 75, the SRG formed a no opinion ii) for Madagascar on 7/3/216. The species was included in a country-based Review of Significant Trade in Madagascar (e.g PC16 Doc. 1.4), which concluded in 28 (PC17 Summary Record). 21, 211, 212, 213, 214 EU imports of G. bancanus in 215 consisted of 56 m 3 wild-sourced carvings, imported for commercial purposes from Malaysia. Imports of carvings peaked in 28 (27 m 3 ), representing the only year that imports from Indonesia were reported (28%). Imports declined, averaging 9 m 3 per year. The genus was reviewed for SRG 47 and G. bancanus from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 77. A positive opinion was confirmed for Gonystylus spp. from Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) on 12/3/29. In 215, Malaysia published a quota of 1 m 3 of parts and derivatives of Gonystylus spp. for Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, and 3178 m 3 of moulding and sawn timber of Gonystylus spp. from Sarawak. A no opinion iii) for G. bancanus was confirmed for Indonesia on 12/3/29, then confirmed again on 7/11/216, along with a no opinion iii) for Gonystylus spp. from Indonesia (for species other than G. bancanus). In 215, Indonesia published a quota of 4322 m 3 of finished products: mouldings, dowels, door leaf, plywood etc.

32 3 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** ANNEX C: REPTILES C III Graptemys oculifera (Ringed Map Turtle) VU Sharp increase (United States) C III Mauremys sinensis (Chinese Stripenecked Turtle) EN High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Taiwan, PoC); Endangered species ANNEX C: CORALS C III Corallium elatius - Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Japan) Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes 214 In 215 the United Kingdom imported 4 live G. oculifera, with no reported source or purpose code, from the United States. The same level of imports were reported in 214 and no further imports were reported for the ten-year period. G. oculifera is endemic to the United States and was listed in Appendix III by the USA on 14/6/26 under the genus listing Graptemys spp. 21, 211, 212, 213, 214 The majority of M. sinensis imported by the EU in 215 comprised live animals, of which 87% were reported without source or purpose codes and imported from China and 13% were reported as wild-sourced for commercial purposes and imported from Taiwan, PoC. Over the ten-year period EU imports of live M. sinensis peaked at 31 animals in 214, and decreased 3% in 215. Listed in Appendix III by China on 17/2/25. The species was reviewed for SRG 62, although trade was found to be almost exclusively in captive-bred specimens, hence it was considered not to meet the criteria for listing in Annex B. In 215, the EU-imported 3 live, wildsourced animals for commercial purposes from Taiwan, contributing to 13% of total live M. sinensis imports for that year. Highest levels of M. sinensis import from Taiwan were reported in 26 (11 1 live animals). No M. sinensis imports from Taiwan were reported Italy imported high levels of raw coral (1999 kg), reported without a source of purpose code, almost entirely imported from Japan. In addition, Italy imported 9.4 kg carvings in 215. Imports of raw corals increased 74% reaching the highest levels over the ten-year period. Listed in Appendix III by China on 1/7/28.

33 Species showing noteworthy trends 31 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade Notes ANNEX C: TIMBER C III Cedrela odorata (Spanish Cedar) VU Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Brazil) Imports of C. odorata in 215 primarily comprised m 3 wild-sourced timber, predominantly imported from Brazil (84%) for commercial purposes, and m 2 veneer, reported without a source or purpose code, entirely imported from Brazil. Global imports of timber declined over the ten-year period. Imports of veneer (m 2 ) were reported 27, 29 and 215 only with lowest levels reported in 27 (14 5 m 2 ). Listed in Appendix III by five range States. Reviewed for SRG 59 (Bolivia and Brazil). Key * CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient, - = not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. ** GT = globally threatened. Species were considered globally threatened if they were classified as CR, EN, VU, NT or DD on the IUCN Red List. Species selected at the genus level. = met the criteria based on candidate countries trade only. no opinion i) = no significant trade anticipated; no opinion ii) = decision deferred; no opinion iii) = referral to the SRG.

34 32 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Figure 3.1: Accompanying graphs for Table 3.1 Annex A Annex B 7 Psittacus erithacus (wild-sourced live) 6 Delphinapterus leucas (wild-sourced meat) Weight imported (kg) Papio ursinus (wild-sourced trophies) 18, Crocodylus niloticus (ranched meat) Weight imported (kg) 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, ,4 Crocodylus novaeguineae (wild-sourced skins) 1 Brookesia thieli (wild-sourced live) 1,2 1, Phelsuma grandis (wild-sourced live) 8, Salvator rufescens (wild-sourced skins) , 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,

35 Species showing noteworthy trends 33 Crocodilus niloticus Varanus rudicollis (wild-sourced live) 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, Varanus salvator (wild-sourced skins) Malaysia Indonesia 4 2, 2 1, ,2 Mantella betsileo (wild-sourced live) 7 Cheilinus undulatus (wild-sourced live) 1,

36 34 EU Wildlife Trade Hippocampus subelongatus (wild-sourced live) 7 Hippocampus zosterae (wild-sourced live) , Hirudo spp. (wild-sourced live) Hirudo verbana Hirudo medicinalis 25 Tridacna squamosa (wild-sourced live) Weight imported (kg) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, ,5 Montipora mollis (wild-sourced live) 4 Pavona maldivensis (wild-sourced live) 2, ,5 1, ,4 Euphyllia paraancora (wild-sourced live) 1,2 Plerogyra simplex (wild-sourced live) 1,2 1, 1,

37 Species showing noteworthy trends 35 16, Plerogyra sinuosa (wild-sourced live) 18, Duncanopsammia axifuga (wild-sourced live) 14, 16, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, , Favia rotundata (wild-sourced live) 2,5 Platygyra daedalea (wild-sourced live) 3,5 3, 2, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,5 1, 1, Plerogyra simplex

38 36 EU Wildlife Trade Polyphyllia talpina (wild-sourced live, imported from Fiji) 6 Merulina ampliata (wild-sourced live, imported from Fiji) , Acanthastrea amakusensis (wild-sourced live) 1,6 Symphyllia agaricia (wild-sourced live, imported from Australia) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, ,4 1,2 1, Mycedium elephantotus (wild-sourced live) 2,5 Seriatopora hystrix (wild-sourced live, imported from Fiji) 7 6 2, ,5 1, , 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Goniopora lobata (wild-sourced live) Australia Other exporters , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Tubipora musica (wild-sourced live)

39 Species showing noteworthy trends 37 8, Cyathea australis (wild-sourced live) 25 Euphorbia pedilanthoides (wild-sourced live) 7, 6, 2 5, 4, 3, , 1, Euphorbia sakarahaensis (wild-sourced live) 1, Pachypodium densiflorum (wild-sourced live) Pachypodium horombense (wild-sourced live) 16 Cyphostemma montagnacii (wild-sourced live) Annex C 3 Gonystylus bancanus (wild-sourced carvings) 35, Mauremys sinensis (live - sources W, U and not specified) 25 3, Volume imported (m 3 ) , 2, 15, 1, 5 5,

40 38 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Weight imported (kg) 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Corallium elatius (wild-sourced raw corals) Cedrela odorata , Cedrela odorata (wild-sourced timber) 2,5 Volume imported (m 3 ) 2, 1,5 1,

41 Species showing noteworthy trends 39 Table 3.2: Annex D species meeting criteria for noteworthy trends and summary of main trade in 215. Taxon REPTILES Selection criteria** IUCN Red List Status* Main trade in 215 Homalopsis buccata High volume; Sharp increase (China) LC skins were imported in 215, of which 41% were from Indonesia. China accounted for 4% of imports (18848). Majority reported without a source. FISH Pterapogon kauderni High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Singapore); Endangered species EN live fish were imported in 215, mainly from Indonesia (52%) and Thailand (47%). Singapore accounted for <1% imports (46). INVERTEBRATES (NON-CORAL) Haliotis midae High volume 51 shells and 294 live individuals were imported in 215 from the Philippines (6% of shells) and South Africa (4% shells and all live trade). PLANTS Arnica montana High volume LC 15 kg of flowers were imported in 215 from Ukraine, reported with source unknown ( U ). Arctostaphylos uva-ursi High volume; Sharp increase (Mexico) kg of dried plants were imported from the Russian Federation and 3 kg leaves imported from Mexico, all reported without a source. Gentiana lutea High volume 851 kg of roots were imported from Albania (59%) and Montenegro (41%) in roots reported by number also imported from Albania. All trade was reported without a source. Cetraria islandica High volume 6585 kg and 4496 individual roots were imported in 215, all from Montenegro. Harpagophytum zeyheri Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Namibia) 4 kg and 13 units of derivatives were imported from Namibia in 215. Menyanthes trifoliata High volume LC 3 kg of leaves were imported from Ukraine in 215. Key * CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient, - = not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. ** GT = globally threatened. Species were considered globally threatened if they were classified as CR, EN, VU, NT or DD on the IUCN Red List.

42 4 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Table 3.3: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of candidate country-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 215 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade (global), sharp increase in trade (country) and trade in endangered species. Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade ANNEX B: BIRDS B II Amazona amazonica (Orange-winged Parrot) LC Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Suriname) In 215, Turkey imported 986 live, wild-sourced A. amazonica from Suriname (68%) and Guyana (32%), for commercial purposes. Imports of A. amazonica in 215 almost doubled in comparison to 214 which can be attributed to a more than doubling of imports from Suriname, which in turn represented almost double the number of live A. amazonica imported in 213. Imports from Suriname were reported in 212, 214 and 215 only. B II Deroptyus accipitrinus (Hawk-headed Parrot) LC Sharp Increase (global) Wild-sourced imports of D. accipitrinus in 215 comprised 45 live animals for commercial purposes, imported by Turkey from Guyana (78%) or Suriname (22%). No import of D. accipitrinus was reported 26. Import of live, wild-sourced animals increased 45% , reaching the highest level over the ten year period. B II Diopsittaca nobilis (Noble Macaw) LC Sharp Increase (global) In 215, Turkey imported 62 live, wild-sourced D. nobilis from Guyana, for commercial purposes. Imports of live animals increased 24% compared to 214 to the highest level for the ten-year period. No imports were reported 26 and B II Orthopsittaca manilata (Red-bellied Macaw) LC Sharp Increase (global) In 215, Turkey imported 184 live, wild-sourced O. manilata from Suriname (64%) and Guyana (36%), for commercial purposes. Imports increased 47% in comparison to 214, to the highest reported levels of the ten-year period. B II Poicephalus senegalus (Senegal parrot) LC High volume Imports of P. senegalus in 215 consisted of 77 wild-sourced live birds for commercial purposes, imported by Turkey, from Mali. Imports declined 3% and remained well below the highest level reported in 28 (285). B II Pteroglossus aracari (Black-necked Aracari) LC Sharp increase (global) In 215, Turkey imported 125 live, wild-sourced P. aracari for commercial purposes from Guyana (52%) and Suriname (48%). Imports of live P. aracari were reported 21 and ; imports peaked in 215 with over six times greater imports than reported in 214. B II Pteroglossus viridis (Green Aracari) LC Sharp increase (global) In 215, wild-sourced imports of P. viridis comprised 78 live birds imported by Turkey for commercial purposes from Suriname (69%) and Guyana (31%). Import of P. viridis tripled between 214 and 215 to the highest levels of the ten-year period.

43 Species showing noteworthy trends 41 Annex App. Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status* Selection criteria** Previously selected (21 onwards) Summary of trade ANNEX B: REPTILE B II Python brongersmai (Blood Python) LC Sharp Increase (global); Sharp increase (Indonesia) 211 In 215, Turkey imported 154 skins, wild-sourced P. brongersmai from Indonesia, for commercial purposes. Import of skins in 215 represented a 2-fold increase in comparison with 214; imports of P. brongersmai were only reported ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES B II Tridacna crocea (Boring Clam) LC High volume; Sharp Increase (global) In 215, Turkey imported 1 wild-sourced T. crocea shells from Viet Nam for commercial purposes. The only other record of wild-sourced T. crocea imports in the ten-year period comprised 5 live clams imported from Cambodia by Turkey, for commercial purposes. ANNEX B: CORAL B II Goniopora lobata NT High volume (GT) In 215, imports of wild-sourced G. lobata consisted of 489 raw corals, imported by Turkey from Indonesia, for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 declined 4% compared to 214. Turkey reported imports of raw corals in 29, only. B II Goniopora stokesi (Flowerpot Coral) NT High volume (GT) 21, 211, 212, 213, 214 Imports of wild-sourced G. stokesi in 215 consisted of 668 raw corals, imported by Turkey from Indonesia, for commercial purposes. Imports in 215 represented a 38% decrease compared to 214; Turkey reported imports of raw corals in 29 and only. B II Heliopora coerulea (Blue Coral) VU High volume (GT) Wild-sourced imports of H. coerulea in 215 comprised 45 raw corals, imported by Turkey from Indonesia, for commercial purposes. Imports of raw corals over the ten year period were reported in 213, 214 and 215; imports in 215 represented the lowest levels of the ten-year period, having halved since 214. B II Tubipora musica (Organ-pipe Coral) NT High volume (GT) Imports of T. musica in 215 comprised 15 raw corals imported by Turkey from Indonesia, for commercial purposes. Wild-sourced imports in 215 represented one third of those reported in 214. Turkey reported imports of raw corals in 29, Key * CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient, - = not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. ** GT = globally threatened. Species were considered globally threatened if they were classified as CR, EN, VU, NT or DD on the IUCN Red List. = met the criteria based on EU trade only.

44 42 EU Wildlife Trade ESTIMATED FINANCIAL VALUE OF EU TRADE Estimating the financial value of trade in CITES species can highlight the importance of sustainable use by making the contribution of legal trade to national economies and livelihoods more explicit. The financial value of EU imports and exports of CITESlisted animal and plant species is estimated in this section (for further details, see Annex B). The sources of price data for plants and animals differ and will therefore be discussed separately in this chapter, as they are not directly comparable. Caviar extract, used in cosmetics, is also excluded from this valuation (see Annex B). Animal imports The value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals in 215 (excluding caviar extract) was estimated at approximately USD 1.15 billion (~EUR 1.8 billion), approximately a 66% increase compared to 214. The commodities with the highest overall trade value were small leather products (e.g. watch straps, handbags and wallets), skins and raw corals; together these products accounted for 88% of the value of animal imports. The top ten exporting countries, by value of CITES-listed animal products to the EU, made up 82% of the total import value (Figure 4.1). Switzerland alone accounted for approximately 28% of the value of exports to the EU (USD 317 million), nearly all of which consisted of reptile derived small leather products. Figure 4.1: Proportion of value of EU animal imports by exporting country, with main terms exported from exporters representing the top 8% of the value of trade.

45 Estimated financial value of EU trade 43 Wild-sourced American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) small leather products originating in the United States were the single highest valued animal import into the EU in 215, accounting for 45% of the value (approximately USD 59 million). These products mainly entered the EU from Switzerland, Tunisia and Mauritius (Figure 4.1). Of the top imported products, ivory carvings (which were predominantly pre-convention) and live mammals had the highest value compared to the quantity imported; conversely, live reptiles and reptile skins were lower value products imported in higher quantities (Figure 4.2). Est. financial value of trade (millions of USD) $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 $ Reptile small leather products Wild Captive-sourced Ranched Other Quantity imported Reptile skins Raw corals (kg) Live reptiles Caviar (kg) Ivory carvings Live mammals Mammal skins Other Quantity of product imported (millions) Figure 4.2: Estimated financial value of EU imports of the top imported animal products in 215, showing the source of products and the quantity imported. Captive-sourced includes captive-bred (source C) and captive-produced (source F) trade; Other sources include pre-convention trade, trade sourced from the sea and trade where no source was reported. Python reticulatus

46 44 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Plant imports The value of EU imports of CITES-listed plants in 215 was estimated at approximately USD million (~EUR million), approximately a 13% decrease since 214. The commodities with the highest overall trade value were live plants, bark and timber: together these products accounted for 88% of the value of plant imports. The top ten exporters by value of CITES listed plant products to the EU made up 85% of the total import value (Figure 4.3). The top exporter by value, Cameroon, accounted for approximately 29% (USD 7 million), which consisted of African cherry (Prunus africana) bark and African teak (Pericopsis elata) timber. Figure 4.3: Proportion of value of EU plant imports by exporting country, with main terms exported from exporters representing the top 8% of the value of trade. Wild-sourced African cherry bark directly exported from Cameroon was the single highest valued plant product imported into the EU in 215, accounting for 2% of the value (approximately USD 48.6 million). African teak had the highest value per unit by far, of USD 3618 per m³, followed by African cherry bark (Figure 4.4). While live plants were predominantly wild-sourced, artificially propagated plants accounted for a greater proportion of the value, mainly due to the low value of live snowdrops, such as green snowdrops (Galanthus woronowii) and giant snowdrops (G. elwesii; Figure 4.4) and relatively high value of cacti, cycads and orchids. Pericopsis elata

47 Estimated financial value of EU trade 45 Euphorbia antisyphilitica Est. financial value of trade (millions of USD) $7 $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 $ Wild Artificially propagated Quantity imported Quantity of product imported (millions) African cherry bark (kg) Live green snowdrops African teak timber (m3) Live cacti Live cycads Candelilla wax (kg) Live orchids Live giant snowdrops Cape aloe extract (kg) Live euphorbias Other Figure 4.4: Estimated financial value of EU imports of the top imported plant products in 215, showing the source of products and the quantity imported.include pre-convention trade, trade sourced from the sea and trade where no source was reported.

48 46 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Animal exports The value of EU exports of CITES-listed animals in 215 (excluding caviar extract) was estimated at approximately USD 1.8 billion (~EUR 1.69 billion), approximately a 54% increase from 214. The commodities with the highest overall trade value were reptile small leather products, which accounted for 82% of the value of animal exports. The top ten exporters by value of CITES listed animal products from the EU were similar to the top 1 importers (Figure 4.5); the top two importers alone, Switzerland and China, imported 66% of the total export value, most of which consisted of reptile derived small leather products. Figure 4.5: Proportion of value of EU animal exports by importing country, with main term imported from importers representing the top 8% of the value of trade. Similarly to imports, wild-sourced American alligator (A. mississippiensis) small leather products, originating in the United States, were the single highest valued animal product exported from the EU in 215, accounting for 58% of the value (approximately USD 1 billion);. These products were mainly exported to Switzerland (Figure 4.5). Finished products, including reptile derived small leather products and reptile and mammal garments, were exported in much higher quantities than were imported; conversely, raw products, such as reptile skins, mammal skins and raw corals, were imported into the EU in much higher quantities than were exported (cf. Figures 4.2 and 4.6). These patterns are indicative of the EU s global role as a processor of raw products into value added, processed products (European Commission, 217). Ivory carvings (which were predominantly pre-convention) had the highest value compared to the quantity imported for the top imports; conversely reptile skin pieces caviar and reptile skins were lower value products imported in higher quantities (Figure 4.6).

49 Estimated financial value of EU trade 47 Psittacus erithacus Est. financial value of trade (millions of USD) $1,6 $1,4 $1,2 $1, $8 $6 $4 $2 $ Reptile small leather products Wild Captive-sourced Ranched Other Quantity exported Ivory carvings Reptile Mammal garments garments Reptile skins Live birds Caviar (kg) Reptile skin pieces Other Quantity of product exported (millions) Figure 4.6: Estimated financial value of EU exports of the top exported animal products in 215, showing the source of products and the quantity exported. Captive-sourced includes captive-bred and captive-produced trade; Other sources include pre-convention trade, source I trade and trade where no source was reported.

50 48 EU Wildlife Trade 215 Plant exports Echinocactus grusonii The value of EU exports of CITES-listed plants in 215 was estimated at approximately USD million (~EUR 27.6 million), approximately a 128% increase from 214. Live plants had the highest overall trade value, accounting for 91% of the value of plant exports; the majority of this value comprised orchids exported from the Netherlands. Unlike for animal exports no single importer dominated the value of plant trade from the EU: the top ten importers by value of CITES listed plant products from the EU made up 86% of the total import value (Figure 4.7). Live, artificially propagated orchids were the single highest valued plant product exported from the EU in 215, mainly composed of Phalaenopsis hybrids, which alone accounted for 68% of the value (approximately USD million; Figure 4.8); they also accounted for the majority of exports by quantity. Figure 4.7: Proportion of value of EU plant exports by importing country, with main terms imported by importers representing the top 8% of the value of trade.

51 Estimated financial value of EU trade 49 Est. financial value of trade (millions of USD) $18 $16 $14 $12 $1 $8 $6 $4 $2 $ Wild Artificially propagated Quantity exported Quantity of product exported (millions) Live orchids Live cacti Live aloes Live euphorbias African cherry bark (kg) Candelilla wax (kg) Cape aloe extract (kg) Live venus fly trap Live giant snowdrops Live Ikaria snowdrop Other Figure 4.8: Estimated financial value of EU exports of the top exported plant products in 215, showing the source of products and the quantity exported. Phalaenopsis spp.