THE CLASSIFICATION TERMS OF ARTHROPODS

Transcription

1 Arthropodoogy

2 THE CLASSIFICATION TERMS OF ARTHROPODS Phyum Spesific name. Subphyum Spesific name. Cass: ea Order: ida Suborder ina Upper-famiy dea Famiy idae Sup-famiy inae Genus Spesific name. Hyomma Species Spesific name. Hyomma marginatum

3 Animaia Kingdom Metazoa Subkingdom Arthropoda Phyum Cheicerata (Amandibuata) Subphyum Arachnida Cass I) Araneae Subcass (Spiders) II) Scorpionea Subcass (Scorpions) III) Acarina Subcass (Mites and Ticks) 1- Astigmata Order (Sarcoptes spp) (Psoroptes spp) (Chorioptes spp) (Otodectes spp) (Cnemidocoptes spp) 2- Prostigmata Order (Demodex spp) (Cheyetiea spp) 3- Mesostigmata Order (Dermanyssus gainae) 4- Metastigmata Order (Ticks) (Varroa destructor) Tracheata (Mandibuata; Antennata) Subphyum Insecta Cass 1- Diptera Order (Fies) 2- Phthiraptera Order (Lice) 3- Siphonoptera Order (Feas) 4- Heteroptera Order (Bed bags) 5- Battaria Order (Cockroaches) 6- Lepidoptera Order (Butterfies) 7- Hymenoptera Order(Membranous wings) 8- Coeoptera Order (Beetes) 9- Odonata Order (Dragonfies)

4 Morhoogica differentations in Arthropods Subphyum: Antennata Cass: Insecta Caput Eyes Antenna Pap Mouth parts Thorax (pro, mezo and metathorax) Wings 6 egs Stigma Abdomen Stigmates Genita opening

5 Morhoogica differentations in Arthropods Subphyum: Cheicerata Subcass: Acarina The body consists of one piece (idiosoma) The front of body contains the mouth organees (capituum) Larvae have 6 egs, Nymphs and aduts have 8 egs

6 Antennata: Insecta (Bovicoa sp.) I- Caput II- Thorax III- Abdomen 1- Antenna 2-3- egs (6) 4- Cheicerata: Acar (Ornithonyssus sp.) 5-Nai 6- Stigma 1-Cheicerer 2- Hypostom 3-Paps 4- Sterna pate 5- Gena pate 6- Ana pate 7- Trachea 8- Stigma 9- Coxa 10- Pretarsus 11- Tarsus 12- Nai 13-Idiosoma Capituum

7 Arachnida Cass Subcass: Araneae (Spider) Subcass: Scorpionea (Scorpions) Subcass: Acarina (Acars and Ticks) No wings and antennas Body parts are different from other arthropods Caput + thorax: Cephaothorax Abdomen Spiders, Scorpions Caput +Thorax+ Abdomen Ticks, Scabies etc.

8 Subcass: Araneae (Spiders) The spiders are 1-2 cm ong The body consist of cephaotoraks (caput+thorax ) and abdomen No segmentations in Abdomen Has web gands There are venom gands on the front of his body and they give their poisons through paps The poisons are neurotoxic and some species may cause death in susceptibe animas and humans They usuay ive in secuded paces. They generay feed insects Back widow is a famous species, but this species is not in Turkey.

9 Sınıf atı: Scorpionea (Akrep) The ength of scorpions varies between 1-20 cm. The body consist of cephaotoraks (caput+thorax ) and abdomen Two cheicer on the front, on both sides of their mouth Two pedipa Has 8 egs Preabdomen has 7 segments Postabdomen has 6 segmens (ike a tai and cured up) There is venom gand and sting (teson) in ast segment of post abdomen They are active at night They are hidden in the day. They feed with insects Ovipar and mosty ovovivipar There is a parayzing effect of the poison.

10 Subcass: Acarina (Mites and Ticks) There are ticks and scabies in this subcass. The body is composed of two parts. Capituum (gnathosoma) and idiosoma. Generay no segmentations. Mouth parts 2 pedipas 2 cheiser 1 hypostom There is sexua dimorphisms between maes and femaes. Most of them are ovipar. Bioogy egg, arvae, nymphs and aduts Larvae has 6 egs Nymphs and aduts have 8 egs.

11 Subcass: Acarina (Mites and Ticks) Mites generay breathe in two ways Stigma (trachea) Breath with body surfaces. Akarar stigmaarın durumuna göre diziere ayrıır. Mites are sorted according to status of their stigma Metastigmata (stigmates are behind the 4. coxae) Mesostigmata (stigmates are between 2 and 3 coxae) Prostigmata (stigmates are on the gnathsoma) Astigmata (no stigma)

12 Acarina 1- Astigmata Order (Sarcoptes spp) (Psoroptes spp) (Chorioptes spp) (Otodectes spp) (Cnemidocoptes spp) 2- Prostigmata Order (Demodex spp) (Cheyetiea spp) 3- Mesostigmata Order (Dermanyssus gainae) (Varroa destructor) 4- Metastigmata Order (Ticks)

13 Metastigmata (Ticks)

14 Metastigmata (Ticks) Ticks that are ectoparasites of vertebrates are found in a terrestria regions of the word. Approximatey 900 species exist in the word Three famiy; Ixodidae, Argasidae Nuttaieidae Approximatey 40 species exist in Turkey Sakırga, yavsı etc.

15 Metastigmata (Ticks) The ife cyce incudes four stages: the egg, arva, nymph, and adut. Ixodid ticks have ony one nympha instar, whereas argasid ticks have two or more nympha instars. A ticks feed on bood during some or a stages in their ife cyce; that is, they obigate ectoparasites. Larvae attack hosts, feed, detach, and deveop in shetered microenvironments where they mot to nymphs. Nymphs seek hosts,feed, drop and mot to aduts. Adut ticks seek hosts, feed, and in the case of engorged ixodid femaes, drop off to ay their eggs. In contrast to most other hematophagous arthropods, ticks can be remarkaby ong-ived. Many can survive for one ore more years without feeding

16 Metastigmata (Ticks) Ticks transmit a greater variety of infectious organisms than any other group of bood-sucking arthropods. Ticks transmit numerous protozoan, vira, bacteria (incuding rickettsia) and funga pathogens. In addition, the bites of ticks can cause toxic reactions, aergic responses, and fata paraysis, and the wounds that they produce can create sites for secondary infections

17 Order: Metastigmata (ticks) Ixodidae (Hard ticks) Ixodes Ixodidae and Argasidae famiy Rhipicephaus Dermacentor Haemaphysais Hyaomma Ambyomma Argasidae (Soft ticks) Argas Ornithodoros Otobius Their hosts are mammaians, repties and birds They are vectors of many pathogens Protozoa (Theieria, Babesia, Hepatozoon) Bacteria (Borreia, Francisea species) Vırus (CCHF, Encephaitis virus) Rickettsiaes (Rickettsia species, Coxiea, Anapasma)

18 Ixodidae famiy Hard ticks Immature and adut ticks each take a bood mea. Foowing contact with the host, a tick uses its cheicerate to puncture the skin and its hypostome to securey anchor itsef. Femaes feed ony once Foowing mating, femaes suck bood for severa days and swe enormousy during the ast hours of attachment. Repete, mated femaes drop from their hosts, find a shetered ocations and subsequenty oviposit hundreds to thousands of eggs. The femae dies upon competion of egg aying

19 Ixodidae famiy They show seasona activation Hyaomma marginatum Dermacentor marginatus The ife cyce may take two or more years. Life cyces One-host ife cyce (Rh. annuatus) Two-host ife cyce (H. marginatum) Three-host ife cyce (I. ricinus)

20 Ixodidae famiy Femaes have a hard cuticuar pate or scutum on the anterior haf of the dorsa body surface. In maes, the scutum occupies virtuay the entire dorsa surface The body of the femae posterior to the scutum expands enormousy during feeding during feeding as new cuticue is synthesized to accommodate the bood mea. In maes, however, the arger scutum imits expansion. When present, a simpe eye occurs aong each postero-atera margin of the scutum. The entire body is covered by numerous setae and the poreike sensia auriformia. Larvae posses few setae, athough their number and reative pacement provide vauabe taxonomic characters for generic and subgeneric differentiation.

21 Ixodidae famiy An odour-detecting sensory apparatus, Haer s organ, is evident on the dorsa surface of the tarsus of eg I in a stages. This organ consist of an anterior pit and a posterior capsue. Gustatory, thermosensory, and mechanosensory functions aso have been associated with this organ. Variations in the structure of Haer s organ are usefu for distinguishing genera and species

22 Transmission route of the pathogens Transsitadia transmission Passage of microbia agents, such as bacteria and protozoa, virus, from one deveopmenta stage to its subsequent stage or stages Transovaria transmission Passage of microbia agents from the materna body to eggs within the ovaries.

23 İxodidae (Hard ticks) Ixodes Rhipicephaus Dermacentor Haemaphysais Hyaomma Ambyomma Short mouth parts Haemaphysais Rhipicephaus Dermacentor Long mouth parts Hyaomma Ixodes Ambyomma

24 Ticks of Turkey Hyaomma genus H. anatoicum T. annuata H. detritum T. annuata H. marginatum CCHF, R. aeschimannii, R. sibirica subsp mongoitimonae H. excavatum H. eagyptium H. scupense H. rufipes CCHF H. dromedarii

25 Ticks of Turkey Rhipicephaus genus Rh. annuatus Babesia bigimina and Babesia bovis Rh. turanicus Babesia species in sheep and goats Rh. sanguineus Babasia canis and Hepatozoon canis Rh. bursa B. ovis, B. motasi

26 Ticks of Turkey Ixodes genus I. ricinus Lyme disease, Tick-borne encephaitis and Babesia divergens I. hexagonus I. redikorzevi I. gibbosus I. frontais I. vespertiionis I. aguri

27 Ticks of Turkey Dermacentor genus D. marginatus Babesia cabai and R. sovaca D. reticuatus R. sovaca

28 Ticks of Turkey Haemaphysais genus H. punctata Theieria ovis, Babesia major H. sucata Theieria orientais H. parva Theieria orientais Ha. inermis Ha. erinacei Ha. concinna

29 Argasidae Argas Ornithodoros Otobius

30 Argasidae Caed as soft ticks The body margins are rounded in most species In Argas, they are fattened and covered by sma margina discs. Eyes, when present, occur on fods atera to the coxae. In femaes, the genita pore appears as a horizonta sit surrounded by a prominent fod. In maes, the pore is subtrianguar or subova, without a genita apron.

31 Argasidae Femae and mae are simiar, but mae is sighty smaer. The capitium is not seen from the dorsa view in nymphs and aduts. The paps are cyindrica and consist of 4 joint No puvium on the feet except for arvae

32 Argasidae In contrast to the ixodids, most argasids have two or more nympha instrars in their ife cyce, each of which must consume a bood mea. This pattern is termed the mutihost ife cyce. Moting occurs off the host in craks, crevices, or beneath debris in or near the nest. Argasid femaes take repeated sma bood meas and ay sma bathes of eggs, typicay ess than 500 eggs/batch after each feeding. These are termed mutipe gonotrophic cyces. The interna between feeding is typicay severa months. As many as six gonotrophic cyces have been reported in some species.

33 Argasidae Mating usuay occurs off the host. Because of the mutipe nympha instars that may number six or seven in some species, argasid ticks often ive for many years. These ticks are highy resistant to starvation, which can extend their ongevity even further.

34 Argas genus A. refexus A. persicus Ornithodoros genus O. ahorensis ARGASIDAE Otobius O. megnini

35 ARGASIDAE Argas Argas ticks have a fattened body margin, a atera sutua ine, and a eathery, foded cutice. The many sma integumenta fods usuay have a buttonike appearance, each with a pit on its top. No eyes. Most species parasite bats or birds. The genus is wordwide in distribution, mosty in xeric environments or dry caves in otherwise humid environments. Exampes of important species are the fow tick (A. persicus) and the pigeon tick (A. refexus).

36 ARGASIDAE Ornithodoros Nymphs and aduts have a eathery cutice with innumerabe tiny wrinkes (mammiae) and a rounded body margin; they ack a atera, sutura ine. Mammiae are smaer and more numerous than those found in Argas. Some species have eyes. The host range is diverse and incudes repties, birds, and mammas. The genus is wordwide in distribution. O. ahorensis (A. ahorensis) Sheep tick, winter tick Tick toxicities.

37 Argasidae (Soft ticks) They are active mosty in winter months. They are found in dweing. They are generay active at nights. Femae ticks often eave their eggs in stabes and dweings. These species have a ong ife span Femaes ay eggs many times and they do not die after eaving the eggs.

38 Ixodidae (Hard ticks) There are intense chitinous pates on the body. Scutum in arvae, nymph and femae Conscutum in mae No mammiae on the body The caputium is seen from dorsa view There is puvium 4. pap joint is embedded in the 3. pap Sexua dimorphism is evident There is no distinct ine at the edge of the body There are porose areas in basis capitui. Eyes, when present, are ocated ateray in the scutum. Stigmas are arge and ocated behind the 4. coxae There are festons Morphoogy Argasidae (Soft ticks) No pate scutum and body cover is soft The mammiae exist on the body The caputium is not seen from dorsa view (except for arvae) No puvium (except for arvae) 4 pap joints are evident Sexua dimorphism is not evident There is distinct ine at the edge of the body No porose areas Eyes, when present, are ocated on supracoxa fod. Stigmas are sma and ocated in front of the 4. coxae No festons

39 Bioogy and deveopment Ixodidae (Hard ticks) Egg+arvae+nymph+adut host ife cyce One feeding processes in each ife stage Argasidae (Soft ticks) Egg+arvae+2-8 nymphs+adut Mutipe hosts Mutipe feeding processes Femaes feed and mate in one time. After egg production, femaes die. Femaes feed and mate in many time. After egg production, femaes do not die. Maes that mate do not ive much, and die Maes that mate ive for many years. They are generay active at day time and in hot seasons They are generay active at night and in cod seasons They are short-ived. They are ong-ived.