Electronic Supplementary Material for HOW DO GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING BIASES AFFECT STUDIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN DEEP TIME?

Transcription

1 1 Electronic Supplementary Material for HOW DO GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING BIASES AFFECT STUDIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN DEEP TIME? A CASE STUDY OF PTEROSAUR (REPTILIA: ARCHOSAURIA) DISPARITY Richard J. Butler, 1,2 Stephen L. Brusatte, 3,4,5 Brian Andres, 6,7 and Roger B. J. Benson 8,9 1 Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, Munich, Germany 2 r.butler@lrz.uni-muenchen.de 3 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA 4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 5 sbrusatte@amnh.org 6 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA 7 brian.andres@aya.yale.edu 8 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom 9 rbb27@cam.ac.uk

2 2 This file includes 1. Introduction 2. Character/taxon matrix 1 3. Character/taxon matrix 2 4. Character list 1. Introduction This is one of two supplementary data files accompanying the paper How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity. This file contains the character/taxon datasets used to generate disparity data series. The second supplementary data file is in Microsoft Excel format, and contains information on taxon ranges and time bins, disparity and geological sampling data series, and results of modelling, multiple regression and statistical analyses. 2. Character/taxon matrix 1 Character matrix without missing data reconstruction used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are polarized with respect to a sole outgroup: Euparkeria capensis Huxley, Parentheses denote polymorphic character codings. Inapplicable and missing data are both coded with a question mark. Valid genus and species names are written in italics. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation).

3 Euparkeria capensis ? ?001???? ? ????? ?000? ??00? ? ? ?0????0000???00? Eudimorphodon ranzii ? ? ?????0???11? ????? ?100? ??0?0??01? ? ?10???000?00??? 0? ?10011?1000??100001?????01??00??? Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi ? ? ????? ?100? ?00100?????? ? ?10?000000?0?0 000?001010?1?011?1000? ??0?010 Eudimorphodon cromptonellus?????????1????0110?001011??1012??????0?100????????????0?200?00???0??0????0???0????????????0?0????00??????0?10000?10?(01)0032?1?????0???0?????0?00? ?01??110100?????0?01??0???10000?10 Peteinosaurus zambelli?????????2???????????1?0?1???10??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????00?0000??000?0? ? ??000??????????????????0????????????????????? ????????0 Caviramus schesaplanensis?????????10????????????????????????????1?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?00?10000??0?(01)0032??001????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Raeticodactylus filisurensis ? ???00???001??010111? ??00? ??0????01?? ? ?10?0000???00?????????????0?11?1000??0?000?0?0???100?0??0 Austriadactylus cristatus ?012010?0011?0??0011?????11? ? ?100? ??10????0???? ? ???? ? ????1??11??00????00001??00??1??????? Preondactylus buffarinii ? ? ? ?00100????? ??0???? ????????????? ??011? ????0?00???0?00 0?001???????11??000?? ?00001?0?0010 Dimorphodon macronyx ? ? ????? ?100? ?10????01?? ? ?1???000??000 10?0002????? ? Parapsicephalus purdoni???0?1?0???????????????????????0??0?? ????? ?100? ??01001??????????????0????01????(01)0??????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Campylognathoides liasicus ? ? ????? ?100? ??01? ?10? ?? ? ?1000?

4 Campylognathoides zitteli ? ?01111? ????? ?100?00? ???0??????? ?10? ??00001????00000??0001 0?0002?11?1?111?1000??200001? ?0011 Sericipterus wucaiwanensis 00???????0??01?01?????00?1????? ???0?11001?00?20000?0???0?0?201?00??1??000?????11????10001???? ??10?0?? ????0????00 02????? ?????????0210????????? Angustinaripterus longicephalus ?1100???????????????????? ?1001? ?10?? ???????01?? ?10? ??1000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Harpactognathus gentryii?????????0????????????????????? ???0??1001?00?200?0??????????????????????0??01??1??????????????00(23)??130???(01)1???10?0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Cacibupteryx caribensis???0?1?0?0?????????????????????1??01? ?10????? ?000? ??010?1??????????????00(23)??03????(01)0????000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Rhamphorhynchus muensteri ? ????? ?000? ?01000?? ?10? ?? (12) ? (12) Nesodactylus hesperius????????????011001?0021?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?0000?????010?0002?1102 0?11?1060???00101?01??0???????? Dorygnathus banthensis ? ? ????? ?100? ?? ?10? ?? ? ? Scaphognathus crassirostris ? ? ????? ?100? ??0???? ?10? ??000000?? ?020011?1020? ? Sordes pilosus ? ? ????? ?100? ?01000?? ?10? ?? ? ?0002?????0111?1030??(45) Darwinopterus modularis 00???? ?011?01001??10000? ??001000??00? ???0?10?01?? ?10? ??000001???10100?00? ?1?020?11??030?04?010?0?01011? Wukongopterus lii?0????0?110?0?10?100? ?01001??1???0????????0???????????????2???????????????01?? ?10? ??00000??0?10? ????2?011?103???4?01010?????1?1?0112 Pterorhynchus wellnhoferi 00???? ?11001? ?11?01001??10000?? ??001000??00?002 4

5 ???0???????? ?10? ??000001?0???00????1010 0?0?????????11?3030??000101??010?1??0??1? Changchengopterus pani???????????? ?011??00????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????????????????????????????????????????0?100001???000?0022???0? 0?11??030??400101?00???1?????11 Batrachognathus volans?0????01110?01?011?0?2?????010101?11000??10001?10?????0??1????0?100?0000?00110???0???? ?20? ??00000??????001??00???? ?1040????01011?????1???00?? Jeholopterus ningchengensis 00???? ?11000??10001?10?????0??1????0?100?000 0?001?0???0????101?11100?020??2??? ??00000????10??1100? ??????011?1040?? ?11?1?0010 Anurognathus ammoni 00???? ? ?11000??10001?10?????0??1???00?100?000 0?00110???00??? ?20? ??000001???????1? ??????011?1040?? ??10? Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus?0????????0?? ??000101?11000??????1??0?????0????????????????0???????01?????1010? ???0?? ?100001?????00????10??1??0? ??????011?1030?? ?0???1??0?011 Gnathosaurus subulatus 21????0112?????????????????????11?21101??10000? ??001000?100? ?100?110011? ??0? ?01201??0000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Gnathosaurus macrurus?????????2??0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11??????121010?01?????00???130???10?????0?0?01?22101???????????????????????????????????????????????? Plataleorhynchus streptophorodon?????????2?????????????????????11?211?1??1?????????????????????????????????????????0??0????1?????????????0????130???10???00000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Huanhepterus quingyangensis?????????2??00??11?0000????0???11?011???????????1103?0???????????????????????????????????? ???0?? ??00000????22?011000?0???0?2????2??1??105?????0?1???????1???0??? Elanodactylus prolatus????????????0??000? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???00002???01?111?1050??400?10??0??????????? Kepodactylus insperatus????????????0????????0?????0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????10??0???1??????? Ctenochasma elegans 11???? ?01001??10000?10?????0??001200?100? ??00????0??? ?10? ??00000?0?? ? ???020011?1050??4??110?0? ? 5

6 Ctenochasma porocristata?????????2?????????????????????21?01001??1???0?11103?00??????????0???????????0?????0??0????1??????0??????0?20112?101201??00?00????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Pterodaustro guinazui 11???? ?0?00000?010121?00001??10000?10?????0??001200?100? ??00?0??0??? ?00? ??00000? ?10?? ?1?105??04???10000???1011?12? Eosipterus yangi????????????0???10? ?01?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????0?????????????1???????0?100?0???1??0?12? Beipiaopterus chenianus???????????? ?0201???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1010?100?100?0022???0?0?11?105???4???1000????1????12? Gegepterus changi 11????0112?000?????????0???????2??00?01??10000?11??3000??001200?100?1? ???0?0??0???10???00?01?00? ?101201???0?0?001?10100?????????? 22????2?????????????(01)????00???1??0???? Boreopterus cuiae 01???? ?0??100?00000?00?011?01001??1?000?10?????0???????0? ???0???????? ?10? ??00000?00?00001????100??0???????00?1?????????(01)???0?0???1?1?012? Feilongus youngi 11????0?0110???????????????????21?01001??10?00? ??001000?10111?3? ?100?0??0??011000?0001?10? ??00000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Gallodactylus canjuersensis 01????01??0??0?0???????00?1?00021?00001??10000?10?????0??000000?1011?1?1 100?10????????????11000?0001?10?1????????????0?????????????????????????0002???0????????????4??1?00??1011?1001?? Cycnorhamphus suevicus 01????02??0? ?20001??10000?10?????0??000?00? ?10?????0?????? ?10? ?0100?01??0??0? ?0??? ? ?1050??4? ?? Pterodactylus longicollum 01???? ? ?01001??10000?10?????0??001?00?100? ??00?0??0???110001?001?10?? ?? ?000? ??0?10001?1050??4?0110?0? ?? Pterodactylus kochi 01???? ?01001??10000?10?????0??001100?100? ???0?0??0??? ?10? ?? ? ?? ?04? ? Pterodactylus antiquus 01????01? ?01001??10000?10?????0??001100?100? ???0?0?????? ?10? ?? ? ?1050? ? Normannognathus wellnhoferi???????????????????????????????11?000?1?????????112??0?????????????????????? 6

7 ???????0????????0001??0?????? ?01??01000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Germanodactylus cristatus 01???? ??10000? ??001000?100? ???0???????? ?10? ??110010????? ?? ???020011?105???4??11010??? ?? Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 00???? ?011? ??10000? ??001000?100? ???0????????11000?0001?10? ??010000???10001??0???? 000?20??02??11?1?????4??1?010? ?? Haopterus gracilis 01????0?111100?01100??0000?????11?01001??1?000??0?????0??010000??00?0?22?????0???0????????110001?001?10?? ??00000??????001?00???? ?001?1070??4?01?0100????????12? Anhanguera santanae 01???? ?00???10????1????11?01101??11100?111040?0?? ? ?010001?1??10151? ?? ?11102???1?0100? ?1???011??01????? Anhanguera piscator 01???? ?010?????00?011?01101??11100? ?? ?1001???? ? ?? ? ?1? ?10101?2? Anhanguera blittersdorffi 01????0011?1???????????????????11?01101??11100? ??1???? ? ?110? ??00110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Anhanguera araripensis 01????0011???????????0?????????11?01101??11100? ??1???? ? ?0??10?01?1??1015?? ??0011??????????????????????????? ?1?1??????????????? Liaoningopterus gui?????????10?0??????????????????11?01?01??111(02)0?? ??????????1?? ?????100???1110?0?0001?1??? ??00110?01???101???????????????????????????????????????????????? Tropeognathus mesembrinus 01????001101???????????????????11?01101??11100?? ??1???? ? ?110?0151? ??00010????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Coloborhynchus clavirostris????????????????????????????????0?011???????????1004?0?????????????????????????????101????1??????????????0?5??030???10???0011?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Ornithocheirus simus????????????????????????????????0?011???????????1004?0?????????????????????????????101????1??????????????0?5??0?0???00???00?1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Brasileodactylus araripensis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????? ??0??0150?030??1101??0?110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 7

8 Ludodactylus sibbicki 01????001111???????????????????11?01101??11100?10?????0?? ?100?10101? ? ??00110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Cearadactylus atrox?1????0?1100???????????????????11?01101??1??00??0?????0?????????????? ????????????? ?10? ??00010????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Lonchodectes compressirostris???????????????????????????????1??0100??????????0??????????????????????????????????101????11??????????0??005??030???00???00010????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Nurhachius ignaciobritoi 00????2?010000? ???00?011?01001??10100?10?????0??010000?11??0?32?0011??????1110??? ?10? ??00010?01?01101??1?????? 1021???20?00??0710?4?1?1011????1??0???? Liaoxipterus brachyognathus?????????000???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????120010?01?1??? ?01001????0?0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Istiodactylus sinensis 00???? ?001?000000??10??11?21001??10010?10?????0??1????0?110? ???0????0??011? ?10? ??000101???01?01??1?????? 102??????000??07????01??0??01111??0???? Istiodactylus latidens 00????010100?0?0010?0??????0???11?21001??10010??0?????0??1??????110? ??????????? ?10? ??00010????0?10??111??? ?0? ???10?1?11?11101??? Longchengopterus zhaoi 01???? ?? ??1???11?01001??10100?10?????0??010?00??10? ???0?1110??0?100010?01?1??? ??000101?1?01101????????1 102?????0?00????10?4?(12)????1????1???1??? Pteranodon longiceps 01????00??1?0?? ??? ???11100?10?????0??010? ?10010?? ?10?11??????????????????0? ? Pteranodon sternbergi 02????00??1?0000?101?0100??01?? ???11100?10?????0??0100? ??00???????? ?1???1???????????????????????????0???????1????2 0???1??0????????20??10??0???1??01??? Nyctosaurus gracilis 01????00??2? ???11000?10?????0??1???? ?100?0?? ?10?11??????????????????0? ? ?2110? ?? Nyctosaurus lamegoi??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0 1??16??????????????????????? Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis???????1????????111????????00?0??????0???11000?10?????0??1???00?

9 0010???0????????1????????1?0??11????????????????????1???00?01??1?100110???0 0?1??01?11610?102?1??????11?1?112? Tupandactylus navigans 00????00??????????????????????? ???10120? ??00110??00? ??0????????????????????????1??????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Tupandactylus imperator 00????10??????????????????????? ???1?120? ??1???? ???1???????????????????????1??????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Bakonydraco galaczi??????????1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?11111????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Tapejara wellnhoferi 00????10??1?00? ? ???10120? ??1???? ?10110?? ?11111??????????????????0?? ??00???? 00221??0211??? ??110100???11?1012? Huaxiapterus corollatus 00????0???1?0?? ? ???1??20? ??1???0??0?10?????????????1???????? ??1011?????????????????????01???101????????0022???????01??081??4? ??1111??12? Eopteranodon lii 00????0???1?00?? ??? ???10??0?? ????????????4??????011??????0?????1?200010?01?1??11??????????????????0?????00101?????????022????2??01?1081??4???????01011?110??? Sinopterus gui 00????0???0?01?0010???0??? ???10??0?11????00??1??????0??0??321?011?????????0??? ?11011??????????????????0?????00101???0???1?022?1?0???01?10811?4????????1011????1?? Huaxiapterus jii 00????1???0?00?? ? ???10??0?? ??00?10?????0??3? 1?011??????0??0??? ?11011??????????????????0????????01??0?1?????2 2???021?01?10811? ??11?110??? Sinopterus dongi 00????00??1?00? ???10020? ?? ?140?3 21?011????1???????? ?11011??????????????????0?????00101????10?1?0 22?11?21?01? ??11??1?12? Nemicolopterus crypticus 01????00??1?0?0010??1?0000?01001??0200???10000?10?????0?? ????????0??? ?10??1??????????????????0?????00??1??00100?002 2??????101??091???????????10?1?11012? Bennettazhia oregonensis?????????????0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10????????????? ????????????????????? Dsungaripterus weii 01???? ? ?11? ??10010? ??1???? ? ?10? ?? ??0??108110?10? ?00210?2? 9

10 Domeykodactylus ceciliae?????????1???????????????????????????????????0??1?2???????????????????????????????????????110??10?01?????006??030???01?????0?1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Noripterus parvus 01????0011??01???????00??????0? ??10010? ??1???? ???1?110???? ?10?? ??12001???1???0???11?????????????00?????8??0?1??10?02???0021???? Noripterus complicidens?????????0??010?11?10010??01100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1? ???0??0060??30??1?11???????? ????100???12????? ??0110? ?2? Tupuxuara longicristatus??????????????????????????????????0?00???10??0?11005?0????????????????????0????????1110??????????????????1??????????????????0????????0???????????????????????????????21?0?1???????????? Tupuxuara leonardii 00????00??1?00? ?? ???10120? ??1???? ? ?10?11??????????????????0? ??11???? 00121?10110??? ???10110???112101?? Thalassodromeus sethi 01????10??????????????????????? ???10120? ?? ?1? ? ?10?11??????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Chaoyangopterus zhangi????????????00?011? ???1???1??0?????0??????????????????????????????????? ??0??1??????????????????0??00?12111????????00?21 11???001?10????4?1110??010?1?21012? Jidapterus edentus 01????0???1?00? ? ???1???1??0?????0?????????????????1??????????0?????? ?10?11??????????????????0??00?12111?????????0?2 1?101??01???????4?111011????1121??2? Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis??????????1?00? ?01???????0??????????????????????????????????????????????0???????100011?01?10?11?????????????????????00?12?11??0??????022???????01??08???4?2110?10???1??1???? Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis 01????10??1?0??0?1?1?00000?20? ???10121?10?????0??1???? ???1???????? ?10??1??????????????????0?????12?11?10?????002 2???????01?108??0??21?01?0???1???012? Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis 01????00??1?10? ??? ???10120?10?????0??1????0??00? ???1???????? ?10??1??????????????????0?1???22?110?1110??00 22??1?1??01?118???4?2?101?31011?210??? Azhdarcho lancicollis????????????10?????????????????????10??????????????????????????????????????????????0?????11?0001?0???????1???????????????????? ?11?????????????? 100??118???????????3????12????? Arambourgiania philadelphiae????????????2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 10

11 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????1???????????? Quetzalcoatlus northropi??????????1?10? ???00? ???10120?11?16(23)00??1??????10???? ?????0??01? ?10?11??????????????????0? ??? ? ?10?13??? ? 11

12 12 3. Character/taxon matrix 2 Character matrix with missing data reconstruction used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are polarized with respect to a sole outgroup: Euparkeria capensis Huxley, Question marks denote missing data with multiple equally parsimonious character optimizations. Valid genus and species names are written in italics. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation). Euparkeria capensis ? ?0? ?000? ? ?0? Eudimorphodon ranzii ? ? ?? ?100? ? ? Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi ?? ?100? ? ? Eudimorphodon cromptonellus 0000?00?11? ?? ?100? ?001? ? ? Peteinosaurus zambelli ?10?? ? ?? ?100?00? ?001? ? ? Austriadactylus cristatus ? ?100? ? ? Caviramus schesaplanensis 00?0?00?110101? ?? ? ?01??000?000000?100?00? ?001? ? Raeticodactylus filisurensis ? ?100?0

13 ? ? Preondactylus buffarinii ? ?100? ?001? ? Dimorphodon macronyx ?0? ?100? ? ? ? Parapsicephalus purdoni 00?0?1001??101?010001?011100??? ?0? ?100? ? ? ? ? ?0? Campylognathoides liasicus ?0? ?100? ? ? ? Campylognathoides zitteli ?0? ?100? ? ? ? ? Sericipterus wucaiwanensis 000???0?10? ? ? ?100? ? ? ? Angustinaripterus longicephalus ? ? ?100? ?001? ? ? ? Harpactognathus gentryii 000???0?10? ? ? ?100? ?01?001? ?1111? ? ? Cacibupteryx caribensis ? ? ?? ?000? ?01011? ? ? ? Rhamphorhynchus muensteri ?? ?000? ? ? ? Nesodactylus hesperius ?10? ? ?? ?100? ?001?01011? ? ? ? Dorygnathus banthensis ?? ?100? ? ? ?

14 Scaphognathus crassirostris ?? ?100? ? ? ? Sordes pilosus ?00? ?100? ? ? ? ? Darwinopterus modularis 0000? ?100? ?01? ?000001? ? ? Wukongopterus lii 0000? ?000?100? ?0?1?01? ?000001?0010? ? ? Pterorhynchus wellnhoferi 0000? ?000?100? ?1?01? ?11?000001?0010? ? ? ? Changchengopterus pani 0000?00110? ? ?000100?000?100? ?001?01? ?000001? ? ? Batrachognathus volans 0000?001110? ?000110?000?100? ? ?000001? ? Jeholopterus ningchengensis 0000? ?000110?000?100? ? ?000001? ? Anurognathus ammoni 0000? ?000110?000?100? ? ?000001? ? Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus 0000?001100? ?0001?0?000?100?00?0100?10001?001? ? ?000001? ? Gnathosaurus subulatus 2100?001121?00001?10000??010?0? ?100? ? ? ? ? Gnathosaurus macrurus?100?001121?00001?10000??010?0? ? ?100? ??11? ? ? ? Plataleorhynchus streptophorodon?100?001121?00001?10000??010?0? ? ?100?11 14

15 ??01?011011? ? ? ? Huanhepterus quingyangensis?100?001121? ??010?0? ? ?100? ??01? ? ? ? Elanodactylus prolatus?100?001121? ?0??1001? ?100? ?100? ??01? ? ? ? ? Kepodactylus insperatus?100?001121?00001?10?00??010?0??1001? ?100? ?100? ??01? ? ? ? ? Ctenochasma elegans 1100? ? ?100? ?01? ? ? ? Ctenochasma porocristata 1100?001121?00001? ? ?100? ??01? ? ? ? Pterodaustro guinazui 1100? ? ? ?100? ?01? ? ? Eosipterus yangi 1100?001121?000010? ?100? ?100? ??01? ? ?0101?011? ?2? ? Beipiaopterus chenianus 1100?001121? ?100? ?100? ??01? ? ?0101??11? ? ? Gegepterus changi 1100? ??01000??10? ?100? ?01? ? ? ? Boreopterus cuiae 0100? ? ? ?01? ? ? ? Feilongus youngi 1100?00? ?? ? ?01? ? ? ? Gallodactylus canjuersensis 0100?0011?0?00001?1? ? ? ? ??01? ? ? ?

16 Cycnorhamphus suevicus 0100?0021?0? ? ? ??01? ? ? ? Pterodactylus longicollum 0100? ? ?100? ?01? ? ? ? ? Pterodactylus kochi 0100? ? ?100? ?01? ? ? Pterodactylus antiquus 0100? ? ?100? ?01? ? ? Normannognathus wellnhoferi 0100? ? ? ? ?100? ??01? ? ? ? Germanodactylus cristatus 0100? ?100? ?01? ? ? Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 0000? ?100? ?01? ? ? Haopterus gracilis 0100?00?111100? ?? ?100? ?01?011? ? ???0001? ? ? ? Anhanguera santanae 0100? ?010? ? Anhanguera piscator 0100? ? ? Anhanguera blittersdorffi 0100?00011? ?0? ? ?? ? ? Anhanguera araripensis 0100?00011? ?0? ? ?? ? ? Liaoningopterus gui 0100? ?0?

17 ? ? ?? ?20? ? Tropeognathus mesembrinus 0100? ?0? ? ?? ?20? ? Coloborhynchus clavirostris 0100? ?0? ? ? ?? ?20? ? Ornithocheirus simus 0100? ?0? ? ? ?? ?20? ? Ludodactylus sibbicki 0100? ?0? ?? ? ?? ?20? ? Brasileodactylus araripensis 0100?000110? ?0? ??000101?0? ? ? ? ? ?? ?20? ? Cearadactylus atrox 0100? ?0? ??000101?0? ? ? ?? ?20? ? Lonchodectes compressirostris 0100?000110? ?0? ??000101?0? ?210?010010? ? ? ? ?? ?20? ? Longchengopterus zhaoi 0100? ?? ? ? ? Nurhachius ignaciobritoi 0000? ?? ?010? ? ? Liaoxipterus brachyognathus 0000?0? ? ??021010??0001? ??010? ? ? Istiodactylus sinensis 0000? ?? ? ? Istiodactylus latidens 0000? ?? ? ?

18 Pteranodon longiceps 0100?000111? ?? ? ? ? Pteranodon sternbergi 0200?000111? ?? ? ? ? ? Nyctosaurus gracilis 0100?000112? ?? ? ? ? ? Nyctosaurus lamegoi 0100?00011??00001?1?00? ?? ?01? ?101? ? ? ? ? Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis 0100?00111?? ?00? ?? ?00? ? ? ? ? ? Tupandactylus imperator 0000?010111? ? ? ? ?11???00? ? Tupandactylus navigans 0000?000111? ? ? ? ?11???00? ? Bakonydraco galaczi 0100?0?0111? ?? ? ? ? ?11???00? ? Tapejara wellnhoferi 0000?010111? ? ? ?11???00? Huaxiapterus corollatus 0000?000111? ? ? ? ?11???00? Eopteranodon lii 0000?000111? ? ? ? ?11???00? Sinopterus dongi 0000?000111? ? ? ?11???00? Huaxiapterus jii 0000?010110? ?0 18

19 ? ? ?11???00? Sinopterus gui 0000?000110? ? ? ? ?11???00? ? Nemicolopterus crypticus 0100?000111? ? ?? ? ? ?11???00? ? Bennettazhia oregonensis 0100?000111? ? ? ? ?021010?? ? ?01111? ? ?11???00? ? Dsungaripterus weii 0100? ? ? Domeykodactylus ceciliae 0100?00??11? ?0? ? ? ? Noripterus parvus 0100?000111? ?000? ? Noripterus complicidens 0100?000101? ? ? Tupuxuara longicristatus 0100?000111?00001? ? ?11???00? Tupuxuara leonardii 0000?000111? ? ?11???00? Thalassodromeus sethi 0100?010111?00001? ? ?11???00? Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis 0100?000111? ??? ? ? ? ?11???00? ? Chaoyangopterus zhangi 0100?000111? ??? ? ? ? ?11???00? ?

20 Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis 0100?010111? ? ??? ? ? ?11???00? ? Jidapterus edentus 0100?000111? ??? ? ? ? ?11???00? ? Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis 0100?000111? ??? ? ? ?11???00? ? Azhdarcho lancicollis 0100?000111?1000?111?0? ?1??? ?110? ? ? ?11???00? ? Arambourgiania philadelphiae 0100?000111?2000?111?0? ?1??? ?110? ? ? ?11???00? ? Quetzalcoatlus northropi 0100?000111? ?110? ? ? ?11???00?

21 21 4. Character list Character list used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are equally weighted, and ordered as noted. Continuous codings were converted into three discrete character states using the gap-weighting method of Thiele (1993) and are numbered first. Citations indicate the earliest work to use a similar character. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation). 0. Skull, length to squamosal relative to height at the jaw articulation exclusive of crests (Haeckel, 1895): 1. Rostrum, length to external naris relative to skull length to squamosal (Young, 1964): 2. External naris, length relative to skull length to squamosal (Unwin, 1991: character 2): 3. External naris, aspect ratio (Unwin, 2003: character 11): 4. Antorbital fenestra, length relative to skull length to squamosal length (Young, 1964): 5. Antorbital fenestra, aspect ratio (Unwin, 1991: character 31): 6. Nasoantorbital fenestra, length relative to skull length to squamosal (Unwin, 1991: character 92):

22 22 7. Orbit, aspect ratio (Unwin, 2004: character 11): 8. Rostral tooth row, length relative to skull length (Haeckel, 1895): 9. Teeth, maximum number (Young, 1964): 10. Mandibular symphysis, length relative to mandible length (Unwin, 1991: character 66): 11. Mandibular tooth row, length relative mandible length (Unwin, 2002: character 11): 12. Mid-cervical, maximum length relative to mid-width (Howse, 1986: node 8): 13. Dorsal vertebrae, length with respect to maximum diameter (new character): 14. Caudal vertebrae, length relative to diameter (new character): 15. Scapula, length relative to coracoid length (Bennett, 1991: character 21): 16. Radius, diameter relative to the ulna diameter (Bennett, 1991: character 27): 17. Ulna, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 2004: character 38): 18. Pteroid, length relative to ulna length (Kellner, 1996: character 56):

23 Metacarpal IV, length relative to humerus length (Romer, 1956): 20. Metacarpal IV, length relative to mid-width (new character): 21. Metacarpal IV, width relative to combined ulna and radius width (Martill and Naish, 2006: character 20): 22. Metacarpal IV proximal end, dorsoventral width relative to mid-width (new character): 23. Manual digit IV first phalanx, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 1995: character 3): 24. Manual digit IV second phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (Kellner, 1996: character 60): 25. Manual digit IV third wing phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (Kellner, 1996: character 61): 26. Manual digit IV fourth wing phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (new character): 27. Ilium anterior process, length relative to posterior process length (Unwin, 2004: character 47): 28. Femur, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 1995: character 2):

24 Tibia, length relative to femur length (new character): 30. Fibula, free length relative to tibia length (Unwin, 2003: character 8): 31. Metatarsal III, length relative to tibia length (Kellner, 1996: character 64): 32. Skull dorsal margin, curvature exclusive of cranial crests (Unwin, 1991: character 13): ordered 0. convex 1. straight 2. concave 33. Rostrum anterior margin, shape (Maisch et al., 2004: character 8): 0. blunt tip 1. laterally-compressed process 34. Rostral process cross section, shape (Andres et al., 2010: character 2): 0. triangular 1. elliptical 35. Rostrum, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 58): 0. compressed laterally 1. shortened anteroposteriorly 2. depressed dorsoventrally 36. Rostrum anterior end, orientation (Young, 1964): ordered 0. upturned 1. straight

25 25 2. downturned 37. Rostrum anterior expansion (Unwin, 1991: character 63): 0. absent 1. present 38. External naris (or nasoantorbital) fenestra dorsal and ventral margins, orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character 10): 0. acute angle 1. subparallel 39. External naris (or nasoantorbital) fenestra anterior margin, position relative to premaxillary tooth row (Romer, 1956): 0. dorsal 1. posterior 40. Antorbital fenestra dorsal and ventral margins, orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character 15): 0. subparallel 1. acute angle 41. Antorbital fenestra ventral margin, position relative to external naris ventral margin (Unwin, 1991: character 30): 0. same level 1. ventral 42. External naris and antorbital fenestra, configuration (Haeckel, 1895): 0. separate 1. confluent 43. Antorbital (or nasoantorbital fenestra) posterior margin, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 84):