Appendix S1 Database literature sources.

Transcription

1 Appendix S1 Database literature sources. Abts M.L. (1987) Environment and variation in life history traits of the Chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus. Ecological Monographs, 57, Alberts A.C. (1993) Relationship of space use to population density in an herbivorous lizard. Herpetologica, 49, Alcala A.C Populations of three tropical lizads on Negros Islands, Philippines. Dissertation. Stanford University. Alcala A.C. & Brown W.C. (1967) Population ecology of the tropical Scincoid Lizard, Emoia atrocostata, in the Philippines. Copeia, 1967, Andrews R.M. (1979) Evolution of life histories: a comparison of Anolis lizards from matched island and mainland habitats. Breviora, 454, 1 51 Andrews R.M. (1983) Norops polylepis (Lagartija, anole, Anolis Lizard). In: Costa Rican Natural History (ed. Janzen DH), p University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA Andrews R.M. (1991) Population stability of a tropical lizard. Ecology, 72, Auffenberg W. (1981) The behavioral ecology of the Komodo monitor. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Auffenberg W. (1988) Gray's Monitor Lizard. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Auffenberg W. (1994) The Bengal Monitor. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Ballinger R.E. (1973) Comparative demography of two viviparous iguanid lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi and Sceloporus poinsetti). Ecology, 54, Barbault R. (1974) Recherches écologiques dans la savane de Lamto (Côte-d'Ivoire):structure de l'herpetocenose. Bulletin of Ecology, 1, 7-25 Barbault R. (1975) Les peuplements de lezards des savanes de Lamto (Côte-d'Ivore). Annales de l'université d'abidjan Série E, 8, Barbault R. & Mou Y.P. (1988) Population dynamics of the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, in southwestern France. Herpetologica, 44, Bauwens D. (1981) Survivorship during hibernation in the European Common Lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Copeia, 1981, Bellis E.D. (1964) A summer six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus) population in South Carolina. Herpetologica, 20, 9-16 Bennett A.F. & Gorman G.C. (1979) Population density and energetics of lizards on a tropical island. Oecologia, 42, Berry K.H. (1974) The ecology and social behavior of the Chuckawalla, Sauromalus obesus obesus Baird. University of California Publications in Zoology, 101, 1-60 Blair W.F. (1960) The rusty lizard, a population study. University of Texas Press, Austin. Bohlen C.H. (1976) Coexistence and competition in three sympatric Kansas lizard species. Ph.D. Dissertation. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Bradshaw S.D. (1971) Growth and mortality in a field population of Amphibolurus lizards exposed to seasonal cold and aridity. Journal of Zoology, 165, 1 25 Brice S. & Bloxam Q. (1995) Understanding translocation possibilities for a teiid lizard in St. Lucia: distribution, density of the source population and ecological aspects of the target habitat. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Internal Report (unpublished) Brooke M.L. & Houston D.C. (1983) The biology and biomass of the skinks Mabuya sechellensis and Mabuya wrightii on Cousin Island, Seychelles (Reptilia: Scincidae). Journal of Zoology, 200, Brooks Jr G.R. (1967) Population ecology of the ground skink, Lygosoma laterale (Say). Ecological Monographs, 37, Brown W.C. & Alcala A.C. (1961) Populations of amphibians and reptiles in the submontane and montane forests of Cuernos de Negros, Philippine Islands. Ecology, 42,

2 Brown W.C. & Alcala A.C. (1964) Relationship of the herpetofaunas of the non-dipterocarp communities to that of the dipterocarp forest of southern Negros Island, Philippines. Senckenbergiana Biologica Frankfurt, 45, Brown W.C., McCoy M. & Rodda G.H. (1992) A new Lepidodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Guadalcanal Island, Solomons. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 105, Brushko Z.K. (1986) The number, distribution and population structure of the Common Scheltopusik in the Boroldai Mountains (southern Kazakh SSR) (USSR). Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii Bull C.M. (1987) A population study of the viviparous Australian lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus (Scincidae). Copeia, 1987, Bull C.M. (1995) Population ecology of the sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa, at Mt Mary, South Australia. Australian journal of ecology, 20, Bullock D.J. & Evans P.G.H. (1990) The distribution, density and biomass of terrestrial reptiles in Dominica, West Indies. Journal of Zoology, 222, Burkholder G.L. & Tanner W.W. (1974) Life history and ecology of the Great Basin sagebrush swift, Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard, Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series. Burrage B.R Natural history of the western ground Uta, Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson (Sauria: Iguanidae). M.S. Thesis. San Diego State University., San Diego, CA. Burrage B.R. (1973) Comparative ecology and behaviour of Chamaeleo pumilis pumilis (Gmelin) and C. namaquensis A. Smith (Sauria: Chameleonidae). Annals of the South African Museum, 61, Burrage B.R. (1974) Population structure in Agama atra and Cordylus cordylus cordylus in the vicinity of De Kelders, Cape Province. Annals of the South African Museum, 66, 1-23 Bury R.B. (1982) Structure and composition of Mojave Desert reptile communities determined with a removal method. In: Herpetological Communities: A Symposium for the Society for the Study of Amphibians and the Herpetologists League, August 1977 (ed. Scott Jr NJ), p Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report 13 Busack S.D. (1975) Biomass estimates and thermal environment of a population of the Fringe-toed Lizard, Acanthodactylus pardalis. Journal of Herpetology, 5, Bustard H.R. (1969) The population ecology of the Gekkonid Lizard (Gehyra variegata (Dumeril & Bibron)) in exploited forests in Northern New South Wales. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 38, Bustard H.R. (1970) The role of behavior in the nature regulation of numbers in the Gekkonid Lizard Gehyra Variegata. Ecology, 51, Cagle F.R. (1946) A lizard population on Tinian. Copeia, 1946, 4-9 Carey W.M. (1975) The rock iguana, Cyclura Pinguis, on Anegada, British Virgin Islands, with notes on Cyclura Ricordi and Cyclura Cornuta on Hispaniola. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 19, Carey W.M. (1976) Iguanas of the Exumas. Wildlife, 18, Case T.J. (1975) Species numbers, density compensation, and colonizing ability of lizards on islands in the Gulf of California. Ecology, 56, 3-18 Case T.J. (1982) Ecology and evolution of the insular gigantic chuckawallas, Sauromalus hispidus and Sauromalus varius. In: The iguanas of the world: their behavior, ecology, and conservation (eds. Burghardt GM & Rand AS), p Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey Castilla A.M. & Bauwens D. (1991) Observations on the natural history, present status, and conservation of the insular lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata on the Columbretes archipelago, Spain. Biological Conservation, 58, Castle G.E. & Mileto R. (1991) An investigation into the population size and density of two skink species in Pisonia grandis dominated woodland on Aride Island. Scientific Report (unpublished), Royal Society Nature Conservancy, The Green, Witham Park, Lincoln, LN

3 Censky E.J. (1996) The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the teiid lizard Ameiva plei: a test of alternative hypotheses. In: Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: a Tribute to Albert Schwartz (eds. Powell R & Henderson RW), p Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Cheng H.-Y. (1983) Predation, tail regeneration and reproduction in two sympatric geckos (Sphaerodactylus) in Hispaniola. 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 52 Chondropoulos B.P. & Lykakis J.J. (1983) Ecology of the Balkan Wall Lizard, Podarcis taurica ionica (Sauria: Lacertidae) from Greece. Copeia, 1983, Christian K.A., Clavijo I.E., Cordero-Lopez N., Elias-Maldonado E.E., Franco M.A., Lugo-Ramirez M.V. & Marengo M. (1986) Thermoregulation and energetics of a population of Cuban Iguanas (Cyclura nubila) on Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico. Copeia, 1986, Coddington E.J. & Cree A. (1997) Population numbers, response to weather, movements and management of the threatened New Zealand skinks Oligosoma grande and O. otagense in tussock grassland. Pacific Conservation Biology, 3, Cogger H.G A study of the ecology and biology of the Mallee Dragon (Amphibolurus fordi) and its adaptations to survival in an arid environment. Ph.D. Dissertation. Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Corke D. (1987) Reptile conservation on the Maria Islands (St. Lucia, West Indies). Biological Conservation, 40, Crawford C.M. & Thorpe R.S. (1979) Body temperatures of two geckos (Phelsuma) and a skink (Mabuya) in Praslin, Seychelles. British Journal of Herpetology, 6, Cruce M. (1977) Structure et Dynamique d'une Population de Lacerta taurica taurica Pallas. Rev d'ecol (la Terre et la Vie), 31, Cruce M. & Leonte A. (1973) Distributia topografica si dinamica unei populatii de Lacerta taurica taurica Pall. Studii si cercetari de Biologie Seria Zoologie, 25, Darevskij I.S. & Terentev P.V. (1967) Estimation of energy flow through amphibian and reptile populations. In: Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Volume 1 (ed. Petrusewicz K), pp Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland Delaugerre M. & Dubois A. (1985) La variation géographique et la variabilité intrapopulationnelle chez Phyllodactylus europaeus (Reptilia, Sauria, Gekkonidae). Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Section A, Zoologie, biologie et écologie animales, 7, Delibes A. & Salvador A. (1986) Censos de lacértidos en la Cordillera Cantábrica. Revista Española de Herpetología, 1, Dial R. & Roughgarden J. (1994) Notes on the absolute abundance of canopy anoles, Anolis cuvieri, A stratulus, and A evermanni (Lacertillia: Polychridae) in the Luquillo Forest, Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science, 30, Didusenko L.M. (1964) Lizards of Moldavia. In: Problems in Herpetology (ed. Terentev PB), pp University of Leningrad, Leningrad, Russia Duellman W.E. (1987) Lizards in an Amazonian rain forest community: resource utilization and abundance. National Geographic Research, 3, Dugan B.A A field study of the social structure, mating system and display behavior of the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Dissertation. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Dunham A.E. (1980) An experimental study of interspecific competition between the iguanid lizards Sceloporus Merriami and Urosaurus Ornatus. Ecological Monographs, 50, Engeling G.A Ecology of the iguanid lizard Cophosaurus texanus (Troschel) in Comal County, Texas. M.S. Thesis. Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas. Erdelen W. (1988) Population dynamics and dispersal in three species of agamid lizards in Sri Lanka: Calotes calotes, C. versicolor and C. nigrilabris. Journal of Herpetology, 22, Evans P.G.H. & Evans J.B. (1980) The ecology of lizards on Praslin Island, Seychelles. Journal of Zoology, 191, Faria R.G. & Araujo A.F.B. (2004) Sintopy of two Tropidurus lizard species (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in a rocky Cerrado habitat in Central Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64,

4 Fauth J.E., Crother B.I. & Slowinski J.B. (1989) Elevational patterns of species richness, evenness, and abundance of the Costa Rican leaf-litter herpetofauna. Biotropica, 21, Fellers G.M. & Drost C.A. (1991) Ecology of the Island Night Lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California. Herpetological Monographs, 5, Fitch H.S. (1955) Habits and adaptations of the Great Plains Skink (Eumeces obsoletus). Ecological Monographs, 25, Fitch H.S. (1958) Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 11, Fitch H.S. (1973) A field study of Costa Rican lizards. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50, Fleming T.H. & Hooker R.S. (1975) Anolis cupreus: the response of a lizard to tropical seasonality. Ecology, 56, Gadsden-Esparza H. & Aguirre-León G. (1993) Historia de vida comparada en una población de Sceloporus undulatus (Sauria: Iguanidae) del Bolsón de Mapimí. Boletin de Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana, 5, Gadsden-Esparza H., Romero M.U. & Estrada R.J.L. (2000) Population biology of the Fringe-toed Sand Lizard, Uma exsul: evaluation of population status. Program book and abstracts: 80th annual meeting of the American Society of Icthyologists and Herpetologists (and many others). 159 Gardner A.S The evolutionary ecology and population systematics of day geckos (Phelsuma) in the Seychelles. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. Gaulke M. (1989) Zur Biologie des Bindenwarans, unter Berucksichtigung der palaogeographischen Verbreitung und der phylogenetischen Entwicklung der Varanidae. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, 111, Germaine S.S. & Wakeling B.F. (2001) Lizard species distributions and habitat occupation along an urban gradient in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Biological Conservation, 97, Goodyear N.C. & Lazell J. (1994) Status of a relocated population of endangered Iguana pinguis on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. Restoration Ecology, 2, Gordon R.E The biology and biodemography of Anolis carolinensis Voigt. Ph.D. Dissertation. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Gorman G.C. & Harwood R. (1977) Notes on population density, vagility, and activity patterns of the Puerto Rican Grass Lizard, Anolis pulchellus (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae). Journal of Herpetology, 11, Grenot C. (1976) Ecophysiologie du Lézard saharien Uromastix acanthinurus Bell, 1825 (Agamidae herbivore). Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de l Ecole Normale Supérieure, 7, Grenot C. & Vernet R. (1973) Sur une population d'uromastix acanthinurus Bell isolée au milieu du Grand Erg Occidental (Sahara algérian). Comptes rendus de l'académie des sciences. Paris, Series D., 276, Griffiths A.D. (1999) Demography and home range of the Frillneck Lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii (Agamidae), in Northern Australia. Copeia, 1999, Guyer C. (1988) Food supplementation in a tropical mainland anole, Norops Humilis: effects on individuals. Ecology, 69, Guyer C. & Linder A.D. (1985) Growth and population structure of the short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi) and the sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus) in southeastern Idaho. Northwest Science, 59, Hasegawa M. (1990) Demography of an island population of the lizard, Eumeces okadae, on Miyake-jima, Izu Islands. Population Ecology, 32, Hayes W.K., Hayes D.M., Brouhard D., Goodge B. & Carter R.L. (1995) Population status and conservation of the endangered San Salvador Rock Iguana Cyclura r. rileyi. Journal of the International Iguana Society, 4, Heatwole H. & Butler H. (1981) Structure of an assemblage of lizards on Barrow Island, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Herpetology, 1, 37 44

5 Heatwole H. & Sexton O.J. (1966) Herpetofaunal comparisons between two climatic zones in Panama. American Midland Naturalist, 75, Heinen J.T. (1992) Comparisons of the leaf litter herpetofauna in abandoned cacao plantations and primary rain forest in Costa Rica: some implications for faunal restoration. Biotropica, 24, Henderson R.W. (1974) Aspects of the ecology of the juvenile common iguana (Iguana iguana). Herpetologica, 30, Henle K. (1988) Dynamics and ecology of three Yugoslavian populations of the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis sicula campestris De Betta) (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 220, Heulin B. (1985a) Démographie d'une population de Lacerta vivipara de basse altitude. Acta oecologica, Oecologia generalis, 6, Heulin B. (1985b) Densité et organisation spatiale des populations du lézard vivipare Lacerta vivipara (Jacquin 1787) dans les landes de la région de Paimpont. Bulletin d'écologie, 16, Heulin B., Osenegg-Leconte K. & Michel D. (1997) Demography of a bimodal reproductive species of lizard (Lacerta vivipara): survival and density characteristics of oviparous populations. Herpetologica, 53, Hews D.K. (1993) Food resources affect female distribution and male mating opportunities in the iguanian lizard, Uta palmeri. Animal Behavior, 46, Hirth H.F. (1963) The ecology of two lizards on a tropical beach. Ecological Monographs, 33, House S.M. & Spellerberg I.F. (1983) Ecology and conservation of the Sand Lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) habitat in Southern England. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 20, Howland J.M. (1992) Life history of Cophosaurus texanus (Sauria: Iguanidae): environmental correlates and interpopulational variation. Copeia, 1992, Hulse A.C. (1981) Ecology and reproduction of the parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus Uniparens (Teiidae). Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 50, Iverson J.B. (1979) Behavior and ecology of the rock iguana Cyclura carinata. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 24, Jackson J.F. (1973) Notes on the population biology of Anolis tropidonotus in a Honduran highland pine forest. Journal of Herpetology, 7, James C.D. (1991a) Annual variation in reproductive cycles of Scincid Lizards (Ctenotus) in Central Australia. Copeia, 1991, James C.D. (1991b) Temporal variation in diets and trophic partitioning by coexisting lizards (Ctenotus: Scincidae) in central Australia. Oecologia, 85, James C.D. (1996) Ecology of the pygmy goanna (Varanus brevicauda) in spinifex grasslands of central Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology. Melbourne, 44, Jenssen T.A. (1970) The ethoecology of Anolis nebulosus (Sauria, Iguanidae). Journal of Herpetology, 4, 1-38 Jenssen T.A. (1973) Shift in the structural habitat of Anolis opalinus due to congeneric competition. Ecology, 54, Johnson S.R. (1965) An ecological study of the Chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus Baird, in the Western Mojave Desert. American Midland Naturalist, 73, 1-29 Jones S.M. & Ballinger R.E. (1987) Comparative life histories of Holbrookia Maculata and Sceloporus Undulatus in Western Nebraska. Ecology, 68, Jun-yi L. & Kau-hung L. (1982) Population ecology of the lizard Japalura swinhonis formosensis (Sauria: Agamidae) in Taiwan. Copeia, 1982, Karasov W.H. & Anderson R.A. (1984) Interhabitat differences in energy acquisition and expenditure in a lizard. Ecology, 65, Khan M.A.R. (1988) A report on the survey of the biological and trade status of Varanus bengalensis, Varanus flavescens, and Varanus salvator in Bangladesh. Unpublished report Khodadoost M., Pilorge, T. and Ortega, A. (1987) Variations de la densité et de la taille corporelle en fonction de la composition du peuplement de proies de trois populations de lézards vivipares du Mont Lozère. Rev d'ecol (la Terre et la Vie),

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12 Appendix S2 Analyses of potential data biases. We first investigate the influence of sampling method on density. The estimation method varies and includes mark-recapture studies (37% of studies, 40% islands and 35% mainlands), continuous observation of marked individuals in life-history studies (18% of studies, 6% islands and 25% mainlands), censusing of quadrats (27% of studies, 39% islands and 20% mainlands), and strip transects (5%, of studies 0% islands and 9% mainlands). When considering only mark-recapture studies and controlling for energetic constraints, island densities remain an order of magnitude higher than those on mainlands (N island º ±0.14 N mainland ). There is no interaction between the island or mainland factor and sampling method when controlling for energy use and availability. Sampling method has a relatively small, but significant effect on densities when included as a factor in the regression analysis along with energy use and availability and the island/mainland factor (F=11.6, P<1x10-8 for sampling method in an ANOVA). The island effect is somewhat reduced, but still large, when including sampling method as a factor (N island º ±0.15 N mainland ; F=186.4, P<1x10-15 for island in an ANOVA; F [7, 649]=120.3, r 2 =0.56, P<1x10-15 ). In these analyses, transect sampling, which accounts for just 5% of studies, is the only method that significantly influences (depresses) densities (P<0.001). We next investigate the influence of sampling area on density. Sample areas approximately ranged from 100m linear transects to 500,000m 2 (which has the potential to bias abundance estimates, Gaston et al. 1999). A subset of studies (25%) were ranked for sampling area. There was a tendency toward smaller sampling areas on islands (>5ha: 3% of studies on islands and 16% mainlands; 1-5ha: 9% of studies on islands and 10% mainlands; ha: 39% of studies on islands and 53% mainlands; <0.1ha: 48% of studies on islands and 21% mainlands). While 74% of studies were smaller than 1 hectare on mainlands, the percentage was 87% on islands. Sampling area had a significant effect on densities when included as a covariate in the regression analysis along with energy use and availability and the island/mainland factor (F=53.8, P<1x10-15 for sampling area in an ANOVA). The island effect remains an order of magnitude when including sampling method as a covariate (N island º ±0.84 N mainland ; F=92.6, P<1x10-15 for island in an ANOVA; F [9, 155] =54.9, r 2 =0.76, P<1x10-15 ). We included the interaction between sampling area and island to avoid confounding these effects. While the largest sampling areas (>5 ha) depressed densities, the other sample area classes were little differentiation in their influence on density. A subset of population density records (40%) were ranked by Rodda on at least one other element of sampling quality including representativeness of habitat, sample size, temporal sampling, isolation of sampling area, and method validation. There were no systematic differences in these quality measures between islands and mainlands.

13 Table S1 Ecological models of lizard population density (lizards/ha) across islands and mainlands and for each group independently accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation. Models include energy use (B, kj/year) and supply (P, annual minimum net primary productivity) and competitor (COMP), predator (PRED), or combined (BOTH) species richness (SR). Smaller AIC values indicate better models. The AIC values can be compared to those of the non-phylogenetic null model (N B+P) for each group (combined: ; mainlands: 574.1; islands: 347.6). Pagel s λ indicates phylogenetic autocorrelation and ranges between 0 (phylogenetic independence) and 1 (species traits covary in direct proportion to their shared evolutionary history). Phylogenetic autocorrelation is not significant for mainland populations. For the combined mainland and island analysis, phylogenetic autocorrelation was not significant when considering grouped predators or competitors. However, phylogenetic autocorrelation was significant for some particular predator and competitor taxa.

14 Table S2 Coefficients for predator and competitive release models accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation. Coefficients for energy use (B, kj/year) and supply (P, annual minimum net primary productivity) in lizard density (lizards/ha) models from Table S1. Values in brackets indicate standard errors.

15 Table S3 Models examining the influence of the richness of different taxa on combined mainland and island lizard densities. Lizard density models (lizards/ha) across the island and mainland groups. All models include energy use (B, kj/year) and supply (P, annual minimum net primary productivity) and competitor or predator species richness (see Table S4 for coefficients). Smaller AIC values indicate better models. Spatial autocorrelation is accounted for using lag models with an 800km neighborhood. Higher absolute values of Moran s I indicate stronger spatial autocorrelation.

16 Table S4 Coefficients for models examining the influence of taxa richness on combined mainland and island lizard densities. Coefficients for energy use (B, kj/year) and supply (P, annual minimum net primary productivity) in lizard density (lizards/ha) models from Table S3. Values in brackets indicate standard errors.

17 Table S5 Coefficients for predator and competitive release models explaining lizard densities. Coefficients for energy use (B, kj/year) and supply (P, annual minimum net primary productivity) in lizard density (lizards/ha) models from Table 1. Values in brackets indicate standard errors.