The Poodle Scene. List of Officers and Committees. Directors/Directrices: Standing Committee Chairs: President/Présidente:

Transcription

1 The Poodle Scene J A N U A R Y W I N T E R N E W S L E T T E R List of Officers and Committees I N S I D E T H I S I S S U E : How to read Diversity Studies 2 14 Therapy dogs 15 Colostrum Embroidery 19 OVPC Specialty PCC Specialty PCO Specialty MPCO Specialty 28 Achievements in Performance 28 President/Présidente: Joanne Reichertz First Vice-president/Vice-présidente: Debra Drake Second Vice-president/Deuxième Vice-présidente: Carole Ann Grayson Corresponding Secretary/Secrétaire de correspondance: Margot Jorgensen Recording Secretary/Secrétaire d archives: Margot Jorgensen Treasurer/Trésorière: Barbara O Donaughy Past-president: Mary Jane Weir, Directors/Directrices: Alberta: Victoria (Tory) Tomblin British Columbia: Suzanne Loblaw Ontario: Anne Bell Quebec: Janis Bates Membership Chairperson: Jane Beaudry Standing Committee Chairs: Amendments: Margot Jorgensen Library: Joanne Reichertz Good & Welfare: Janis Bates Newsletter: Gloria Koolsbergen Education: Mary Jane Weir Obedience/Rally: Debby DaCosta Field: vacant Versatility: Gillian Anglin Health Officer: Mary Jane Weir Achievements in Conformation Poodle Humor Next News Letter 35

2 J A N U A R Y P A G E 2 Permission to reproduce this here, from Natalie Green Tessier, as posted in response to questions on a canine genetics page: " this seems to be a common stumbling block for breeders - I think because we are so used to thinking of DNA tests in terms of single locus disease genes, so everyone wants to know what these markers DO, and if we don't know, how can we reasonably select for or against them.? The answer to that is that it doesn't matter what they do because they are simply identifiers. Each locus for standard poodles has anywhere from 4 to 18 different possible alleles (which is a version of a gene) that could appear there. Family members tend to have more of the same alleles at the same loci than unrelated dogs do. So if there's a dominant line or several, you will see more of their alleles The more the dogs have in common, the more related they are - no matter what their pedigree says. Using these 33 loci, and seeing which dogs have which alleles, we get a very good picture of population structure, which is like a map of the diversity. In each breed it's different. If one line is more common, we will expect to see a lot of their alleles in the population. For a visual representation, the researchers use a "principle component analysis" graph, or PCoA, and they plot each dog. So in these each dog is a dot, and the dogs that they are genetically similar to are near them and the ones that are less like them are farther away. This way we see how all the dogs are related to one another. It's easy to see in the graph of the Italian Greyhounds, for instance, what the population structure is because the N American population is very similar and very inbred and so is the European population - but they have very different sets of alleles. They are all pure Italian Greyhounds, but they are nearly a separate population altogether. Both suffer from the consequences of having very small gene pools, and they each have their sets of diseases. The breeders are afraid to mix them because they are afraid to bring in the other groups disease. If, however, these diseases are due to low diversity, it should help them to join these groups, carefully, selecting for both diversity and health. For Standard Poodles, the structure shows a very large cluster of closely related dogs, which is the majority of Standard Poodles, and fewer and fewer individuals that are more and more distantly related. The main cluster is the Midcentury Bottleneck cluster, and the farther away the dogs are on the graph, the less influence of that bottleneck they have. This is how they know that Standard Poodles do not vary much at all based on geography. European standard poodles are basically the same as N American standard poodles. The minis and mini crosses were plotted on the same graph and they are far away from the bottleneck cluster, but if you look, you will see that there are also a surprising number of full standard poodles that are as far away from the mainstream as the minis and mini crosses. Those genetic outliers are the ones we've spent years looking for and saving, but they are by no means all of them. Some of the ones we hoped would be outliers aren't. Now back to autoimmune disease in Standard Poodles, you can see from the second graph Standard Poodles that plots all the SA and AD and healthy dogs do not vary much at on the same graph that the majority of dogs are still all in the same place - AND the SA all based on and AD dogs are almost invariably right in that same cluster. Even though there are dogs with geography. very low IR that are AD affected, they nevertheless are in that cluster. The SA dogs are in European standard that cluster. If the diseases weren't genetic, or poodles are if they were throughout the breed, you would basically the same see those affected dogs spread throughout the graph. So we know that the dogs most at risk as N American are those from that bottleneck. How would we improve the risks of good health for standard poodles? Break up that genetic cluster of standard poodles dogs so that whatever complex group of genes it takes to express Addison's or SA is less likely to end up in the same dog. Complex diseases require more than one set of genes to be expressed, and they sometimes need an environmental trigger as well. We are used to clear, carrier and affected, but that is a single locus kind of disease. With complex disease there are likely several loci involved, and somehow, the 10 dogs in the Midcentury bottleneck likely had between them all, all the genes necessary to make these diseases. As dogs have more

3 Without going back to the 1950s in their pedigrees, we would never have known we were line-breeding. influence from the Midcentury Bottleneck (MCB), they are more at risk of these diseases. Without going back to the 1950s in their pedigrees, we would never have known we were line-breeding. What's more, even some lower Wycliffe or MCB dogs may have inherited all the necessary elements for these diseases because there aren't any Standard Poodles without a portion of the MCB. That's how sometimes a low Wycliffe, low COI dog can turn up with SA or AD. When these dogs are compared genetically, they are just like the other MCB dogs. So, the way to use this test is to identify where your dog is in the population. Lynn Brucker has put all the necessary calculations into the Standard Poodle Database under the breeder's utilities (if you don't have a copy of this program, buy one) and you can see how many rare (under 10% frequency) and how many common (over 40% frequency) a dog has. If a dog has a lot of rare alleles, it doesn't make that dog better than one with more common alleles, but it does make the dog less at risk for autoimmune disease. All the usual necessary guidelines are still valid - the dog should be healthy, have a good temperament and structure - but the MCB dogs need an influx of genetic material. It can be from full standard outliers, or minis, or mini crosses, or a totally different breed. Obviously the easiest is the genetic outlier followed by the mini-crosses, then minis then the (likely when hell freezes over) other breed entirely. The genetic outliers should NOT just be bred to MCB dogs and then have half MCB dogs kept - this is how we lost so much of our diversity. Outliers should be bred to other outliers to keep a separate pool as a resource. Meanwhile these outliers can be selected for structure or performance, while making sure they don't get less diverse. Slowly there should be an influx of the rarer genetics into the MCB cluster, making what's rare now less and less rare until there's more balance and ALLLL our dogs are safer. All the while, breeders of originally higher MCB lines can continue to select for diversity even while they are selecting for traits they love. Now of course all the breed politics have to be overcome for this to happen and I'm sure many will be skeptical and continue on as they have. That's fine. Everyone is responsible for their own dogs and they have to follow their own convictions. I will say that Dr. Pedersen is VERY cautious about coming to conclusions and so are the other researchers there. There's a lot more he might have put into this paper, but he's very conservative. If it's in there, he's sure of it. If a dog has a lot of rare alleles, it doesn't make that dog better than one with more common alleles, but it does make the dog less at risk for autoimmune disease. I hope I covered it well. Feel free to ask as many questions you want. It will take some time to get used to it since it's a new way of looking at things. I do think it's quite a hopeful outlook though, because it does offer a number of solutions, and it doesn't bash breeders, and it's obvious that genetic diversity is desperately needed. I really hope it makes a difference. I wish I could wave a magic wand and make it all totally obvious and simple, but if it were, we'd have had the solutions much sooner. Genetic diversity testing for Standard Poodles The Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL), in... VGL.UCDAVIS.EDU P A G E 3

4 P A G E 4 Permission granted by: Lee V. Millon From Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, UCDavis, Davis, CA and the UC Regents copyright. Diversity Studies in Poodles and what they mean: To evaluate a potential mating check the alleles of potential mates. Count the shared alleles, the less in common will produce more Heterozygous puppies All information should be considered, check the Haplotypes numbers, optimally we should breed to a dog with different haplotypes. To produce more diversity on the puppies. T H E P O O D L E S C E N E

5 P A G E 5 Interpreting VGL Diversity Studies in Poodles Glossary of terms: Antibody-mediated immunity : conferred to an individual through the activity of B cells and their progeny, which produce circulating antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance and recognize the substance upon renewed exposure. Also called humoral immunity. Compare cellmediated immunity. Homozygosity : The state of possessing two identical forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent. For example, a girl who is homozygous for cystic fibrosis (CF) received the cystic fibrosis gene from both of her parents and therefore she has cystic fibrosis. Phenotypes : Whereas the "genotype" is the genetic makeup of an organism, the phenotype is how genetic and environmental influences come together to create an organism s physical appearance and behavior. Polymorphisms: Polymorphism involves one of two or more variants of a particular DNA sequence. The most common type of polymorphism involves variation at a single base pair. Polymorphisms can also be much larger in size and involve long stretches of DNA. Called a single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP (pronounced "snip"), scientists are studying how SNPs in the human genome correlate with disease, drug response, and other phenotypes granted by: Sent by: Lee V. Millon Veterinary Genetics Lab _ School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA Permission Attached is a PDF document that we have prepared to help clients with reading and interpreting the results. Also there is a fair amount of information that you may find useful on our website: Standard Poodles: GeneticDiversityInStandardPoodles.php\ Miniature Poodles: GeneticDiversityInMiniaturePoodles.php How should this information be used? The Genetic Diversity results are an important tool, one of several, for use in making breeding decisions that will improve the health of the breed in the long run. Depending upon the homozygosity of the parents and the frequency of alleles inherited, the IR will vary across a litter of puppies. Those with lower IR values are more likely to pass diversity to their future offspring. To evaluate a potential mating, first consider the DLA haplotypes. A mating with the least number of shared haplotypes should be preferred. This means that a dog isn t a bad choice because it has two of the same haplotypes, but that dog should be bred to another with different haplotypes. If the parents don t share any haplotypes, the puppies will all be heterozygous. Next consider the Diversity Panel. Marker by marker, look for alleles shared between potential mates. No shared alleles means heterozygous puppies; one shared means 50% heterozygous. Count up the shared alleles. Fewer is better for a mating.

6 VGL also publishes allele and haplotype frequencies. Common alleles or DLA haplotypes are often the result of popular sire effect or a genetic bottleneck. It may not be advisable to specifically breed for rare types, but the rare types are part of the breed s genetic diversity and losing them should be avoided. Dogs possessing the rare types may mix well with the more homozygous dogs to produce more genetically diverse litters. All information should be considered when evaluating a mating. These results do not score a single dog but rather assist in finding the best breedings in terms of genetic diversity. The DLA consists of four gene rich regions making up a small part of canine chromosome 12. Two of these regions contain genes that help regulate normal cell- (Class I) and antibodymediated (Class II) immunity. Polymorphisms in these regions have also been associated with abnormal immune responses responsible for autoimmune diseases in some breeds. Overview The Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL), in collaboration with Dr. Niels C. Pedersen and staff, has developed a panel of short tandem repeat (STR) markers that will determine genetic diversity within the genome and in the Dog Leukocyte Antigen (DLA) class I and II regions. This test panel will be useful to Miniature Poodle breeders who wish to determine the amount of genetic diversity that exists in the breed and to compare that diversity with that of Standard Poodles. Breeders and owners have submitted enough DNA samples from 110 Miniature Poodles to create a preliminary baseline for genetic diversity in the breed. However, given the high amount of genetic diversity that has been determined so far, more dogs need to be sampled determine the full range of that diversity. Therefore breeders and owners should continue to submit samples until the goal of at least 200 dogs is reached. Price: The cost for baseline testing is $50/dog and funds have been allocated from the PCA to test 200 Miniature Poodles. Contact PCA to obtain a coupon code. If more than 200 dogs are needed to identify virtually all existing genetic diversity, these will be tested at a rate of some breeders believe that genetic diversity, and therefore health problems, could be improved by increased crossbreeding of Standard and Miniature Poodles. $50/dog. Once the research phase is complete, the test will be at the regular rate of $100. ORDER TEST KITS Allow 5-10 business days for results. Results reported as: Short tandem repeat (STR) loci: A total of 33 STR loci from across 25 of 39 (panel 1) or 58 of 39 (panel 2) chromosomes were used to gauge genetic diversity within an individual and across the breed. The alleles inherited from each parent are displayed graphically to highlight heterozygosity, and breed-wide allele frequency is provided. DLA haplotypes: Seven additional STR loci linked to the DLA class I and II genes were used to identify genetic differences in regions regulating immune responses and self/non-self recognition. Problems with self/non-self recognition, along with non-genetic factors in the environment, are responsible for autoimmune disease. Internal Relatedness: The IR value is a measure of genetic diversity within an individual that takes into consideration both heterozygosity of alleles at each STR loci and their relative frequency in the population. Therefore, IR values heterozygosity over homozygosity and uncommon alleles over common alleles. IR values are unique to each dog and cannot be compared between dogs. Two dogs may have identical IR values but with very different genetic makeups. IR values can be adjusted using data from highly random bred village dogs from across the Middle East, SE Asia and Island Pacific nations. Adjusted IR values, known as IRVD, are estimates of the amount of genetic diversity that has actually been lost over the entire period of breed evolution and not just from the time founding dogs were selected and registries were closed. Introduction P A G E 6 Previous genetic testing established Miniature Poodles to be a distinct breed compared to Standard Poodles, although the genetic imprint of Standard Poodles can be seen by shared genomic alleles and DLA class I and II haplotypes. This research can be openly accessed at: cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/ /s , and pdfs/miniature_poodle_genetic_comparison_may pdf.

7 The Miniature Poodle has a lower incidence of autoimmune disease than Standard Poodles and appears from these previous studies to be more genetically diverse. The Poodle Club of America standards determine varieties of Poodles by size alone and all sizes are AKC registered as Poodles. They are then assigned a variety according to their size as Toy, Miniature or Standard Poodles. Although breeders are free to cross Miniature and Standard Poodles, there has been reluctance for breeders to do so. However, there are some breeders who believe that genetic diversity, and therefore health problems, could be improved by increased cross-breeding of Standard and Miniature Poodles. The purpose, therefore, of this study is actually twofold: 1) to determine the genetic diversity in Miniature Poodles from disparate regions of the world to help breeders better manage existing diversity, and 2) to compare and contrast existing genetic diversity both in the genome and in the DLA class I and II regions between Miniature and Standard Poodles. For this reason, the various genetic determinations made for Miniature Poodles in this study will be presented separately and with comparisons to results obtained for Standard Poodles. The Canine Genetic Diversity Test and What It Tells Us A. Thirty three vs 58 STR loci genome panels STR markers are highly polymorphic and have great power to determine genetic differences among individuals and breeds. The VGL has been experimenting with two different STR marker panels. Panel 1 has markers on 25/39 canine chromosomes and panel 2 has markers on 39/39 chromosomes. Twenty five of the 33 STR markers on panel 1 are also found on panel 2. Twenty markers on each panel are recommended for universal parentage determination for domestic dogs by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG). The panel of 58 genomic markers covers all 39 canine chromosomes instead of the 25 chromosomes of the 33 marker panel. The test panel used for baseline genetic testing of Miniature Poodles used two different panels, panel 1 (110 dogs) with 33 STR markers and panel 2 with 58 STR markers (99/110 dogs). Testing has shown that the 33 marker panel gives results that are very close to the results from the 58 marker panel in the various genetic assessments (Fig 1). Therefore, most of the genetic assessments will be from the original 33 genomic STR loci (Table 1). P A G E 7 B. The use of genomic allele frequencies to assess genetic diversity in a population The diversity of alleles at each STR and their frequency in a population can be used to make several genetic assessments such as principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), genetic assessment indices (average alleles/locus, average effective alleles/locus, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, index of inbreeding [F]), internal relatedness (IR), and adjusted IR (IRVD). The first 33 STR markers listed were used in the original panel. Genomic STR loci and their frequencies for Standard and Miniature Poodles can be found at: genomic STR loci (Table 1). Table 1: STR alleles from 33 genomic loci and their frequencies in different populations (link to table 1) C. Differences in population structure as determined by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) Figure 1 shows PCoA results for the same population of Miniature Poodles using allele frequency data obtained from either the 33 or 58 STR marker panels. Both panels Figure 1. A comparison of PCoA of Miniature Poodles using a 33 vs 58 STR loci panel; the 33 STR loci are found on 25/39 canine chromosomes (top plot), whereas the 58 STR loci panel has markers on 39/39 chromosomes (bottom plot). The results are comparable. Principal coordinate analysis can also be used to determine how two populations have genetically differentiated from each other. D. Assessment of population genetics using heterozygosity measurements The standard genetic assessments such as those first proposed by Wright can be determined from alleles and their frequencies at each STR locus in the genome. These measurements include average # alleles/locus (Na), average # effective alleles/locus (Ne), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and a coefficient of inbreeding (F) (Table 1). The average number of alleles/loci for the Miniature Poodles was 7.58, which is higher than many other pure breeds.

8 Figure 2. PCoA plot of Miniature Poodles (n=110), Standard Poodles (n=898) and Standard-Miniature cross (n=57) based on 33 STRs. Figure 2 shows a PCoA plot of 110 Miniature, 898 Standard and 57 Standard/ Miniature Poodle crosses tested using 33 genome-wide STR markers. The two varieties of Poodles are clearly related, given their close proximity to each other on the plot, but are genetically distinguishable. Only three dogs registered as a Standard Poodle were found among the Miniature Poodle population. The Standard/ Miniature Poodle crosses and a number of registered Standard Poodles bridged the two populations, as expected. Registered Standard Poodles that segregated with the crosses may well have had both varieties at some point in their pedigrees, but such ancestry was not divulged. The average number of alleles/locus that contributed the most to genetic diversity (effective alleles) was 4.06, again higher than other pure breeds that have been studied to this point. The observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho=0.712 and He=0.720) were also higher than many other breeds. The values for Ho and He were not significantly different from each other, creating a breed-wide coefficient of inbreeding (F) close to zero (0.010). Therefore, these data indicate that Miniature Poodles have a relatively high genetic diversity and that breeders are doing a good job of maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (random breeding). Standard Poodles had somewhat higher average alleles/locus (8.91) than Miniature Poodles, but the number of effective alleles per locus was 3.49 for Standard Poodles vs for Miniature Poodles, and the Ho (0.654) and He (0.680) was lower for Standards than Miniatures. The coefficient of inbreeding F was 0.038, which was also higher than for Miniature Poodles. Therefore, Miniature Poodles were genetically more heterogeneic than Standard Poodles. The average effective alleles per locus was higher for the Standard/Miniature P A G E 8 Poodles than for Standard Poodles (3.76 vs 3.49) and the F value was vs demonstrating that the crosses were more outbred than the population as a whole. E. The use of genomic STR loci allele frequencies to determine internal relatedness (IR) The genetic assessments given in Table 1 refer to the population as a whole, and not to individual dogs. Moreover, assessments based on allele frequency alone do not weight the contributions of common vs rare or uncommon alleles to genetic diversity. Internal Relatedness (IR) is a calculation that gives more weight to rare and uncommon alleles and has been often used as a measure of the genetic differences of an individual s parents. IR values are therefore a measure of heterozygosity contributed by each parent. The lower the IR score, the more outbred the individual, and the higher the score, the more inbred. IR scores of all individuals in a population can be graphed to form a curve ranging from -1.0 to A dog with a value of -1.0 would come from parents that were totally unrelated at every locus, while dogs with an IR value of +1.0 have parents that were genetically identical at every locus. The mean of internal relatedness calculated for 110 Miniature Poodles from North America and other parts of the world was 0.038, with individuals ranging from to (Fig. 3). IR values as high as were uncommon and most of the breeds had values below A value of would apply to offspring of parents that were full siblings, provided that the parents of the full siblings were randomly bred. IR values >0.25 occur when the parents of the full sibling parents were themselves highly inbred. Like in any pure breed, there Pop N Na Ne Ho He F ST Mean SE ST-Mini Mean SE Mini Mean SE Table 2. F-Statistics comparison among Miniature, Standard Poodles, and Miniature-Standard cross based on 33 STR markers

9 are always a few individuals that are highly inbred. F. IRVD values as a measure of genetic diversity lost during the entire period of breed evolution from earliest ancestors to present The IR values can be adjusted in such a way as to provide an estimate of total genetic diversity lost from the earliest ancestors of the breed to present time. This is done by using allele frequencies obtained from DNA of present day village dogs from the Middle East, SE Asia and Island Pacific nations. These dogs are the most random bred and genetically diverse population that has been studied to date and is the origin of almost all modern breeds. The adjusted IR value is known as IR-village dogs or IRVD. The IRVD values for Miniature Poodles are shown in Fig. 3 (blue line). The mean IRVD was for the population as a whole individuals ranging from to (Fig. 3). The shift to the right in IRVD values was not nearly as pronounced as it has been for several other breeds that are participating in genetic diversity testing at the VGL and indicates that Miniature Poodles have retained a greater amount of the overall diversity still present in village dogs. G. DLA Class I and II Haplotype frequencies In addition to the markers used to estimate relatedness, which reflect genome-wide diversity, a set of STRs associated with specific genes in the DLA region, which contains the canine Major Histocompatibility Complex, can be used as proxy to represent gene diversity associated with immune function (see sidebar). Four STR markers are used to identify DLA class I haplotypes and three STRs for DLA class II haplotypes. We have identified 27 distinct DLA Class I and 20 distinct DLA Class II haplotypes in Miniature Poodles (Table 3). These STR-based haplotypes are strongly associated with known functional haplotypes that have been determined by sequencing of DLA-88, DRB1, DQB1, and DQA1 genes. It is likely that a small number of additional haplotypes, especially of low frequency, will be recognized as the goal of 200 dogs being tested is reached. Miniature and Standard Poodles share many class I and II haplotypes, but also possess haplotypes unique to each breed. Miniature Poodles have 10 class I and nine class II haplotypes that were not found in Standard Poo- P A G E 9 dles. Standard Poodles have even more unique class I and II haplotypes, but some of these may be identified among Miniature Poodles when more dogs are tested. Unique haplotypes tend to be uncommon Standard Poodles have a marked imbalance in DLA class I and II haplotypes, with a high incidence of the 1001, 1002, 1003 class I haplotypes and 2001 class II haplotypes. The 1018 DLA class I and 2003 class II haplotypes are higher than expected by chance in Miniature Poodles. The prominence of a relatively small number of DLA class I and II haplotypes in breeds with a broad genetic base, such as Standard and Miniature Poodles, is usually a result of an artificial genetic bottleneck that occurred in the past associated with either a popular sire or closely related bloodline. Another way to assess genetic diversity in the DLA Figure 3. class I and II regions is to apply the same types of statistics used to assess diversity across the genome as reported in Table 2. Table 3 shows this same type of genetic diversity assessment using allele frequencies at each of the 7 STR loci that are associated with a much narrower, but very critical, part of the genome, i.e., DLA class I and II regions on chromosome 12. Miniature Poodles possess IR and IRVD values for 110 Miniature Poodles Table 3: DLA Class I Haplotype Frequencies in Miniature and Standard Poodles Haplotype ST (n=897) Mini (n=110)

10 Table 3: DLA Class I Haplotype Frequencies in Miniature and Standard Poodles P A G E 10 Haplotype ST (n=897) Mini (n=110) Haplotype ST (n=897) Mini (n=110)

11 Table 3: DLA Class I Haplotype Frequencies in Miniature and Standard Poodles Haplotype ST (n=897) Mini (n=110) somewhat fewer average alleles per locus than Standard Poodles (7.00 vs. 7.86), but the average number of effective alleles per loci is higher (3.53 vs. 2.76). Therefore, a greater proportion of alleles are contributing to genetic diversity in the DLA in Miniature Poodles than in Standard Poodles. The observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He) are higher in Miniature Poodles than in Standard Poodles and are virtually identical in value, giving an inbreeding coefficient (F) in these DLA regions that is slightly less than zero. This indicates that DLA class I and II alleles are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (random breeding), which supports the earlier F values based on genomic markers. In contrast, Ho and He values for Stan- Table 4. Assessment of genetic diversity within DLA region using the frequencies of alleles for each of the 4 STR loci associated with DLA class I and the 3 STR loci associated with class II. Population N Na Ne Ho He F ST Mean SE ST/Mini Mean SE Mini Mean SE P A G E 11 dard Poodles are not in balance, giving an inbreeding coefficient (F) of Therefore, a subpopulation of Standard Poodles is more inbred in the DLA class I and II regions than the population as a whole. This is logical given the marked imbalance in DLA class I and II haplotype frequencies in Standard Poodles. The Standard Poodle/Miniature Poodle crosses are intermediate in most values between the two breeds and the inbreeding coefficient F is negative, mirroring what was seen with the genomic markers; crosses are more outbred than either parental population, as would be expected for matings between two genetically disparate breeds. Dog DLA and STR haplotype diversity The DLA consists of four gene rich regions making up a small part of canine chromosome 12. Two of these regions contain genes that help regulate normal cell- (Class I) and antibody-mediated (Class II) immunity. Polymorphisms in these regions have also been associated with abnormal immune responses responsible for autoimmune diseases. The Class I region contains several genes, but only one, DLA-88, is highly polymorphic (with many allelic forms) and is therefore most important for immune regulation. Specific alleles at the four STR loci associated with the DLA88 are linked together in various combinations, forming specific haplotypes (Table 3). Groups of genes and their alleles that are inherited as a block, rather than singly, are called haplotypes. The class II region also contains several genes, three of which are highly polymorphic, DLA-DRB1, DLA -DQB1 and DLA-DQA1. Specific alleles at STR loci associated with each of the three Class II genes are strongly linked and also inherited as a single block or haplotype (Table 3). One haplotype comes from each of the parents. The linkages between alleles within Class I or II regions are very strong; while linkages between regions of the DLA that are more distant from each other, such as Class I and II, are weaker. There are almost two million base pairs separating the class I and II regions, thus allowing for some genetic recombination to occur. This recombination is most apparent between the common DLA class I and II haplotypes, forming unique "extended DLA class I-II haplotypes. Extended class I-II haplotypes are inherited as a single block of genes.

12 J A N U A R Y Certificates for sharing of genetic information After a sample is submitted for genetic testing, the identity of the dog and owner will be replaced by a laboratory barcode identifier. This identifier will be used for all subsequent activities. After testing, each owner will be provided with a certificate that reports the internal relatedness, genomic STR genotypes and DLA class I and II haplotypes for the dog(s) tested. The diversity of alleles at each of the genomic STR loci and their frequency in the population were used to determine the genetic relatedness and diversity. The internal relatedness value for the dog being tested is related to the population as a whole. P A G E 12 of each individual, cannot be used as the criteria for selecting ideal mates. A breeding pair with identical IR values can have genetically distinct parents and produce puppies significantly more or less diverse than their parents. Conversely, a mating between dogs with high IR values, providing they are genetically different, may produce puppies having much lower IR scores than either parent. A mating between a dog with a high IR value and a low IR value, providing the latter is much different in genomic allele and allele frequencies and DLA haplotypes, will produce puppies much more diverse than the highly inbred parent. Breeders should also realize that a litter of puppies may have a wide range of IR values, depending on the comparative contributions of each of the parents as a result of genetic recombination. The more genetically diverse and different the parents, the greater the range of IR values in their offspring. In brief, potential sires and dams should be first screened for genetic differences in the genome and in the DLA regions by first comparing allele differences at each STR locus, and then at the DLA class I and II haplotypes. Some thought should be given to rare versus common alleles. This information is included on all certificates and on the website. This preliminary comparison will identify promising pairings and if desired, genetic information on the potential sires and dams can then be used to calculate actual IR expectations for their puppies. Puppies, once born, should be tested for their individual IR values, which will reflect the actual genetic impact of each parent on internal diversity. Considerations of mate choices for genetic diversity should be balanced with other breeding goals, but improving genetic diversity in puppies should be paramount. How are DNA based genetic markers best used by breeders? The goal for Miniature Poodle breeders should be to maintain the large amount of genetic diversity that exists in the breed and to continue to randomly select mating pairs. IR values, because they reflect the unique genetics

13 J A N U A R Y An additional goal of this study is to contribute this genetic information to a web repository, hopefully under the control of the registry. This information could be incorporated into a mate selection service that will allow a breeder to identify, among all of the dogs tested, potential mates that would be most ideal for increasing genetic diversity in their litters. P A G E 13 Autoimmune disorders are also relatively uncommon compared to breeds such as the Standard Poodle, but can include type 1 diabetes, immune mediated thrombocytopenia or hemolytic anemia, and granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Otitis externa is a problem as it is in any dogs with this type of coat, drooping ears, hair growth down into the ear canal and skin allergies. Cancer such as lymphoma is one of the leading causes of death, but not different in frequency than dogs in general. Skin tumors such as basal cell carcinomas are also a problem in the breed. Epilepsy is increasing incidence in many breeds. Obesity is a problem in Miniature Poodles as it is in many pure and random breeds of dogs. Progressive retinal atrophy and von Willebrand s disease type 1 are simple recessive genetic disorders in the breed. Cataracts often occur within the first three years of life, also suggesting a heritable origin. Genetic information on Miniature Poodles and Standard Poodles will be extremely useful for those breeders interested in outcrossing between the two varieties of Poodle. Outcross pairs should be chosen to provide maximum genetic differences in puppies over parents (i.e. low IR scores) and genetic diversity testing used to identify which puppies would be most valuable for further outcrossing or backcrossing. The goal of outcrossing and backcrossing should be to regain the desired phenotype, while maintaining the greatest amount of new diversity. Heritable diseases problems of the Miniature Poodle Miniature Poodles, like many small dogs, are long-lived. The breed suffers from a number of conditions that are common among miniature breeds such as patellar luxation, aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, collapsing trachea, and periodontal disease. Cushing s syndrome and heart valve degeneration with increase in frequency with age. Intervertebral disc rupture can be a problem in individuals with shorter legs and longer backs. Cystic calculi are also a problem in the breed. Hip dysplasia occurs, but is uncommon. Conclusion Miniature Poodles have managed to maintain a great deal of genetic diversity compared to other breeds. This can be attributed to a wide genetic base that probably involved a number of breeds, their popularity and large population size favoring random mate selection, a relatively loose standard including many coat colors and a range of sizes and body types and careful breeding by owners. The main objective for maintaining or improving genetic diversity is to breed animals that are genetically dissimilar.

14 P A G E 14 Diversity Study in Poodles DLA Class I is part of a section of DNA called the "major histocompatibility complex." In short it controls the immune system, and it's inherited in very long tightly joined sections of DNA. So rather than get a single gene from each parent, we get many, many genes from each parent in precisely the same form and order as our parents. Those sections are called haplotypes. Each class controls a different kind of function of the immune system. The DLA Classes tend to be associated with different kinds of autoimmune disease. Some diseases have clear connections with some haplotypes in some breeds, and some look like they do but are actually just common in the breed due to inbreeding along with an autoimmune disease. In other words, some haplotypes directly influence the disease, and some just happen to be more common in dogs with the disease. These Class I and Class II haplotypes tend to be inherited together, so those are being called "extended haplotypes. " every puppy of your dog will inherit either haplotype 1 or 2. They won't get one class I and the other class 2. Ideally you want 4 different numbers there but mostly you want lots of different haplotypes found in your breed and you want them broadly distributed. People don't understand why we've been saying that the IR value, or "internal relatedness" value that is calculated based on a dog's actual genetic profile, is more useful than COI. So maybe these will help explain. Dog friends and genetics geeks: this is a nice visual explanation of how the new UC-Davis VGL test is a huge improvement over COI as a tool to evaluate a breeding. More good stuff on this over on Natalie Green Tessier's website. Primer on Genetic Data #1. Lots of erroneous statements posing as fact floating around Facebook, so since most people don't take advanced biology or genetics, here are some actual facts about genetic research. The preliminary Miniature Genetic Diversity data from UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine will be out soon. It's very different from the Standard data, since Miniatures have retained a great deal of diversity. They had no major bottleneck in the breed, and while breeders had the same breeding habits, they apparently maintained genetically different lines. Happy news for them. Toy Poodles are about to start collecting samples. I believe when the test is used properly, it can improve the lives of dogs and their humans and contribute to our scientific understandings of many diseases.

15 Therapy Dogs P A G E 15 Submitted by Jane Beaudry Pet Therapy is very near and dear to my heart. I am so proud of our pups that are involved in this field. A dear friend, who has two of our poodles, one a certified Therapy Dog/OTCH/Champion, and a second young pup in Therapy/Obedience training, read it at an Awards Dinner for Volunteers. It brought tears to many eyes. The author is the mother of a well known Dog Show Judge. I thought you may want to use it in a newsletter sometime, possibly if you are featuring Therapy poodles I love this poem written by a very special lady. The authors daughter is dog show Judge Virginia Cummings

16 J A N U A R Y P A G E 16 Colostrum 101 : what you MUST know if you breed dogs It s all about timing When I was a young veterinary student, I heard many things about colostrum absorption: «Colostrum is produced during the first two weeks after parturition» ; «Puppies & kittens can absorb the colostrum during the first 2-3 days following their birth» Well, let me tell you, many of those were definitely NOT true. Recent data have been published on the topic, that I believe are important to share with breeders : Permission to use granted by Dr. Emmanuel Fontaine from Royal Canin If you breed dogs and cats, you must know the following term : colostrum What is it precisely? Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother, and plays two essential roles in newborn puppies & kittens : - It provides them with their first immune system : at birth, puppies & kittens have nearly no immune system at all. They are very fragile, sensitive to any pathogen they might encounter. To overcome this situation they need to drink the colostrum, which is enriched in antibodies (=blood proteins, component of the immune system that are able to identify and neutralize pathogens) coming from the mother. If they drink the colostrum, they will absorb antibodies from their mom and will be protected against the disease she has immunity for as well the ones she has been vaccinated for. - It acts as an energy booster : puppies have few reserves right after birth, so they need to drink this high energy milk to start their new life outside the womb on the right foot. Altogether, you get it : drinking colostrum is a first essential step for newborn puppies & kittens. - 1 ) Colostrum is produced during the first 24 hours after the onset of lactation. Not after parturition, after the onset of lactation. That is important because some bitches and queens will start lactating days before giving birth In those cases, does this impact the quality of the colostrum at the time of parturition? Well, we don t know for sure, and in routine, it is quite hard to evaluate the colostrum quality at the time of parturition like it is done in other species. One thing you can do : check the color, that is qualitative appreciation, but that can definitely help! - 2 ) The antibodies the colostrum contains will be absorbed by puppies & kittens at the digestive tract level essentially during the first 12 hours after birth. Absorption might continue up to 24 hours after birth, but then at a very limited rate (see following graph ). To make it short : puppies & kittens need to drink this colostrum as quickly as possible right after birth!

17 J A N U A R Y P A G E 17 Absorption rate of antibodies from the colostrum in puppies. Full abstract here As I am sure you understand, it is essentially a matter of timing. However, when you have it right, it does make a difference! No colostrum what about serum? Just talked about colostrum and mentioned how important it was for newborn puppies and kittens to drink it right after birth. However, when you breed dogs and cats, I am sure you are aware that sometimes, things don t go as planned. Sometimes we indeed have bitches and queens that will deliver a healthy litter but will not lactate right away. As timing is so critical for colostrum, are there alternatives that can be used then? Oral serum is often mentioned Serum is the component of the blood that does not contain white or red blood cells, and contain the antibodies. Serum from adults (the mother, or any other healthy/compatible adult from the kennel / cattery) could therefore technically be used as a source of antibodies, and be given those colostrum-less puppies and kittens. Technically again, it would make sense. But how is it in reality? Dr. E. Fontaine from Royal Canine That s a certainty! Recent published data gives us a better understanding on what to expect in those cases. What to expect in puppies? There are two studies of interest on this matter : Poffenbarger et al, 1991 In this study some puppies were allowed to drink the colostrum from their mother right after birth while others were not and received adult serum, orally or subcutaneously. The puppies that had been allowed to drink the colostrum from their mother had significantly more antibodies than the two other groups. Failure to obtain passive transfer of immunity via colostrum can be detrimental to the health and survival of a young pup. It has been stated that pups that do not receive colostrum in the first 2 days after birth, be given adult dog serum as a source of protective immunoglobulins. Twenty-five Beagle pups were obtained by cesarean section from 6 Beagle bitches. The pups were allotted to 3 groups at birth. Group 1 was a control group and was allowed to suckle colostrum. Group-2 pups received 22 ml of pooled adult dog serum/kg of body weight (10 ml/lb) SC at birth. Group-3 pups were given 22 ml of pooled adult dog serum/kg by stomach tube at birth. Pups from groups 2 and 3 were separated from the bitch for 48 hours to prevent colostral antibody absorption and were fed a commercially available milk replacer by stomach tube. After 48 hours, all pups were returned to the bitch until they were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected from all of the pups at birth and on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The concentration of IgA, IgG, and IgM in serum was determined by radial immunodiffusion and compared by use of a one-way analysis of variance. The control pups had

18 P A G E 18 To sum it up : adult serum brings no real benefit for newborn puppies that were not able to drink the colostrum. significantly higher serum concentrations of IgA and IgG, than the pups in groups 2 and 3 on days 1 and 2 and 2 and 7, respectively. Group-2 pups had significantly higher serum IgM concentrations on day 1 than either group 1- or group-3 pups. Mila et al, 2014 : They did a similar kind of studies and the conclusions they reached were interesting : «The oral supplementation with hyper-immunized canine plasma neither decreased risk of mortality, nor improved IgG [antibody] concentration at 2 days of age in puppies». Inadequate passive immune transfer in puppies: definition, risk factors and prevention in a large multi-breed kennel. The prevalence of neonatal mortality is high in the canine species and far from well-studied. In most domestic neonates, an appropriate colostrum intake is a key element of the control of neonatal mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of passive immune transfer on puppy mortality, assessed through serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration at 2 days of age. Factors impacting passive immune transfer and the value of an oral immunoglobulin supplementation to prevent it were also analyzed. A total of 149 puppies from 34 litters (12 breeds) within one breeding kennel were included. Blood samples were collected at 2 days of age and colostrum was col- lected from their dams 1 day after whelping to assay IgG concentration. Puppies were weighed at birth and at 2 days of age for calculation of growth rate. Mortality was recorded until 3 weeks of age. Seventy randomly assigned puppies were orally supplemented with hyper-immunized adult plasma twice within the first 8h of life. IgG concentration at 2 days of age was significantly correlated with weight gain during the first 2 days of life. The multivariable model with litter as a random effect demonstrated that neonatal mortality was not influenced by breed size, sex, supplementation, litter size, nor colostrum IgG concentration, but by puppy IgG concentration at 2 days of age. According to the ROC curve, the minimal IgG concentration at and below which puppies were at higher risk of death was determined at 230 mg/dl. Puppy IgG concentration was significantly associated with growth rate, but not with breed size, sex, supplementation, litter size or colostrum IgG concentration in a multivariable model with litter as a random effect. This study demonstrates that neonatal mortality in puppies is related to the quality of passive immune transfer. The oral supplementation with hyper-immunized canine plasma neither decreased risk of mortality, nor improved serum IgG concentration at 2 days of age in puppies. Attention must thus be paid to early colostrum intake to control the neonatal mortality in puppies. Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

19 V O L U M E 1, I S S U E 1 P A G E 19 For any orders Gloria Koolsbergen at poodlesglow@live.com

20 OTTAWA VALLEY POODLE CLUB P A G E 20 Annual Specialty - Saturday October 31, 2015 Judge: Edd Bivin, Fort Worth, TX, USA OPEN BITCH 1. CAVRI GLAMOUR GIRL, Female, AG507059, 12/Apr/13, Breeder: Cathy A. Siverns, Sire: Ch Cavri Blackberry Jack, Dam: Ch Cavri Glitz N Glamour, Canada, Owner: Cathy A. Siverns. Agent: Allison Cowie. WB - CAVRI GLAMOUR GIRL RWB - KEJA SILVER WILLOW BEST OF BREED & BPIB : BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX : CAVRI GLAMOUR GIRL TOY POODLES SENIOR PUPPY DOG 1. BELLEFLEET'S CAPTAIN MORGAN, CC607857, 02/01/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Primrose Cosmopolitan ex Ch Bellefleet's Sugar And Spice, Canada. Owner: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. 2. ZIEGFELD ALL ABOUT YURI, Male, , 12/Dec/14 Breeder: Kathy Quandt & John Quandt, Sire: Silkwind Proud To Be Armani, Dam: Ziegfeld Kimberly, Elsewhere, Owner: Suzanne Dugas. WD BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN JUNIOR PUPPY BITCH RWD - ZIEGFELD ALL ABOUT YURI 1. KEJA SILVER WILLOW, CE609399, 03/27/2015, Breeder: Ken & Jacqeline Fargey, by Ch Keja's Cutting Loose ex Keja's For You May Belline, Canada. Owner: Linda Gunn. Agent: Linda Gourley. MINIATURE POODLES MONTH BITCH 1. KANDANSK KNOCKOUT AT UMBRA, Female, BN580117, 14/Jul/14, Breeder: Katheryn Albrecht & Natasha Taphorn, Sire: Campostela Sunraze Storm Surge, Dam: Ch Kandansk Calm Before The Storm, Canada, Owner: Stephanie Poot & Natasha Taphorn. OPEN BITCH 1. ABERWYN LYN-DEL PIXIE DUST, Female, , 1/Dec/l1, Breeder: Marilyn J. Westphal & Judi Ticknor, Sire: Rhue'S Hidalgo, Dam: Ch Lyn-Del Aberwyn Enchanted Ceilidh, Re, Elsewhere, Owner: Judi Ticknor. Agent: Stephanie Poot. 2. BEAUTIFUL ROSIE, Female, AS549907, 26/Sep/13, Breeder: Catherine Maunder, Sire: Ch Bellcourt Billboard, Dam: Ch Broadway Dancer, Canada, Owner: Catherine Maunder. Agent: Allison Cowie. WB : ABERWYN LYN-DEL PIXIE DUST RWB : KANDANSK KNOCKOUT AT UMBRA

21 J A N U A R Y MINIATURES SPECIALS ONLY CH GLOW BLANCA NIEVES, Female, AL529162, 2/Jun/13, Breeder: Gloria Koolsbergen, Sire: Light N'Lively Mr Mcloud, Dam: Ch Denote Glow Claire De Lune, Canada, Owner: Gloria Koolsbergen. Agent: Jennifer Carr. CH BAR KING'S THE DEVIL'S IN THE DETAILS, Female, , ll/feb/15, Breeder: Kathleen E Poe, Sire: Melon Driving Miz Daisy Crazy, Dam: Bar King'S Counterpoint, Elsewhere, Owner: Ramona Stirling & Murray Eason. Agent: Allison Foley. GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE, Dog, YW438105, 11/03/2011, Breeder: Alysia Reichertz, bych Bellefleet Denali Life s A Freeway ex Ch Sanvar Bellefleet Delta Force, Canada. Owner: Stephanie Poot & Alysia Reichertz. CH ZEVODI'S EXCELLENT CANDIE TO ASA, Bitch, , 10/15/2006, Breeder: Grete Fossum, by- Delicados Cacao Alabama ex Zevodi's Black Blossom, Elsewhere. Owner: Ann-Karin Larsen. Agent: Jen Carr. CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY, Bitch, CC597067, 02/14/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Dimarniques Starbucks For Bellefleet CGN ex Ch Bellefleet Looknomore For Love, Canada. Owner:Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. BEST OF BREED - CH GLOW BLANCA NIEVES BOS - GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE BPIB CH BAR KING'S THE DEVIL'S IN THE DETAILS STANDARD POODLES JUNIOR PUPPY BITCH 1. DORIAN CALL ME MADISON, Female, CG604136, 25/Apr/15, Breeder: Doris H. Grant, Sire: Peckerwood's The Gladiator, Dam: Ch Dorian Dixie Sarasota, Canada, Owner: Doris H. Grant. Agent: Leslie Wood MONTH BITCH 1. KINDER s VICTORIA SECRET, Female, BN571621,11/Jul/14, Breeder: Elain Owen & Linda Gourley, P A G E 21 Sire: Ch Lynroy s Atomic Secret, Dam: Ch Lynroy s One Amazing Secret, AGNJS, Canada, Owner: Elain Owen. 2. BRIELLE'S ADDICTED TO LAUGHTER, HIC, Female, BJ572518, 11/May/14, Breeder: Kathryn & Chrystal Murray; Michelle & Peter Scott, Sire: Ch Brielle's Tulum, Dam: Ch Brielle's Every Time, Canada, Owner: Kathryn & Chrystal Murray; Michelle & Peter Scott. OPEN BITCH 1. DAWIN SOME LIKE IT HOT, Female, BL580859, 30/Jun/14, Breeder: Linda C Campbell, Sire: Tiburcio Da Maya, Dam: Ch Dawin Hot N Spicy, Canada, Owner: Linda C Campbell. Agent: Sarah Drake. WB - DAWIN SOME LIKE IT HOT RWB - DORIAN CALL ME MADISON SPECIALS ONLY GCH GARDENPATH'S BETTIN ON BLACK, Female, BES46418, 6/Mar/14, Breeder: Renee S. Koch, Sire: OTCh Ch Pannovia's Chasing Hearts CD RE UTDX CGN, Dam: Ch Canzone Bella Nina Of Gardenpath CD TD RE CGN, Canada, Owner: Renee S. Koch. Agent: Allison Cowie. CH LlTILANN'S SHOW TIME, Male, ERN , 9/Aug/11, Breeder: Ann E. Rairigh, Sire: Gch Jaset'S Satisfaction, Dam: Ch Litilann'S Vegas Showgirl, Elsewhere, Owner: Julia Kinsey & Ann E. Rairigh. Agent: Leanne MacIver. CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE, Male, LISTED, 4/Sep/11, Breeder: Michael Gadsby & Jason Lynn, Sire: Del Zarzoso Salvame From Afterglow, Dam: Topcatana Sugar Cube Afterglow, Elsewhere, Owner: Mrs. I. Biondi De Ciabatti. Agent: Allison Foley, CPHA. BEST BABY PUPPY IN BREED & SPECIALTY GARDEN PATH CONCOURS D'ELEGANTE, Female, CJ615721, 4-May-15, Breeder: Renee S. Koch, Sire: Dacun Kaylens He's A Heartbreaker, Dam: Ch Canzone Bella Nina Of Gardenpath, TD CD RE CGN, Canada, Owner: Renee S. Koch. Agent: Allison Cowie. BEST OF BREED - CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE BOS - GCH GARDENPATH'S BETTIN ON BLACK BPIB - DORIAN CALL ME MADISON

22 P A G E 22 BEST BABY PUPPY IN BREED & SPECIALTY GARDEN PATH CONCOURS D'ELEGANTE, Female, CJ615721, 4-May-15, Breeder: Renee S. Koch, Sire: Dacun Kaylens He's A Heartbreaker, Dam: Ch Canzone Bella Nina Of Gardenpath, TD CD RE CGN, Canada, Owner: Renee S. Koch. Agent: Allison Cowie. BEST OF BREED : CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE BOS : GCH GARDENPATH'S BETTIN ON BLACK BPIB : DORIAN CALL ME MADISON BEST IN SHOW : CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE _ Standard BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX IN SHOW GCH GLOW BLANCA NIEVES _ Miniature BEST PUPPY IN SHOW BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN _ Toy

23 POODLE CLUB OF CANADA P A G E 23 Annual Specialty - Sunday November 1, 2015 Judge: Lou Guerrero, Oak Hills, CA, USA TOY POODLES SENIOR PUPPY DOG 1. BELLEFLEET'S CAPTAIN MORGAN, CC607857, 02/01/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Primrose Cosmopolitan ex Ch Bellefleet's Sugar And Spice, Canada. Owner: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. 2. ZIEGFELD ALL ABOUT YURI, Male, , 12/Dec/14 Breeder: Kathy Quandt & John Quandt, Sire: Silkwind Proud To Be Armani, Dam: Ziegfeld Kimberly, Elsewhere, Owner: Suzanne Dugas. WD BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN RWD - ZIEGFELD ALL ABOUT YURI JUNIOR PUPPY BITCH 1. KEJA SILVER WILLOW, CE609399, 03/27/2015, Breeder: Ken & Jacqeline Fargey, by Ch Keja's Cutting Loose ex Keja's For You May Belline, Canada. Owner: Linda Gunn. Agent: Linda Gourley. OPEN BITCH 1. CAVRI GLAMOUR GIRL, Female, AG507059, 12/Apr/13, Breeder: Cathy A. Siverns, Sire: Ch Cavri Blackberry Jack, Dam: Ch Cavri Glitz N Glamour, Canada, Owner: Cathy A. Siverns. Agent: Allison Cowie. WB - CAVRI GLAMOUR GIRL RWB - KEJA SILVER WILLOW BEST OF BREED & BPIB & BEST CANADIAN BRED IN BREED - BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN BOS - CAVRI GLAMOUR GIRL MINIATURE POODLES OPEN DOG 1. AXINITE THALPET LIFE OF RILEY, Male, ZJ515576, 20/May/12, Breeder: Diana & Jeanette Dafoe; Peter Laventhall-Wolfish, Sire: Clarion Camelot Unruffled, Dam: Ch Axinite'S Signature, Canada, Owner: Peter Laventhall-Wolfish & Carmel Mccormack. Agent: Norman Fargo. WD - AXINITE THALPET LIFE OF RILEY MONTH BITCH 1. KANDANSK KNOCKOUT AT UMBRA, Female, BN580117, 14/Jul/14, Breeder: Katheryn Albrecht & Natasha Taphorn, Sire: Campostela Sunraze Storm Surge, Dam: Ch Kandansk Calm Before The Storm, Canada, Owner: Stephanie Poot & Natasha Taphorn. OPEN BITCH 1. ABERWYN LYN-DEL PIXIE DUST, Female, , 1/Dec/l1, Breeder: Marilyn J. Westphal & Judi Ticknor, Sire: Rhue'S Hidalgo, Dam: Ch Lyn-Del Aberwyn Enchanted Ceilidh, Re, Elsewhere, Owner: Judi Ticknor. Agent: Stephanie Poot. 2. BEAUTIFUL ROSIE, Female, AS549907, 26/Sep/13, Breeder: Catherine Maunder, Sire: Ch Bellcourt Billboard, Dam: Ch Broadway Dancer, Canada, Owner: Catherine Maunder. Agent: Allison Cowie.

24 J A N U A R Y WB - ABERWYN LYN-DEL PIXIE DUST RWB - KANDANSK KNOCKOUT AT UMBRA SPECIALS ONLY CH GLOW BLANCA NIEVES, Female, AL529162, 2/Jun/13, Breeder: Gloria Koolsbergen, Sire: Light N'Lively Mr Mcloud, Dam: Ch Denote Glow Claire De Lune, Canada, Owner: Gloria Koolsbergen. Agent: Jennifer Carr. CH BAR KING'S THE DEVIL'S IN THE DETAILS, Female, , 11/Feb/15, Breeder: Kathleen E Poe, Sire: Melon Driving Miz Daisy Crazy, Dam: Bar King'S Counterpoint, Elsewhere, Owner: Ramona Stirling & Murray Eason. Agent: Allison Foley. GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE, Dog, YW438105, 11/03/2011, Breeder: Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Bellefleet Denali Life s A Freeway ex Ch Sanvar Bellefleet Delta Force, Canada. Owner: Stephanie Poot & Alysia Reichertz. CH ZEVODI'S EXCELLENT CANDIE TO ASA, Bitch, , 10/15/2006, Breeder: Grete Fossum, by Delicados Cacao Alabama ex Zevodi's Black Blossom, Elsewhere. Owner: Ann-Karin Larsen. Agent: Jen Carr. CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY, Bitch, CC597067, 02/14/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Dimarniques Starbucks For Bellefleet CGN ex Ch Bellefleet Looknomore For Love, Canada. Owner: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. BEST OF BREED & BPIB: CH BAR KING'S THE DEVIL'S IN THE DE- TAILS BOS : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE SELECT BITCH : CH GLOW BLANCA NIEVES BEST CANADIAN BRED IN BREED : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY STANDARD POODLES JUNIOR PUPPY DOG P A G E LINDEN'S BLACKJACK ONE TEN, Male, CE601039, 27/Mar/15, Breeder: Lorraine Deschenes, Sire: Ch Ista's To Linden Sky Commander (USA), Dam: Welkin Spring Is In The Air, Canada, Owner: Val Baldwin. Agent: Jean Tempra. WINNERS DOG : LINDEN'S BLACKJACK ONE TEN JUNIOR PUPPY BITCH 1. DORIAN CALL ME MADISON, Female, CG604136, 25/Apr/15, Breeder: Doris H. Grant, Sire: Peckerwood's The Gladiator, Dam: Ch Dorian Dixie Sarasota, Canada, Owner: Doris H. Grant. Agent: Leslie Wood MONTH BITCH 1. BRIELLE'S ADDICTED TO LAUGHTER, HIC, Female, BJ572518, 11/May/14, Breeder: Kathryn & Chrystal Murray; Michelle & Peter Scott, Sire: Ch Brielle's Tulum, Dam: Ch Brielle's Every Time, Canada, Owner: Kathryn & Chrystal Murray; Michelle & Peter Scott. OPEN BITCH 1. DAWIN SOME LIKE IT HOT, Female, BL580859, 30/Jun/14, Breeder: Linda C Campbell, Sire: Tiburcio Da Maya, Dam: Ch Dawin Hot N Spicy, Canada, Owner: Linda C Campbell. Agent: Sarah Drake. WB & BW - DAWIN SOME LIKE IT HOT RWB - BRIELLE'S ADDICTED TO LAUGHTER SPECIALS ONLY GCH GARDENPATH'S BETTIN ON BLACK, Female, BES46418, 6/Mar/14, Breeder: Renee S. Koch, Sire: OTCh Ch Pannovia's Chasing Hearts CD RE UTDX CGN, Dam: Ch Canzone Bella Nina Of Gardenpath CD TD RE CGN, Canada, Owner: Renee S. Koch. Agent: Allison Cowie. CH LlTILANN'S SHOW TIME, Male, ERN , 9/Aug/11, Breeder: Ann E. Rairigh, Sire: Gch Jaset'S Satisfaction, Dam: Ch Litilann'S Vegas Showgirl, Elsewhere, Owner: Julia Kinsey & Ann E. Rairigh. Agent: Leanne MacIver.

25 CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE, Male, LISTED, 4/Sep/11, Breeder: Michael Gadsby & Jason Lynn, Sire: Del Zarzoso Salvame From Afterglow, Dam: Topcatana Sugar Cube Afterglow, Elsewhere, Owner: Mrs. I. Biondi De Ciabatti. Agent: Allison Foley, CPHA. BEST BABY PUPPY IN BREED & SPECIALTY GARDEN PATH CONCOURS D'ELEGANTE, Female, CJ615721, 4-May-15, Breeder: Renee S. Koch, Sire: Dacun Kaylens He's A Heartbreaker, Dam: Ch Canzone Bella Nina Of Gardenpath, TD CD RE CGN, Canada, Owner: Renee S. Koch. Agent: Allison Cowie. P A G E 25 BEST OF BREED : CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE BOS : GCH GARDENPATH'S BETTIN ON BLACK BP & BEST CANADIAN BRED : DORIAN CALL ME MADISON BEST IN SHOW : CH AFTERGLOW MAVERICK SABRE BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX IN SHOW : GCH GARDENPATH'S BETTIN ON BLACK BEST PUPPY IN SHOW : DORIAN CALL ME MADISON BEST CANADIAN BRED IN SHOW : DORIAN CALL ME MADISON

26 POODLE CLUB OF ONTARIO P A G E 26 Annual specialty - Saturday November 8, 2015 Judge: Pamela Bruce, Toronto, ON TOY POODLES SENIOR PUPPY DOG BELLEFLEET'S CAPTAIN MORGAN, CC607857, 02/01/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Primrose Cosmopolitan ex Ch Bellefleet's Sugar And Spice, Canada. Owner: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. WD BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN JUNIOR PUPPY BITCH KEJA SILVER WILLOW, CE609399, 03/27/2015, Breeder: Ken & Jacqeline Fargey, by Ch Keja's Cutting Loose ex Keja's For You May Belline, Canada. Owner: Linda Gunn. Agent: Linda Gourley. WB - KEJA SILVER WILLOW BEST OF BREED : BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX : KEJA SILVER WILLOW BEST PUPPY IN BREED : BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN BEST CANADIAN BRED IN BREED : BELLEFLEET S CAPTAIN MORGAN

27 POODLE CLUB OF ONTARIO P A G E 27 Annual specialty - Saturday November 8, 2015 MINIATURE POODLES MONTH BITCH 1. BELLEFLEET DON'T STOP BELIEVIN, BU584317, 10/16/2014, Breeder: Alysia & Joanne Reichertz, by Ch Bellefleet Dynamic Force ex GCh Bellefleet Don't Pass Me By, Canada. Owner: Alysia & Joanne Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. OPEN BITCH 1. ASA'S UP ALL NIGHT, AG520960, 04/25/2013, Breeder: Ann-Karin Larsen, by Asa's Porttime At Abmaka ex Zevodi's Excellent Candie To Asa, Canada. Owner: Eva Anita Brun. Agent: Jen Carr. 2. SINCERELY JP MOONLIGHT MILLA, LISTED, 06/06/2013, Breeder: Nobuko Yamanaka, by Clarion Karadale Dormello ex Sincerely JP Moonlight Casablanca, Elsewhere. Owner: Noboko Yamanaka. Agent: Jen Carr. WB - ASA'S UP ALL NIGHT RWB - SINCERELY JP MOONLIGHT MILLA SPECIALS ONLY GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE, Dog, YW438105, 11/03/2011, Breeder: Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Bellefleet Denali Life s A Freeway ex Ch Sanvar Bellefleet Delta Force, Canada. Owner: Stephanie Poot & Alysia Reichertz. CH ZEVODI'S EXCELLENT CANDIE TO ASA, Bitch, , 10/15/2006, Breeder: Grete Fossum, by Delicados Cacao Alabama ex Zevodi's Black Blossom, Elsewhere. Owner: Ann-Karin Larsen. Agent: Jen Carr. CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY, Bitch, CC597067, 02/14/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Dimarniques Starbucks For Bellefleet CGN ex Ch Bellefleet Looknomore For Love, Canada. Owner: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. BEST OF BREED : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY SELECT BITCH : CH ZEVODI'S EXCELLENT CANDIE TO ASA BEST PUPPY IN BREED : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY BEST CANADIAN BRED IN BREED : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE BEST IN SHOW : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX IN SHOW : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY BEST PUPPY IN SHOW : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY BEST CANADIAN BRED IN SHOW : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE

28 MINIATURE POODLE CLUB OF ONTARIO P A G E 28 Annual specialty - Sunday November 8, 2015 Judge: Joy Lynne Huntley, Woodville, ON MINIATURE POODLES MONTH BITCH 1. BELLEFLEET DON'T STOP BELIEVIN, BU584317, 10/16/2014, Breeder: Alysia & Joanne Reichertz, by Ch Bellefleet Dynamic Force ex GCh Bellefleet Don't Pass Me By, Canada. Owner: Alysia & Joanne Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. 2. KANDANSK KNOCKOUT AT UMBRA, BN580117, , Breeder: Natasha Taphorn & Katheryn Albrecht, by Campostella Sunraze Storm Surge ex Ch Kandansk Calm Before The Storm, Canada. Owner: Stephanie Poot, Natasha Taphorn. OPEN BITCH 1. ASA'S UP ALL NIGHT, AG520960, 04/25/2013, Breeder: Ann-Karin Larsen, by Asa's Porttime At Abmaka ex Zevodi's Excellent Candie To Asa, Canada. Owner: Eva Anita Brun. Agent: Jen Carr. 2. SINCERELY JP MOONLIGHT MILLA, LISTED, 06/06/2013, Breeder: Nobuko Yamanaka, by Clarion Karadale Dormello ex Sincerely JP Moonlight Casablanca, Elsewhere. Owner: Noboko Yamanaka. Agent: Jen Carr. WB - BELLEFLEET DON'T STOP BELIEVIN RWB - KANDANSK KNOCKOUT AT UMBRA SPECIALS ONLY GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE, Dog, YW438105, 11/03/2011, Breeder: Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Bellefleet Denali Life s A Freeway ex Ch Sanvar Bellefleet Delta Force, Canada. Owner: Stephanie Poot & Alysia Reichertz. CH ZEVODI'S EXCELLENT CANDIE TO ASA, Bitch, , 10/15/2006, Breeder: Grete Fossum, by Delicados Cacao Alabama ex Zevodi's Black Blossom, Elsewhere. Owner: Ann-Karin Larsen. Agent: Jen Carr. CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY, Bitch, CC597067, 02/14/2015, Breeder: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz, by Ch Dimarniques Starbucks For Bellefleet CGN ex Ch Bellefleet Looknomore For Love, Canada. Owner: Joanne & Alysia Reichertz. Agent: Kim Wendling. BEST OF BREED : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY SELECT BITCH : CH ZEVODI'S EXCELLENT CANDIE TO ASA BEST PUPPY IN BREED : CH BELLEFLEET'S LOVE STORY BEST CANADIAN BRED IN BREED : GCH BELLEFLEETS STEALTH FORCE

29 MBPIS CH Gardenpath Concours d'elegante Sire: P A G E 29 Am. GCH Dacun Kaylens He's A Heartbreaker Dam: CH Canzone Bella Nina of Gardenpath TD CD RE CGN VCX) Ella is Nina's 7th Champion pup. ELLA finished her Championship very quickly with multi BPIS & Group placements. We are very excited about Ella's future! Expertly handled by Allison Cowie. Bred, owned & loved by Renee S. Koch Gardenpath Standard Poodles - Kitchener, Ontario GCH Gardenpath's Bettin On Black RN CGN Sire: TCH CH Pannovia's Chasing Hearts CD RA TDX UTDX CGN VCX Dame: CH Canzone Bella Nina of Gardenpath TD CD RE CGN VCX) LYRA completed her Rally Novice and Canine Good Citizen titles quickly at just a year and a half of age with great scores and a lot of fun competing. Watch for her in the show and performance rings!

30 New American Grand Champion P A G E 30 MBIS Can. GCh. Am. GCh. Bellefleet Don t Pass Me By (by Can.Am.Ch. Karadale No Way ex Am. Gold GCh. Can.Ch. Bellefleet s Living In The Fast Lane) Bred and owned by Dr. Joanne & Alysia Reichertz joanne@bellefleet.com Bellefleet Poodles

31 New Canadian Champions P A G E 31 Can. Ch. Dimarniques Time for Bellefleet (by Am.Ch.Dimarniques Boys Night Out at Dominion ex Can.Am.Ch. Dimarniques Limited Edition) bred by Mary Ann Dirocco & Carl Dirocco Owned by Dr. Joanne & Alysia Reichertz joanne@bellefleet.com Bellefleet Poodles Can.Ch. Pomroth Bellefleet Mini Cooper (by Am.Ch. I Am Ziegfeld s J.J. ex Can.Am.Ch. Pomroth Classic Simone) Bred and owned by Helen Hamilton and Bellefleet Poodles New Canadian Champion Dr. Joanne & Alysia Reichertz joanne@bellefleet.com

32 New Canadian Champion P A G E 32 MBPIS & MBPISS Can.Ch. Bellefleet s Love Story (by Can.Ch. Dimarniques Starbucks for Bellefleet CGN ex Can.Ch. Bellefleet Looknomore for Love) Bred and owned by Dr. Joanne & Alysia Reichertz joanne@bellefleet.com Bellefleet Poodles

33 A drop of Poodle Humor P A G E 33 I imagine many poodles in continental clip must think this :-)

34 J A N U A R Y P A G E 34 Poodle Humor Sometimes you are on the dog house _._ Some lucky pouches go south to a sunny beach in winter with their humans _._ While others have to work on the bitter cold...

35 Next News Letter Next News letter planned for beginning of May, After PCA and some other shows... We need our member s input!!! Pictures, Interesting Articles, Health issues, Brags, Stories, Recipes, etc. Please send input to your editor Gloria Koolsbergen before 1st week of May Address poodlesglow@live.com