Results of a biological inventory of the Nosy Ankao island group, Parc National de Loky-Manambato, northeastern Madagascar

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1 Results of a biological inventory of the Nosy Ankao island group, Parc National de Loky-Manambato, northeastern Madagascar Steven Goodman, Yasser Anbdou, Yannie Andriamiarantsoa, Brian L Fisher, Owen Griffiths, Brad Keitt, Jean-Jacques Rafanomezantsoa, Eric Rajoelison, Jean-Claude Rakotonirina, Luc Ranaivoarisoa, et al. To cite this version: Steven Goodman, Yasser Anbdou, Yannie Andriamiarantsoa, Brian L Fisher, Owen Griffiths, et al.. Results of a biological inventory of the Nosy Ankao island group, Parc National de Loky-Manambato, northeastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature, Association Vahatra, 2017, 11, < <hal > HAL Id: hal Submitted on 27 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

2 Results of a biological inventory of the Nosy Ankao island group, Parc National de Loky-Manambato, northeastern Madagascar Steven M. Goodman 1,2, Yasser Anbdou 3, Yannie Andriamiarantsoa 4, Brian L. Fisher 5,6, 7, Brad Keitt 8, Jean Jacques Rafanomezantsoa 6, Eric T. Rajoelison 6, Jean Claude Rakotonirina 6, Luc Ranaivoarisoa 4, Patrick Ranirison 4,9, Voahangy Soarimalala 2,10, Michaël L. Tantely 11, Pablo Tortosa 12 & Achille P. Raselimanana 2, Résumé détaillé Plantes vasculaires Capurodendron greveanum et Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Malagasy Nature

3 2 Goodman et al Mystroxylon aethiopicum et Diospyros erythrosperma et Mimusops coriacea et Ficus tiliifolia Moustiques Culex tritaentiorhynchus Aedes lambrechti Aedes Culex Anopheles et Aedeomyia ne Aedes Culex Anopheles Plasmodium Anopheles arabiensis Fourmis Mystrium, Xymmer, Proceratium et Tanipone ont Reptiles et amphibiens Oiseaux

4 Goodman et al 3 Petits mammifères Rattus rattus et R. norvegicus Conclusions Introduction et al. et al. et al. et al., et al., et al. et al., et al. et al.,

5 Goodman et al et al., 2006 et al. et al. et al. Figure 1.

6 Goodman et al & Gordon, et al. Historical exploration of the biological resources of the Nosy Ankao island group et al. et al bay on the north-east side of Madagascar, which was not known to the natives by any particular name, we called Port Leven, the islands between Andrava and Looké [=Loky] Bays et al Figure 2.

7 Goodman et al Methods Context of the 2016 biological inventory and study sites Table 1. Name Study group Home institution Yasser Anbdou Ants Table 2. Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Nosiborona 7.1 Yes Some Yes Some Yes 1 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 2 Table 3. Taxonomic group Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Nosiborona Ants Birds

8 Goodman et al 7 Figure 3. Study sites Villages on Nosy Ankao Islands (geographical coordinates based on centroid positions) Weather data

9 Goodman et al Figure 4. Luc Ranaivoarisoa and assisted by Yannie Andriamiarantsoa and Patrick Ranirison with Data collection Linear transects et al.

10 Goodman et al Figure 5. Surface area sampling General botanical collections

11 10 Goodman et al Table 4. Floristic group Group Capurodendron greveanum and Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Group Mystroxylon aethiopicum and Diospyros erythrosperma Group Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia 3 2 Tr 10, Tr 11, Tr 12 Ecological parameters Florisitic parameters Structural parameters Spatial parameters Substrate 22 7 Tr 11, Tr 12 Tr and Southern domains Eastern domains Data analysis Floristic richness Geographic range of plant species Plant life-forms

12 Goodman et al 11 groups et al. Fisher, Jean Jacques Rafanomezantsoa, Eric Tsiriniaina Rajoelison, and Jean Claude Inventory methods Non-selective method Table 5. Island Elevation Latitude south Longitude east Period Habitat type Distance to nearest point on 20 m 22 m forest

13 12 Goodman et al Selective method Sample processing and data analysis ), which has up-to-date summaries of what is known about the taxonomy of Malagasy ants, Figure 6.

14 Goodman et al = the AB et al., Figure 7. 13

15 Goodman et al Figure 8. Inventory methods Capture of preimaginal stages et al. Capture of adult stages et al Handling of mosquitoes et al Aedes Skusea, Anopheles gambiae et al et al.

16 Goodman et al Figure 9. Possible Plasmodium infection of mosquitoes Plasmodium et al P. falciparum and P. vivax, both Reptiles and amphibians (Achille P. Inventory techniques et al et al Direct observations

17 Goodman et al Systematic searching Pandanus and Ravenala Pitfall traps Figure 10.

18 Goodman et al 17 et al et al et al Other aspects Liophidium aff. torquatum Small mammals (Yasser Anbdou, Steven M. Goodman, Voahangy Soarimalala, and Pablo Live traps Specimens

19 Goodman et al Results Weather data Table 6. Date Minimum temperature Maximum temperature Vascular plants General aspects Global vegetational characteristics Floristic diversity Life-forms spectrum of the vegetation

20 Goodman et al Figure 11. Figure 12.

21 20 Goodman et al Figure 13. Table 7 Family Genus and species Nosy Ankao Nosy Ratsy Nosy Manampao Nosiborona Acanthaceae Hypoestes strigata Benoist Amaranthaceae Lagrezia ambrensis Anacardiaceae Poupartia gummifera Annonaceae Monanthotaxis pilosa Apocynaceae Cynanchum arenarium Landolphia gummifera Gonocrypta s Pervillea Secamone aff. Secamone capitata Bignoniaceae Rhodocolea racemosa Boraginaceae Cordia myxa L. Capparaceae Crataeva excels Celastraceae Brexia aff. humbertii Brexia madagascariensis Loeseneriella rubiginosa Maytenus undata Mystroxylon aethiopicum Loes. Combretaceae Combretum coccineum Commelinaceae Commelina aff. madagascarica Convolvulaceae Ipomoea rubens Cyperaceae Cyperus betafensis Cyperus longifolius Asparagaceae lanceolata

22 Goodman et al 21 Table 7 Family Genus and species Nosy Ankao Nosy Ratsy Nosy Manampao Nosiborona Ebenaceae Diospyros erythrosperma Diospyros aff. ferrea Diospyros pervilleana Diospyros platycalyx Diospyros pruinosa Diospyros quercina Diospyros squamosa Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum retusum Erythroxylum sphaeranthus Erythroxylum platyclados Erythroxylum rignyanum Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tetraptera Margaritaria anomala Thecacoris aff. perrieri Leandri Fabaceae Albizia arenicola. Dichrostachys richardiana Senna occidentalis Loganiaceae Strychnos Lythraceae Capuronia benoistii Malvaceae Grewia aff. barorum Grewia betulaefolia Hibiscus megistanthus Meliaceae Malleastrum boivinianum Moraceae Ficus lutea Ficus tiliifolia Myrtaceae Eugenia aff. calciscopulorum Eugenia aff. oligantha Ochnaceae Ochna ciliata Lam. Oleaceae Jasminum greveanum Noronhia seyrigii Orchidaceae Angraecum aff. magdalenae Primulaceae Oncostemum Oncostemum Rhamnaceae Scutia myrtina ( Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea microphylla Rubiaceae Coffea boiviniana Coptosperma Empogona ovalifolia Ixora aff. ripicola Ixora emirnensis Pyrostria sambavensis Tarenna grevei Tricalysia ambrensis Rutaceae Vepris aff. arenicola Salicaceae Casearia nigrescens Sapindaceae Allophylus cobbe Macphersonia gracilis hildebrandtii Sapotaceae Capurodendron greveanum Mimusops coriacea Sideroxylon aff. saxorum Vitaceae Cissus microdonta

23 22 Goodman et al Floristic groups Structural groups Figure 14. Table Group Family Taxa Indicator Group designation Sapotaceae Myrtaceae Capurodendron greveanum Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Capurodendron greveanum and Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Celastraceae Mystroxylon aethiopicum Mystroxylon aethiopicum and Ebenaceae Diospyros erythrosperma Diospyros erythrosperma Sapotaceae Mimusops coriacea Mimusops coriacea and Ficus Moraceae Ficus tiliifolia tiliifolia Island

24 Goodman et al 23 Figure 15. Table 9. Transects Floristic group Structural group Vegetation group Tr 11, Tr 12 Tr 10 3 B 1 2 A B Table 10. Group Name of vegetational group Structural form Island Capurodendron greveanum and Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Mystroxylon aethiopicum and Diospyros erythrosperma Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia Description of vegetation groups Group and aff. calciscopulasum (Group I) Capurodendron Floristic characteristics of Group I Structural characteristics of Group I Structural variant 1: Low-growing forest with closed understory --

25 Goodman et al Figure 16. Capurodendron greveanum and Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Capurodendron greveanum. forest. Figure 17. Macphersonia gracilis Dracaena Strychnos Diospyros pervilleana lanceolata hildebrandtii Maytenus undata Vepris aff. arenicola calciscopulasum Eugenia aff.

26 Goodman et al Figure 18. Figure 19. Capurodendron greveanum Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum. Structural variant 2: Low-growing forest with open canopy -- Vepris aff. arenicola and Maytenus undata. Capurodendron greveanum and Diospyros erythrosperma Group and (Group II) Floristic characteristics of Group II h

27 Goodman et al Figure 20. Capurodendron greveanum and Eugenia aff. calciscopulasum Figure 21 Figure 22

28 27 Goodman et al Structural variant 1: Low-growing forest with open understory -Structural characteristics of Group II Figure 23. Figure 24. Mystroxylon aethiopicum and Diospyros erythrosperma

29 Goodman et al Figure 25 Figure 26. Cynanchum arenarium Grewia aff. barorum Margaritaria anomala Mystroxylon aethiopicum Structural variant 2: Low-growing forest with open canopy -- Grewia betulaefolia Grewia aff. barorum. Margaritaria anomala Mystroxylon aethiopicum Group and (Group III) Floristic characteristics of Group III Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia

30 Goodman et al Figure 27 Figure 28. Figure 29. Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia

31 30 Goodman et al Figure 30. Structural characteristics of Group III Landolphia gummifera Figure 31. Figure 32.

32 Goodman et al 31 Cissus microdonta Mimusops coriacea Ficus tiliifolia Mimusops coriacea, Ficus tiliifolia, and Commelina aff. madagascarica Snails Tropidophora vittata Tropidophora vesconis Omphalotropis Ampelita vesconis Edentulina Edentulina intermedia Conulinus vesconis Microcystis Opeas soulaianus Lisachatina immaculata Rattus. Ants Faunistics Xymmer Malagidris Xymmer Mystrium oberthueri Proceratium Variation in species richness between sites

33 32 Goodman et al Table 11. Status Dry forest Nosy Dune forest Nosy Ratsy Nosiborona Nosy Ankao Manampao Nosy Ankao w G w G w G W G W G Subfamily Amblyoponinae Mystrium oberthueri E Xymmer Subfamily Dolichoderinae Tapinoma E Subfamily Dorylinae Lioponera Tanipone subpilosa Tanipone Subfamily Formicinae Camponotus alamaina Camponotus E Camponotus grandidieri E Camponotus hova Camponotus repens Nylanderia madagascariensis E Paratrechina longicornis Plagiolepis Plagiolepis E Plagiolepis alluaudi Plagiolepis madecassa Tapinolepis Subfamily Myrmicinae Carebara E Carebara grandidieri E Carebara Crematogaster hafahafa E Crematogaster maina E Crematogaster tricolor E Crematogaster tavaratra Crematogaster rasoherinae Malagidris jugum Monomorium termitobium E E Monomorium platynode E Monomorium micrommaton E Monomorium lepidium E Monomorium hanneli E Nesomyrmex gracilis E Pheidole Pheidole E Pheidole megacephala Strumigenys inatos E Strumigenys fanano E Strumigenys sphera E Strumigenys olsoni E Strumigenys maxillaris Strumigenys emmae Terataner E Terataner alluaudi Tetramorium ryanphelanae E Tetramorium sericeiventre Tetramorium quasirum E Tetramorium delagoense Tetramorium trafo E Tetramorium scytalum Tetramorium Subfamily Ponerinae Anochetus madagascariensis Anochetus grandidieri

34 Goodman et al 33 Status Dry forest Nosy Dune forest Nosy Ratsy Nosiborona Nosy Ankao Manampao Nosy Ankao w G w G w G W G W G Bothroponera wasmanii E Hypoponera Hypoponera E Hypoponera Hypoponera E Hypoponera E Leptogenys fasika Leptogenys maxillosa Plathytyrea arthuri Subfamily Proceratiinae Proceratium E Subfamily Pseudomyrmicinae Tetraponera method Species richness per site sites 66 Number of species unique to a site Figure 33. Faunistic similarities between sites Abundance of introduced species Plagiolepis alluaudi and Pheidole megacephala Tetramorium delagoense

35 Goodman et al Table 12. Dry forest Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Dune forest Nosy Ankao Nosiborona Dry forest Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao 0.10 Nosy Ratsy Dune forest Nosy Ankao Nosiborona Table 13. Taxa Dry forest Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Dune forest Nosy Ankao Nosiborona Subfamily Formicinae Paratrechina longicornis Pheidole megacephala Plagiolepis alluaudi 0.20 Subfamily Myrmicinae Tetramorium delagoense Tetramorium sericeiventre 0.20 Tetramorium scytalum 0.32 Strumigenys emmae Strumigenys maxillaris 0.20 Subfamily Ponerinae Leptogenys maxillosa Table 14. Nosy Ankao island group Analabe Anala Status A M R B Subfamily Amblyoponinae Mystrium oberthueri E Xymmer Subfamily Dolichoderinae Tapinoma E Subfamily Dorylinae Lioponera Tanipone subpilosa Tanipone Subfamily Formicinae Camponotus alamaina Camponotus E Camponotus grandidieri E Camponotus hova Camponotus repens Nylanderia madagascariensis E Paratrechina longicornis Plagiolepis Plagiolepis E Plagiolepis alluaudi Plagiolepis madecassa Tapinolepis Subfamily Myrmicinae Carebara E Carebara grandidieri E Carebara Crematogaster hafahafa E Crematogaster maina E Crematogaster tricolor E Crematogaster tavaratra

36 Goodman et al Table 14. Nosy Ankao island group Analabe Anala Status A M R B Crematogaster rasoherinae Malagidris jugum Monomorium termitobium E E Monomorium platynode E Monomorium micrommaton E Monomorium lepidium E Monomorium hanneli E Nesomyrmex gracilis E Pheidole Pheidole E Pheidole megacephala Strumigenys inatos E Strumigenys fanano E Strumigenys sphera E Strumigenys olsoni E Strumigenys maxillaris Strumigenys emmae Terataner E Terataner alluaudi Tetramorium ryanphelanae E Tetramorium sericeiventre Tetramorium quasirum E Tetramorium delagoense Tetramorium trafo E Tetramorium scytalum Tetramorium Subfamily Ponerinae Anochetus madagascariensis Anochetus grandidieri Bothroponera wasmanii E Hypoponera Hypoponera E Hypoponera Hypoponera E Hypoponera E Leptogenys fasika Leptogenys maxillosa Plathytyrea arthuri Subfamily Proceratiinae Proceratium E Subfamily Pseudomyrmicinae Tetraponera All species shared with Analabe Forest All species shared with Analamera Comparison of the ant fauna of the Nosy Ankao island group to the mainland sites of Daraina and Analamera Malagidris Tanipone

37 Goodman et al Mosquitoes Aedes Culex Anopheles arabiensis and Aedeomyia madagascarica. These obtained., P Culex tritaeniorhynchus Aedes lambrechti Aedes P Table 15. et al et al., et al Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Nosiborona Total Genus and species HLC LT HLC LT HLC LT HLC Aedeomyia madagascarica 1 1 Aedes aegypti albocephalus albopictus fryeri lambrechti monetus tiptoni Anopheles arabiensis 2 2 Culex quinquefasciatus tritaeniorhynchus 3 10 Total Larval breeding sites Anopheles arabiensis Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes albopictus. A. aegypti. Table 16. Breeding sites types Species Cement Metallic Canoe Coconut Mangrove Tree holes wells container Aedes aegypti Aedes albocephalus Aedes albopictus Aedes fryeri Aedes lambrechti Aedes monetus Anopheles arabiensis Culex tritaeniorhynchus

38 Goodman et al 37 A. lambrechti, A. albocephalus, and A. fryeri Reptiles and amphibians Laliostoma labrosum Zonosaurus madagascariensis Figure 34.

39 Goodman et al Table 17. Taxa IUCN status Habitat and biotope Mode of displacement Relative abundance Nosy Ankao 365 ha Island Nosy Manampao 29 ha Nosy Ratsy 6 ha Nosiborona 6 ha AMPHIBIANS Mantellidae Laliostoma labrosum Forest and SA Total amphibian: 1 1 REPTILES Gekkonidae Ebenavia inunguis Forest Geckolepis maculata Forest Hemidactylus frenatus Paroedura lohatsara Forest Forest Phelsuma abbotti SA forest Phelsuma aff. dorsivittata Forest SA Uroplatus ebenaui Forest Gerrhosauridae Zonosaurus madagascariensis Scincidae Forest and A Amphiglossus Forest Cryptoblepharus A boutonii Madascincus aff. miafana Forest A Paracontias aff. hildebrandti Forest and Trachylepis elegans Trachylepis gravenhorstii Forest and SA Chamaeleonidae Brookesia aff. tristis Furcifer petteri Forest Furcifer oustaleti Forest and SA Boidae Acrantophis madagascariensis Lamprophiidae Liophidium aff. torquatum Forest and SA Forest and SA Lycodryas aff. inopinae Forest Madagascarophis colubrinus Forest, forest SA Mimophis mahfalensis Forest, forest Typhlopidae Madatyphlops microcephalus Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri A Forest SA Forest and Total reptiles: Total amphibians and reptiles: 26

40 Goodman et al Phelsuma aff. dorsivittata Bismarckia or satrana Paracontias aff. hildebrandti and Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia Phelsuma aff. dorsivittata; Amphiglossus aff. miafana Brookesia aff. tristis Liophidium aff. torquatum, Lycodryas aff. inopinae, and Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri Paroedura lohatsara and Uroplatus ebenaui Furcifer petteri Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri X. grandidieri X. grandidieri grandidieri Xenotyphlops et al. Madatyphlops Xenotyphlops and Furcifer petteri Zonosaurus madagascariensis, Figure 35.

41 Goodman et al Figure 36. Amphiglossus aff. miafana Figure 37. lohatsara Uroplatus ebenaui Brookesia aff. tristis Lycodryas aff. inopinae Phelsuma aff. dorsivittata Paroedura Furcifer petteri

42 Goodman et al Figure 38. Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri Paracontias aff. hildebrandti Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia formation (see Trachylepis elegans and T. gravenhorstii Phelsuma aff. dorsivittata, Paracontias aff. hildebrandti, Cryptoblepharus boutonii, Brookesia aff. tristis, and Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri Madatyphlops microcephalus, Amphiglossus Madascincus aff. miafana Table 18. Characteristics Pitfall line 1 Pitfall line 2 Pitfall Line 3 Total Habitat type Ground cover Taxa Amphiglossus 2 2 Madascincus aff. miafana 7 21 Trachylepis elegans Madatyphlops microcephalus 1 1 Liophidium aff. torquatum

43 Goodman et al Table 19. Characteristics Pitfall line 1 Pitfall line 2 Total Habitat type Ground cover Taxa Paracontias aff. hildebrandti 1 1 Trachylepis gravenhorstii 3 11 Liophidium aff. torquatum Table 20. Characteristics Pitfall line 1 Pitfall line 2 Total Habitat type Ground cover Zonosaurus madagascariensis Madagascarophis colubrinus 1 1 Liophidium aff. torquatum Table 21. Mode of capture Taxa Activity period Direct Systematic observation searching Pitfall traps Laliostoma labrosum Ebenavia inunguis Geckolepis maculata Hemidactylus frenatus Paroedura lohatsara Phelsuma abbotti Phelsuma aff. dorsivittata Uroplatus ebenaui Zonosaurus madagascariensis Amphiglossus Cryptoblepharus boutonii Madascincus aff. miafana Paracontias aff. hildebrandti Trachylepis elegans Trachylepis gravenhorstii Brookesia aff. tristis Furcifer petteri Furcifer oustaleti Acrantophis madagascariensis Liophidium aff. torquatum Lycodryas aff. inopinae Madagascarophis colubrinus Mimophis mahfalensis Madatyphlops microcephalus Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri Total

44 Goodman et al et al Birds Accipiter madagascariensis and Berniera Bernieria madagascariensis Buteo brachypterus Falco peregrinus Anous stolidus and A. tenuirostris Sterna caspia S. dougallii S. fuscata Thalasseus bergii T. bergii Table 22. Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Taxa Ardea cinerea Bubulcus ibis Butorides striata Egretta dimorpha Buteo brachypterus Falco newtoni Turnix nigricollis Dryolimnas cuvieri Nesoenas picturata Centropus toulou Caprimulgus madagascariensis Cypsiurus parvus Eurystomus glaucurus Upupa marginata Hypsipetes madagascariensis Cisticola cherina Terpsiphone mutata Nectarinia souimanga Nectarinia notata Zosterops maderaspatana Corvus albus Acridotheres tristis Foudia madagascariensis Total species

45 Goodman et al Small mammals Rattus rattus The R. rattus around human habitations to obtain more information R. rattus and a R. norvegicus Suncus murinus human habitations. Felis silvestris Rattus Tenrec ecaudatus or Setifer setosus Table 23. Nosy Ankao Nosy Manampao Nosy Ratsy Reptile captures Zonosaurus madagascariensis Small mammal captures Rattus rattus 11 0 Rattus norvegicus

46 Goodman et al Table 24. Rattus rattus Position of trap Localization for those on ground Localization for those off ground Next to On Off ground ground In litter On fallen and roots Other Branch or Branch or trunk trunk > 10 cm < 10 cm rotten wood Other Sex and age Table 25. Rattus rattus Position of trap Localization for those on ground Localization for those off ground On ground Off ground In litter On roots Other (mostly Other Next to fallen and rotten wood Branch or trunk > 10 cm Branch or trunk < 10 cm Sex and age Discussion Vascular plants Ficus tiliifolia

47 Goodman et al Snails Tropidophora thesauri Edentulina minor E. arenicola Gulella microdon Ants Ant diversity on islands in the Nosy Ankao group Figure 39.

48 Goodman et al Mystrium, Xymmer, and Proceratium, Tanipone Proceratium and Tanipone Introduced species Pheidole megacephala dominates the entire Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia Plagiolepis alluaudi Comparing the ant diversity on islands in the Nosy Ankao group to that of Daraina and Analamera Reptiles and amphibians Faunistic and biogeographic considerations

49 Goodman et al et al., 2007; et al Ebenavia inunguis et al., Brookesia micra et al Taxonomic, ecological, and conservation considerations et al et al Paracontias aff. hildebrandti Mimusops coriacea and Ficus tiliifolia Xenotyphlops aff. grandidieri Paroedura lohatsara et al Liophidium aff. torquatum L. torquatum Rattus et al Seasonality of reproduction Zonosaurus madagascariensis Furcifer petteri Paracontias aff. hildebrandti

50 Goodman et al Birds Faunistic, biogeographic, and conservation considerations Rattus Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus, Centropus toulou insularis, Hypsipetes madagascariensis rostratus, Nectarinia souimanga aldabrensis, Zosterops maderaspatana aldabrensis, Dicrurus aldabranus, and Foudia (eminentissima aldabrana et al. et al., Acridotheres tristis, is as Upupa marginata Small mammals Faunistics

51 Goodman et al Figure 40. Sterna fuscata Rattus Figure 41. et al.

52 Goodman et al Tenrec ecaudatus, Setifer setosus, and Microgale brevicaudata R. rattus Manambato (Goodman et al., Tenrec and Setifer Rattus Rattus feed for Rattus Rattus Rattus Rattus, Rattus Zonosaurus madagascariensis, Rattus Acranthophis madagascariensis, and Rattus Conservation priorities and recommendations Some important generalities associated with invasive invertebrates Rattus Nosy Ankao Introduced plants trees, Casuarina equisetifolia

53 Goodman et al et al., 2012 C. equisetifolia C. equisetifolia et al Leucaena leucocephala P. megacephala Mystrium, Lioponera, Tanipone, Leptogenys, and Proceratium P. megacephala Xymmer and Malagidris. of P. megacephala Introduced ants Pheidole megacephala and Solenopsis geminata Pheidole megacephala et al P. megacephala P. megacephala Paratrechina longicornis, Plagiolepis alluaudi, Strumigenys maxillaris, S. emmae, Tetramorium sericeiventre, and T. delagoense Introduced rodents Rattus rattus R. norvegicus

54 Goodman et al Other introduced mammals voalavo arabo Suncus murinus cat scats Introduced birds Acridotheres tristis Upupa marginata, for 2011; Feare et al. Nosy Manampao Introduced ants Paratrechina longicornis, Plagiolepis alluaudi, Pheidole megacephala, Strumigenys emmae, Tetramorium scytalum, and Leptogenys maxillosa Introduced snails Lisachatina immaculata Introduced rodents Rattus rattus. Ficus state.

55 Goodman et al et al Rattus R. rattus Rattus Introduced birds Acridotheres tristis season. Questions of biosecurity Acknowledgements

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